FIRST CITIZENS BANCSHARES INC /DE/

NOTE 1 — SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Nature of Operations

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (the “Parent Company” and, when including all of its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, “we,” “us,” “our,” “BancShares”) is a financial holding company organized under the laws of Delaware that conducts operations through its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“FCB”), which is headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina. BancShares operates a network of branches and offices, predominantly located in the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, Midwest and Western United States. BancShares provides various types of commercial and consumer banking services, including lending, leasing, and wealth management services. Deposit services include checking, savings, money market, and time deposit accounts.

Business Combinations

BancShares accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, acquired assets and assumed liabilities are included with the acquirer’s accounts at their estimated fair value as of the date of acquisition, with any excess of purchase price over the fair values of the net assets acquired and any finite-lived intangible assets established in connection with the business combination recognized as goodwill. Acquisition-related costs are recognized as period expenses as incurred.

On September 4, 2026 (the “BMO Branch Acquisition Date”), FCB completed its previously announced acquisition of 138 branches from BMO Bank N.A. (“BMO”) located throughout the Midwest, Great Plains and West regions of the U.S. (the “BMO Branch Acquisition”). In connection with the BMO Branch Acquisition, FCB assumed $4.86 billion in deposits and acquired $643 million in loans. Refer to Note 2—Business Combinations for further details.

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

These consolidated financial statements and notes thereto are presented in accordance with instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and, therefore, do not include all information and notes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations, and cash flow activity required in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations have been made. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the “2025 Form 10-K”). Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

The consolidated financial statements of BancShares include the accounts of BancShares and its subsidiaries, certain partnership interests, and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where BancShares is the primary beneficiary, if applicable. VIEs are legal entities that either do not have sufficient equity to finance their activities without the support from other parties or whose equity investors lack a controlling financial interest. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation. Assets held in agency or fiduciary capacity are not included in the consolidated financial statements.

Refer to Note 9—Variable Interest Entities for additional information regarding VIEs.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions impact the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ from those estimates. The significant estimate related to the determination of the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) is considered a critical accounting estimate.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Significant accounting policies are described in the 2025 Form 10-K. There were no material changes to these policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2026, other than as described below:

Loan Sales and Securitizations

We periodically sell loans, or transfer loans in securitizations. We recognize the sale or transfer of loans when they are legally isolated from our creditors and the other appropriate accounting criteria are met, including the requirements of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 860, Transfers and Servicing.

In a securitization, financial assets are transferred into special purpose trusts or entities which could be VIEs. BancShares evaluates whether it will consolidate any VIEs in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation, which includes an assessment of whether BancShares is the primary beneficiary because it has the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and bears the obligation to absorb losses of, or holds the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could be potentially significant to the VIE. If BancShares does not consolidate the purchaser of the loans or the transferee, the loans are removed from the Consolidated Balance Sheets and a gain or loss is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income when the sale or securitization transaction is completed. Refer to Note 9—Variable Interest Entities for further discussion.

We may retain the servicing for loans sold, or loans transferred in a securitization. We recognize the servicing assets as further discussed in Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation of our 2025 Form 10-K.

We may retain a portion of the debt securities issued in a securitization (“Retained Interests”). Retained Interests with high credit quality (i.e., generally a credit rating equivalent of AAA or AA) are accounted for in accordance with ASC 320, Investments—Debt Securities as further discussed in Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation of our 2025 Form 10-K. Interest income is recognized based on contractual terms. When changes in prepayments occur, a cumulative catch-up adjustment is recognized in current period earnings for the difference between interest income previously recognized and the amount that would have been recognized under the updated yield since inception. The effective yield is not prospectively adjusted.

Retained Interests that are not of high credit quality are subject to ASC 320, Investments—Debt Securitiesand ASC 325-40, Investments—Other—Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets. Interest income is recognized based on expected cash flows. Changes in expected prepayments and other noncredit-related cash flows are recognized through prospective yield adjustments. Increases in expected credit losses are recognized through the provision for credit losses with a corresponding increase to the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”). For available for sale Retained Interests, the ACL is limited to the amount by which amortized cost exceeds fair value. Accordingly, any portion of a credit-related decline in expected cash flows that cannot be recognized through the ACL is reflected prospectively as a reduction in yield. Decreases in expected credit losses are recognized through reductions in the ACL and provision for credit losses, not to exceed the amount of the previously recorded ACL, and any further credit-related improvement in expected cash flows increases the prospective yield.

Refer to Note 3—Investment Securities for further discussion.

Newly Adopted Accounting Standards

During the nine months ended September 30, 2026, BancShares adopted the following Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board:

ASU 2025-08—Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Purchased Loans, Issued November 2025 (“ASU 2025-08”)

Under ASU 2025-08, purchased seasoned loans (“PSLs” as described below) must be recognized at the purchase price, plus the ALLL at the acquisition date (the “Gross-Up Approach”). Since the ALLL at the acquisition date is established through the Gross-Up Approach, there is no corresponding increase to the provision for loan and lease losses (“Day 2 Provision for Loan and Lease Losses”).

Prior to ASU 2025-08, the Gross-Up Approach was only permitted for purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans, while the initial ALLL for Non-PCD loans was established through the Day 2 Provision for Loan and Lease Losses. Under ASU 2025-08, the Gross-Up Approach applies to PCD loans and the following Non-PCD loans which qualify as PSLs: (i) non-credit card loans acquired in a business combination and (ii) non-credit card loans purchased more than 90 days after origination in a non-business combination transaction, provided the acquirer was not involved in the original lending. ASU 2025-08 specifically excludes credit card loans from the definition of PSLs. ASU 2025-08 is required to be applied prospectively upon adoption.

We early adopted ASU 2025-08 as of January 1, 2026 on a prospective basis. We applied the Gross-Up Approach to the loans acquired in the BMO Branch Acquisition as further discussed in Note 2—Business Combinations. Adoption of ASU 2025-08 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or related disclosures for the nine month period ended September 30, 2026.

ASU 2025-05—Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, Issued July 2025

This ASU provides an optional practical expedient which permits an entity to assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset when estimating the ALLL for accounts receivable.

We adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2026. We did not elect the optional practical expedient and adoption of this ASU did not impact our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

ASU 2025-09—Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815)—Hedge Accounting Improvements, Issued November 2025

This ASU clarified certain aspects of hedge accounting to better reflect the economics of risk management activities. For example, this ASU eliminated the requirement that a group of interest payments be based on the same index in order to be hedged as a group, and provided more flexibility for grouping transactions with similar risks for cash flow hedges. Early adoption is permitted on any date on, or after, November 25, 2025, the issuance date of this ASU. Entities are required to adopt this ASU on a prospective basis for all designated hedging relationships.

We early adopted this ASU as of September 1, 2026 on a prospective basis for all of our designated hedging relationships. Adoption of this ASU expanded our capacity of variable rate loan cash flows eligible to be hedged as a group in a designated cash flow hedge strategy. The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.

Refer to Note 11—Derivative Financial Instruments for further information regarding derivatives.

NOTE 2 — BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

Branch Acquisition

FCB completed the BMO Branch Acquisition on the BMO Branch Acquisition Date. In connection with the BMO Branch Acquisition, FCB assumed $4.86 billion in deposits, acquired $643 million in loans, paid a preliminary deposit premium of $262 million, and acquired other assets and assumed other liabilities as further discussed below.

The BMO Branch Acquisition was accounted for as a business combination, as defined by ASC 805, Business Combinations, using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires the consideration exchanged, assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recognized at fair value as of the BMO Branch Acquisition Date. The determination of fair value requires management to make estimates about discount rates, future cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature. The fair value measurements of certain assets and liabilities are preliminary as we review the associated valuation assumptions and methodologies. Fair values are considered preliminary until final fair values are determined, or the measurement period has elapsed, which is no later than one year from the BMO Branch Acquisition Date. We believe the preliminary fair value estimates of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are reasonable.

The following table provides the preliminary purchase price allocation to the identifiable acquired assets and assumed liabilities at their estimated fair values, along with the purchase price consideration, as of the BMO Branch Acquisition Date. The deposit premium is the purchase price consideration in the BMO Branch Acquisition because it represents the amount FCB paid BMO in order to obtain the acquired deposit franchise and related branch operations, as well as the assumed liabilities and acquired assets.

Preliminary Fair Value Purchase Price Allocation

(1) Includes final settlement amounts as of the BMO Branch Acquisition Date.

(2) Includes the fair value purchase accounting adjustments for assumed liabilities, acquired assets, and core deposit intangibles. Also includes the fair value of interest-earning deposits at banks as further discussed below.

Preliminary goodwill of $72 million represents the excess of the purchase price consideration of $262 million over the estimated fair value of the net assets of $190 million as of the BMO Branch Acquisition Date. The goodwill was allocated to the General Bank segment and is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Refer to Note 8—Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangibles for additional information on our goodwill.

The following are descriptions of the methods used to determine the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as presented above:

Cash and interest-earning deposits at banks

Cash included the cash on hand at the acquired BMO branches at the BMO Branch Acquisition Date.

Interest-earning deposits at banks included the net settlement proceeds that BMO transferred to FCB’s interest-earning deposit account, held with the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”), in connection with FCB assuming the net liabilities of the acquired BMO branches.

For financial instruments with a short-term or no stated maturity, prevailing market rates and limited credit risk, including cash and interest-earning deposits at banks, carrying amounts approximated fair value.

Loans

The loans acquired in the BMO Branch Acquisition primarily consisted of commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, and other consumer loans associated with the acquired branches. Fair values for acquired loans were estimated using BancShares’ fair value framework which incorporated expected cash flows, expected credit losses, prepayment assumptions and market participant discount rates. Refer to Note 12—Fair Value.

As discussed in Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation, we adopted ASU 2025-08 on January 1, 2026. Consequently, we applied the Gross-Up Approach to all loans acquired in the BMO Branch Acquisition which resulted in an ALLL for PSLs (“BMO PSL ALLL”) and a gross-up to PSLs (“PSL Gross-Up”) at the BMO Branch Acquisition Date of $5 million. Furthermore, the ALLL for PCD loans and leases was less than $1 million and FCB did not acquire any credit card loans in the BMO Branch Acquisition. The following table summarizes the fair value discount and the Gross-Up Approach for acquired loans as of the BMO Branch Acquisition Date:

Loan Fair Value Discount and Gross-Up Approach

(1) The non-credit fair value discount was immaterial, so there is no discount to accrete to interest income over the contractual lives of the applicable loans.

Premises and equipment

Fair values for premises, furniture and fixtures, and other equipment were determined using the cost approach.

Core deposit intangibles

Core deposit intangibles of $192 million will be amortized on an accelerated basis over an 8-year estimated useful life.

Certain core deposits were acquired as part of the BMO Branch Acquisition, which provide an additional source of funds for BancShares. The core deposit intangibles represents the costs saved by BancShares by acquiring the core deposits rather than sourcing the funds elsewhere and was valued using the after tax cost savings method under the income approach. The fair value measurement was determined by discounting to present value the favorable funding spread attributable to the core deposit balances over their estimated average remaining life. The favorable funding spread was calculated as the difference in the alternative cost of funds and the net deposit cost. Refer to Note 8—Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangibles for further detail.

Estimated fair value of transactional deposits approximated carrying amounts. Fair values for time deposits were estimated using BancShares’ established fair value framework for existing portfolio time deposits. This methodology is based on a discounted cash flow technique using Level 2 inputs (refer to Note 12—Fair Value) appropriate to the contractual maturity.

Other assets and other liabilities

Other assets and other liabilities primarily included the right-of-use assets and the associated operating lease liabilities for leased branches assumed in the BMO Branch Acquisition. Additionally, other assets included accrued interest income for acquired loans, while other liabilities included accrued interest expense for assumed interest-bearing deposits.

Pro Forma Information

BancShares’ results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 included the income statement impact of the BMO Branch Acquisition, beginning on the BMO Branch Acquisition Date. Revenue and net income attributable to the BMO Branch Acquisition, and supplemental pro forma information are not presented because the impacts are not material to BancShares’ unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income.

SVBB Acquisition

On March 27, 2023, FCB acquired substantially all loans and certain other assets and assumed all customer deposits and certain other liabilities of Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A. from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC” and such transaction, the “SVBB Acquisition”) and FCB issued afive-year $36.07 billion note payable to the FDIC, maturing March 27, 2028, which was amended and restated on November 20, 2023 (the “Purchase Money Note”) and is collateralized by certain loans. Refer to Note 10—Borrowings for the outstanding carrying value of the Purchase Money Note.

NOTE 3 — INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The following tables include theamortized cost and fair value of investment securities:

Amortized Cost and Fair Value - Investment Securities

U.S. Treasury investments include Treasury bills and notes issued by the U.S. Treasury. Investments in government agency securities represent securities issued by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”), Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and other U.S. agencies. Investments in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities represent securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”). Investments in corporate bonds represent positions in debt securities of other financial institutions. Municipal bonds are revenue bonds. Investments in marketable equity securities represent positions in common stock of publicly traded financial institutions. Investments in supranational securities represent securities issued by the Supranational Entities & Multilateral Development Banks.

The Retained SBA Notes (as defined in Note 9—Variable Interest Entities) totaling $18 million are reported in other investment securities available for sale and include $14 million with a credit rating equivalent of AAA or AA. Refer to Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation for discussion of the accounting policies for Retained Interests. Other investment securities held to maturity include certificates of deposit with financial institutions.

BancShares initially held approximately 354,000 shares of Visa, Inc. (“Visa”) Class B common stock (“Visa Class B common stock”). Effective January 24, 2024, all outstanding shares of Visa Class B common stock were redenominated as Visa Class B-1 common stock (“Visa Class B-1 common stock”) pursuant to Visa’s eighth amended and restated certificate of incorporation. BancShares currently holds approximately 354,000 shares of Visa Class B-1 common stock. Until the resolution of certain litigation, at which time the Visa Class B-1 common stock will convert to publicly traded Visa Class A common stock, or the potential exchange of Visa Class B-1 common stock for other marketable classes of Visa common stock, these shares are only transferable to other stockholders of Visa Class B-1 common stock or certain new denominations of Visa’s former Class B common stock. As a result, there is limited transfer activity in private transactions between buyers and sellers. Given this limited trading activity and the continuing uncertainty regarding the likelihood, ultimate timing and eventual exchange of Visa Class B-1 common stock for shares of Visa Class A common stock or other marketable classes of Visa common stock, these shares are not considered to have a readily determinable fair value and have no carrying value. BancShares has elected not to participate in any exchange offers pertaining to its shares of Visa Class B-1 common stock, including the exchange offer which commenced on April 13, 2026 and expired on May 8, 2026. BancShares continues to monitor the trading activity in Visa Class B-1 common stock, the status of the resolution of certain litigation matters at Visa, and other potential exchange alternatives that would trigger the conversion of the Visa Class B-1 common stock into Visa Class A common stock or other marketable classes of Visa common stock.

Accrued interest receivable for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities was excluded from the estimate for credit losses. At September 30, 2026, accrued interest receivable for available for sale and held to maturity debt securities was $199 million and $18 million, respectively. At December 31, 2025, accrued interest receivable foravailable for sale and held to maturity debt securities was $157 million and $20 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, there wasno accrued interest that was deemed uncollectible and written off against interest income.

A security is considered past due once it is 30 days contractually past due under the terms of the agreement. There wereno securities past due as of September 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair value by contractual maturity. For certain securities, expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers and issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. Residential and commercial mortgage-backed, government agency, and other investment securities are stated separately as they are not due at a single maturity date.

Maturities

Thefollowing table presents interest and dividend income on investment securities:

Interest and Dividends on Investment Securities

(1) Amount includes interest income on securities purchased under agreements to resell.

The following table presents the gross realized gain and loss on sales of investment securities available for sale, and the net realized gain on sale of marketable equity securities:

Realized Gain on Sale of Investment Securities, Net

The following table provides information regarding investment securities available for sale with unrealized losses:

Gross Unrealized Losses on Investment Securities Available For Sale

As of September 30, 2026, there were 290 investment securities available for sale with continuous unrealized losses for more than 12 months, of which 278 were government sponsored enterprise-issued mortgage-backed securities including GNMA, FHLMC and FNMA, or government agency securities, and the remaining 12 were corporate bonds. BancShares has the ability and intent to retain these securities for a period of time sufficient to recover all unrealized losses. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury, and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, as of September 30, 2026, no ACL was required. For corporate bonds, we analyzed the changes in interest rates relative to when the investment securities were purchased or acquired, and considered other factors including changes in credit ratings, delinquencies, and other macroeconomic factors. As a result of this analysis, we determined thatno ACL was required for investment securities available for sale as of September 30, 2026. We reviewed the underlying credit exposures related to the Retained SBA Notes and determinedno ACL was required as of September 30, 2026.

BancShares’ portfolio of held to maturity debt securities consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities including GNMA, FHLMC and FNMA, U.S. Treasury notes, unsecured bonds issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, and securities issued by the Supranational Entities & Multilateral Development Banks. Given the consistently strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury and the Supranational Entities & Multilateral Development Banks, and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, no ACL was required for debt securities held to maturity as of September 30, 2026.

There wereno debt securities on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

Investment securities having an aggregate carrying value of $3.55 billion at September 30, 2026, and $3.89 billion at December 31, 2025, were pledged as collateral to secure public funds on deposit, the Purchase Money Note, certain short-term borrowings, and for other purposes as required by law.

Certain investments held by BancShares are reported in other assets, including FHLB stock and nonmarketable securities without readily determinable fair values that are recorded at cost, investments in qualified affordable housing projects and new market tax credits (“NMTC”) that are accounted for under the proportional amortization method (the “PAM”), and renewable energy tax credit investments that utilize the hypothetical liquidation at book value method (“HLBVM”). Refer to Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation of our 2025 Form 10-K for descriptions of the accounting methodologies.

NOTE 4 — ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

The composition of assets held for sale is summarized in the following table.

(1)There were nonaccrual loans held for sale of $7 million at September 30, 2026 and $10 million at December 31, 2025.

In March 2026, FCB management committed to a plan to sell SBA commercial loans, which were then transferred from held for investment to held for sale. We did not establish a valuation allowance for the loans transferred to held for sale as the estimated fair value exceeded amortized cost. In June 2026, all of the SBA commercial loans held for sale totaling $363 million in amortized cost were sold in the SBA Securitization (as defined in Note 9—Variable Interest Entities) and BancShares recognized a gain of $3 million.

Consumer loans held for sale at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 consisted of residential mortgage loans that FCB originated with the intent to sell. Additionally, consumer loans held for sale at December 31, 2025 were largely comprised of residential mortgage loans that were transferred from held for investment to held for sale in December 2025. We did not establish a valuation allowance for the loans transferred to held for sale as the estimated fair value exceeded the amortized cost. In April 2026, these residential mortgage loans held for sale totaling $644 million in amortized cost were sold and BancShares recognized a gain of $1 million.

NOTE 5 — LOANS AND LEASES

Loans held for sale are excluded from loans and leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are included in Note 4—Assets Held for Sale. Finance leases for which we are the lessor are included in the commercial and industrial loan class in the following tables. Refer to Note 7—Leases for further information on leases.

The following table summarizes loans by class:

Loans by Class

At September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, accrued interest receivable on loans included inother assets was $678 million and $635 million, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of the ALLL.

The discount on acquired loans is accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. Discount accretion income was $50 million and $153 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, including $1 million and $3 million for unfunded commitments, respectively. Discount accretion income was $71 million and $230 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, including $6 million and $17 million for unfunded commitments, respectively.

The following table presents selected components of the amortized cost of loans, including the unamortized discount on acquired loans.

Components of Amortized Cost

The aging and nonaccrual status of the outstanding loans and leases by class at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 are provided in the tables below. Loans and leases less than 30 days past due are considered current, as various grace periods allow borrowers to make payments within a stated period after the due date and remain in compliance with the respective agreement.

Loans and Leases - Delinquency and Nonaccrual Status(1)

(1)Accrued interest that was deducted from interest income when the loan was moved to nonaccrual status was $14 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and $14 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

(2)Nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ALLL totaled $384 million at September 30, 2026 and $415 million at December 31, 2025. Refer to Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation of our 2025 Form 10-K for discussion of loans individually evaluated to determine the ALLL.

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) and repossessed assets were $80 million as of September 30, 2026 and $124 million as of December 31, 2025.

Credit Quality Indicators

Loans and leases are monitored for credit quality on a recurring basis. Commercial loans and leases and consumer loans have different credit quality indicators as a result of the unique characteristics of the loan classes being evaluated. The credit quality indicators for commercial loans and leases are developed through a review of individual borrowers on an ongoing basis. Commercial loans are evaluated periodically with more frequent evaluations done on criticized loans. The indicators as of the date presented are based on the most recent assessment performed and are defined below:

Pass – A pass rated asset is not adversely classified because it does not display any of the characteristics for adverse classification.

Special mention – A special mention asset has potential weaknesses which deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, such potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification.

Substandard – A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets classified as substandard generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These assets are characterized by the distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – An asset classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in an asset classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values.

Loss – Assets classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value it is inappropriate to be carried as an asset. This classification is not necessarily equivalent to any potential for recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not appropriate to defer a full charge-off even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.

Ungraded – Ungraded loans represent loans not included in the individual credit grading process due to their relatively small balances or borrower type. The majority of ungraded loans at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, relate to business credit cards. Business credit card loans are subject to automatic charge-off when they become 120 days past due in the same manner as unsecured consumer lines of credit.

The credit quality indicator for consumer loans is based on delinquency status of the borrower as of the end of the period. As the borrower becomes more delinquent, the likelihood of loss increases. An exemption is applied to government guaranteed loans as the principal repayments are insured by the Federal Housing Administration and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and thus remain on accrual status regardless of delinquency status.

The following tables summarize the commercial loans disaggregated by year of origination and by risk rating. The consumer loan delinquency status by year of origination is also presented below. The tables reflect the amortized cost of the loans and include PCD loans.

Commercial Loans - Risk Classifications by Class

Consumer Loans - Delinquency Status by Class

The following tables represent current credit quality indicators by origination year as of December 31, 2025:

Commercial Loans - Risk Classifications by Class

Consumer Loans - Delinquency Status by Class

Gross Charge-offs

Gross charge-off disclosures by origination year and loan class are summarized in the following tables:

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulties

As part of BancShares’ ongoing credit risk management practices, BancShares attempts to work with borrowers when necessary to extend or modify loan terms to better align with the borrowers’ current ability to repay. BancShares’ modifications granted to debtors experiencing financial difficulties typically take the form of term extensions, payment delays, interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness, or a combination thereof. Modifications are made in accordance with internal policies and guidelines to conform to regulatory guidance.

The following tables present the amortized cost of loan modifications made to debtors experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class and type of loan modification. The tables also provide financial effects by type of such loan modifications for the respective loan class. Loan modifications for principal forgiveness round to less than $1 million for all loan classes in all periods presented and are not presented in the following tables.

Amortized Cost of Loans Modified during the three months ended September 30, 2026

(2) Consists of $21 million of commercial real estate loans modified with a payment delay and interest rate reduction, as well as $1 million of commercial and industrial loans modified with a term extension, interest rate reduction, and payment delay.

Amortized Cost of Loans Modified during the three months ended September 30, 2025

(2) Consists of $1 million of commercial and industrial loans modified with a term extension, payment delay, and interest rate reduction.

Financial Effects of Loan Modifications made during the three months ended September 30, 2026

Financial Effects of Loan Modifications made during the three months ended September 30, 2025

Note: The financial effects of loan modifications for certain loan classes reported in the tables above were not reported in the preceding tables as the total amortized cost of loans modified during the period for such loan classes rounded to less than $1 million.

Amortized Cost of Loans Modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2026

(2) Consists of $21 million of commercial real estate loans and $2 million of owner occupied commercial mortgage loans modified with a payment delay and interest rate reduction, as well as $18 million of commercial and industrial loans and $6 million of commercial real estate loans modified with a term extension, interest rate reduction, and payment delay.

Amortized Cost of Loans Modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2025

(2) Consists of $6 million of commercial and industrial loans modified with a term extension, payment delay, and interest rate reduction.

Financial Effects of Loan Modifications made during the nine months ended September 30, 2026

Financial Effects of Loan Modifications made during the nine months ended September 30, 2025

Note: The financial effects of loan modifications for certain loan classes reported in the tables above were not reported in the preceding tables as the total amortized cost of loans modified during the period for such loan classes rounded to less than $1 million.

Borrowers experiencing financial difficulties are typically identified in our credit risk management process and are consequently addressed in our methodology to estimate the ALLL, which incorporates delinquencies, probability of obligor default, and loss given default. Therefore, a change to the ALLL is generally not recorded upon modification. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is reassessed or performed on the date of a modification. Upon BancShares’ determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is charged off.

At September 30, 2026, there were $164 million of loans modified in the twelve months ended September 30, 2026, which defaulted subsequent to modification.

The following tables present the amortized cost and performance of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties for which the terms of the loan were modified during the referenced periods. The period of delinquency is based on the number of days the scheduled payment is contractually past due.

Modified Loans Payment Status (twelve months ended September 30, 2026)

Modified Loans Payment Status (twelve months ended September 30, 2025)

At September 30, 2026, there were $22 million of commitments to lend additional funds to debtors experiencing financial difficulty for which the terms of the loan were modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2026. At December 31, 2025, there were $60 million of commitments to lend additional funds to debtors experiencing financial difficulty for which the terms of the loan were modified during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Loans Pledged

The following table provides information regarding loans pledged as collateral for borrowing capacity through the FHLB of Atlanta and the FRB, and loans pledged as collateral for the Purchase Money Note to the FDIC.

Loans Pledged

(1) The draw period for the Advance Facility Agreement (an expired funding agreement between FCB and the FDIC in connection with the SVBB Acquisition) ended on March 27, 2025 so there was no available borrowing capacity at September 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

(2) Carrying value, net of remaining discount, for loans pledged as collateral for the Purchase Money Note.

As a member of the FHLB, FCB can access financing based on an evaluation of its creditworthiness, statement of financial position, size and eligibility of collateral. FCB may at any time grant a security interest in, sell, convey or otherwise dispose of any of the assets used for collateral, provided that FCB is in compliance with the collateral maintenance requirement immediately following such disposition. There wereno outstanding advances from the FHLB at September 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

Under borrowing arrangements with the FRB, BancShares has access to the FRB Discount Window on a secured basis. There wereno outstanding borrowings with the FRB Discount Window at September 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

NOTE 6 — ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN AND LEASE LOSSES

The ALLL is reported as a separate line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, while the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposure of $190 million and $260 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, is included in other liabilities. The provision or benefit for credit losses related to (i) loans and leases, (ii) off-balance sheet credit exposure, and (iii) other receivables or investment securities available for sale, if any, is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income as provision or benefit for credit losses.

The ALLL activity for loans and leases is summarized in the following tables:

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses

The ALLL may vary significantly from period to period due to changes in economic conditions, economic forecasts, the composition and credit quality of the loan and lease portfolio, and the related impacts to the ALLL models. We continuously monitor and update our ALLL estimation methodology and models, as appropriate. During the second quarter of 2026, we implemented enhancements to our probability of obligor default, loss given default and exposure at default models for the commercial and industrial, and commercial real estate portfolios which contributed to the decrease in the ALLL compared to December 31, 2025.

The ALLL was $1.44 billion at September 30, 2026, a decrease of $130 million from $1.57 billion at December 31, 2025, largely due to lower reserves for individually evaluated loans, growth concentrated in capital call lines which have a significantly lower loss rate relative to our other loan portfolios, improvements in credit quality including updates to certain models used to estimate the ALLL as discussed above, and changes in the macroeconomic scenarios, partially offset by the BMO PSL ALLL of $5 million discussed in Note 2—Business Combinations.

The following table presents the components of the provision for credit losses:

NOTE 7 — LEASES

Lessee

BancShares’ leases primarily include administrative offices and bank locations. Substantially all of our operating lease liabilities relate to United States real estate leases. Our finance lease liabilities mainly relate to equipment leases, including the lease of certain ATMs. Our real estate leases have remaining lease terms of up to 31 years. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease, and our operating leases have renewal terms that can extend from 1 to 25 years. The options are included in the lease term when it is determined that it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised.

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information and remaining weighted average lease terms and discount rates:

Supplemental Lease Information

As of September 30, 2026, there were no leases that have not yet commenced that would have a material impact on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements.

The following table presents components of lease cost:

Components of Net Lease Cost

(1)Includes short-term lease cost.

Operating lease cost is recognized as a single lease cost on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

For finance leases, the right of use (“ROU”) asset is amortized straight-line over the lease term as equipment expense and interest on the lease liability is recognized separately.

Variable lease cost includes common area maintenance, property taxes, utilities, and other operating expenses related to leased premises recognized in the period in which the expense was incurred. Certain of our lease agreements also include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. While lease liabilities are not remeasured because of these changes, these adjustments are treated as variable lease costs and recognized in the period in which the expense is incurred.

Sublease income results from leasing excess building space that BancShares is no longer utilizing under operating leases, which have remaining lease terms of up to 11 years.

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Lessor

BancShares leases equipment to commercial end-users under operating lease and finance lease arrangements. The majority of operating lease equipment is long-lived rail equipment, which is typically leased several times over its life. We also lease technology and office equipment, and large and small industrial, medical, and transportation equipment under both operating leases and finance leases.

Our Rail operating leases typically do not include purchase options. Many of our finance leases, and other equipment operating leases, offer the lessee the option to purchase the equipment at fair market value or for a nominal fixed purchase option. Many of the leases that do not have a nominal purchase option include renewal provisions resulting in some leases continuing beyond the initial contractual term. Our leases typically do not include early termination options. Continued rent payments are due if leased equipment is not returned at the end of the lease.

The following table presents lease income related to BancShares’ equipment leases:

Lease Income

(1)Primarily includes per diem railcar operating lease rental income earned on a time or mileage usage basis.

(2)Includes revenue related to insurance coverage on leased equipment and leased equipment property tax reimbursements due from customers.

NOTE 8 — GOODWILL AND CORE DEPOSIT INTANGIBLES

Goodwill

BancShares had goodwill of $418 million and $346 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. All of BancShares’ goodwill relates to the General Bank reporting unit. Refer to Note 2—Business Combinations for discussion of goodwill associated with the BMO Branch Acquisition. There wasno goodwill impairment during the nine months ended September 30, 2026 or 2025.

Goodwill

Core Deposit Intangibles

Core deposit intangibles represent the estimated fair value of core deposits acquired in business combinations, including the BMO Branch Acquisition. Core deposit intangibles are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Refer to Note 2—Business Combinations for discussion of core deposit intangibles associated with the BMO Branch Acquisition.

The following tables summarize the activity for core deposit intangibles:

Core Deposit Intangibles

The following table summarizes the accumulated amortization balance for core deposit intangibles:

Core Deposit Intangible Accumulated Amortization

The following table summarizes the expected amortization expense as of September 30, 2026 in subsequent periods for core deposit intangibles:

Core Deposit Intangible Expected Amortization

NOTE 9 — VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Unconsolidated VIEs

Unconsolidated VIEs include limited partnership interests, joint ventures and a securitization trust. The table below provides a summary of the assets and liabilities included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets associated with unconsolidated VIEs. The maximum exposure to loss for unconsolidated VIEs is generally limited to the sum of the unconsolidated VIE investment balance and off-balance sheet funding commitments. The maximum exposure to loss represents potential losses that would be incurred under hypothetical circumstances, such that the value of BancShares’ interests and any associated collateral declines to zero and assuming no recovery. BancShares believes the possibility is remote under this hypothetical scenario; accordingly, this disclosure is not an indication of expected loss.

Refer to Note 19—Commitments and Contingencies for off-balance sheet commitments to fund other tax credit investments and other unconsolidated investments.

Unconsolidated VIEs Carrying Value and Liabilities for Funding Commitments

(1) Other tax credit investments include renewable energy tax credit investments, along with a $2 million NMTC investment.

(2) Included in other assets.

(3) Represents the Retained SBA Notes further discussed in Note 3—Investment Securities.

(4)Represents commitments to invest in qualified affordable housing investments. These commitments are payable on demand and included in other liabilities.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2026, we sold $161 million of tax credit investments and recognized a pretax gain of $17 million, reflected in other noninterest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The table below summarizes the tax benefits, recognized in income tax expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income, for the affordable housing tax credit investments accounted for under the PAM. Amortization and tax credit impacts from the NMTC were not material.

Tax Benefits - PAM

(1) Amortization is included in depreciation, amortization, and accretion, net, in cash flows from operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

(2) The net income tax benefit is included in cash flows from operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Changes in income taxes payable are reported in net change in other liabilities in cash flows from operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Other Tax Credit Investments

Other tax credit investments at September 30, 2026 primarily consisted of renewable energy tax credit investments accounted for under the HLBVM. We elected the deferral method for the tax credits and deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) related to HLBVM tax credit investments. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026, we received $69 million and $85 million, respectively, of tax credits related to renewable energy tax credit investments accounted for under the HLBVM and deferral method.

Refer to Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation of our 2025 Form 10-K for further discussion of the PAM, HLBVM, and deferral method.

SBA Securitization

On June 29, 2026, FCB completed a securitization transaction of $363 million in amortized cost of SBA commercial loans held for sale (the “SBA Securitization”). As part of the SBA Securitization, First Citizens Securitization Depositor LLC (the “Depositor”), a consolidated subsidiary of FCB, sold the loans to a special purpose trust (the “SBA Trust”), which then issued multiple classes of asset-backed notes (the “SBA Notes”). The SBA Trust transferred the SBA Notes to the Depositor, which retained 5% of each class of SBA Notes (the “Retained SBA Notes”) and offered and sold 95% of each class of SBA Notes in a private placement under Rule 144A and Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933.

FCB did not consolidate the SBA Trust because FCB is not the primary beneficiary of the SBA Trust. FCB recognized a servicing asset and earns servicing and other ancillary fees for its role as servicer which includes performing remedy obligations regarding representations and warranties. BancShares recognized a gain of $3 million on the SBA Securitization, which is net of transaction costs and includes recognition of the servicing asset.

Refer to Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation for further information regarding accounting policies for loan sales and securitizations. Refer to Note 3—Investment Securities for further information regarding the Retained SBA Notes.

NOTE 10 — BORROWINGS

Short-term Borrowings

Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase

BancShares held $116 million and $224 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, of securities sold under agreements to repurchase that have overnight contractual maturities and are collateralized by government agency securities. The weighted average interest rate for securities sold under agreements to repurchase was 0.48% and 0.41% at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

BancShares utilizes securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs for collateralization of commercial customers and secure wholesale funding needs. Repurchase agreements are transactions whereby BancShares offers to sell to a counterparty an undivided interest in an eligible security at an agreed upon purchase price, and which obligates BancShares to repurchase the security at an agreed upon date, repurchase price and interest rate. These agreements are recorded at the amount of cash received in connection with the transactions and are reflected as securities sold under customer repurchase agreements.

BancShares monitors collateral levels on a continuous basis and maintains records of each transaction specifically describing the applicable security and the counterparty’s fractional interest in that security. BancShares segregates the security from general assets in accordance with regulations governing custodial holdings of securities. The primary risk with repurchase agreements is market risk associated with the investments securing the transactions, as additional collateral may be required based on fair value changes of the underlying investments. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with safekeeping agents. The carrying value of investment securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements was $155 million and $230 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

On June 24, 2026, FCB issued and sold $750 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.097% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Senior Notes due in 2029, then on August 3, 2026, issued and sold an additional $400 million aggregate principal amount of the same series. On March 3, 2026, the Parent Company issued and sold $500 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.869% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Senior Notes due in 2032.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2026, FCB made prepayments of $13.00 billion on the Purchase Money Note and recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $34 million. In October 2026, we made an additional prepayment of $1.50 billion.

The following table presents long-term borrowings as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, net of the respective unamortized purchase accounting adjustments, issuance costs, and impacts of fair value hedges:

(1)Borrowings that are the hedged item in a fair value hedge as discussed in Note 11—Derivative Financial Instruments.

(2)Includes an original issuance on June 24, 2026 and an additional issuance on August 3, 2026.

(3)Issued in connection with the SVBB Acquisition. The unamortized discount was $47 million and $115 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Refer to Note 5—Loans and Leases for further information on loans pledged as collateral to secure borrowings.

Pledged Assets

Refer to the “Loans Pledged” section in Note 5—Loans and Leases for information on loans pledged as collateral to secure borrowings. Additionally, interest-earning deposits at banks included $163 million and $212 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, that were required minimum deposits under the Purchase Money Note.

NOTE 11 — DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Our derivatives designated as hedging instruments (“Designated Derivatives”) include interest rate swap contracts utilized to manage our interest rate exposure for items on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. This includes floating-rate loan portfolio cash flow hedges and fair value hedges of our fixed-rate borrowings.

Our derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (“Non-Designated Derivatives”) mainly include interest rate and foreign exchange contracts that our customers utilized for their risk management needs. We typically manage our exposure to these customer derivatives by entering into offsetting or “back-to-back” interest rate and foreign exchange contracts with third-party dealers. Our Non-Designated Derivatives also include risk participation agreements and commodity derivatives, as well as equity warrants that we often obtain through credit facility negotiations, primarily with private venture-backed companies in the technology, life sciences, or healthcare industries.

Derivative instruments that are cleared through certain central counterparty clearing houses are settled-to-market and reported net of collateral positions.

Refer to Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation of our 2025 Form 10-K for accounting policies for derivatives.

The following table presents notional amounts and fair values of derivative financial instruments:

Notional Amount and Fair Value of Derivative Financial Instruments

(1)Fair value balances include accrued interest.

(2)BancShares accounts for derivatives cleared by a central counterparty, including the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and LCH Clearnet, as “settled-to-market.” As a result, the derivative asset and liability fair values in the table above and in other assets and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are presented net of the variation margin payments as discussed below.

(3)The foreign exchange contracts exclude foreign exchange spot contracts. The notional and net fair value amounts of these contracts were $510 million and $1 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2026, and $252 million and $0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2025.

(4)Other contracts primarily include risk participation agreements and commodity derivatives.

Variation margin payments are periodic cash settlements FCB receives from or pays to a central counterparty based on changes in the fair value of the underlying derivatives. The following table presents the impact of the variation margin payments on derivatives included in other assets and other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Impact of Variation Margin Payments on Derivative Assets and Liabilities

(1)BancShares’ derivative transactions are governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) agreements that allow for net settlements of certain payments as well as offsetting of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event of bankruptcy or default of one of the two parties to the transaction. BancShares believes its ISDA agreements meet the definition of a master netting arrangement or similar agreement for purposes of the above disclosure.

(2)In conjunction with the ISDA agreements described above, BancShares has entered into collateral arrangements with its counterparties, which provide for the exchange of cash depending on the change in the market valuation of the derivative contracts outstanding. Such collateral is available to be applied in settlement of the net balances upon an event of default of one of the counterparties. Collateral pledged or received is included in other assets or deposits, respectively.

Fair Value Hedges

The following table presents the impact of fair value hedges recorded in interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income:

Recognized Gains (Losses) on Fair Value Hedges

The following table presents the carrying value of hedged items and associated cumulative hedging adjustment related to fair value hedges as of September 30, 2026. There were no fair value hedges outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

Carrying Value of Hedged Items

Cash Flow Hedges

The following table presents the pretax unrealized (loss) or gain on hedging instruments in cash flow hedges, which are reported in other comprehensive income, and the pretax amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) to earnings:

Other Comprehensive (Loss) Gain on Cash Flow Hedges, Pretax

Other Information for Cash Flow Hedges

(1) Estimated amounts to be reclassified from AOCI to earnings. Actual amounts could differ from estimates due to factors such as changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations and the addition of other hedges.

(2)Maximum number of months is based on the latest maturity date of cash flow hedges outstanding at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Non-Designated Derivatives

The following table presents the gain or (loss) on Non-Designated Derivatives recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income:

Gain (Loss) on Non-Designated Derivatives

(1) This is primarily related to economic hedges of foreign currency risks arising from loans and other assets denominated in foreign currency. There is an offsetting impact within noninterest income for the foreign exchange revaluation of the associated assets denominated in foreign currency.

NOTE 12 — FAIR VALUE

Fair Value Hierarchy

BancShares measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels.

Assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value according to a fair value hierarchy comprised of three levels. The levels are based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. The level within the fair value hierarchy for an asset or liability is based on the lowest level of input significant to the fair value measurement with Level 1 inputs considered highest and Level 3 inputs considered lowest. A brief description of each input level follows:

•Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

•Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and inputs other than quoted prices observable for the assets or liabilities and market corroborated inputs.

•Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These unobservable inputs and assumptions reflect the estimates market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value - Recurring Basis

The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows:

Investment securities available for sale. The fair value of U.S. Treasury, government agency, mortgage-backed securities, municipal bonds, and a portion of the corporate bonds are generally estimated using a third-party pricing service. To obtain an understanding of the processes and methodologies used, management reviews correspondence from the third-party pricing service. Management also performs a price variance analysis process to corroborate the reasonableness of prices. The third-party provider evaluates securities based on comparable investments with trades and market data and will utilize pricing models which use a variety of inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids and offers as needed. These securities are generally classified as Level 2. The remaining corporate bonds held are generally measured at fair value based on indicative bids from broker-dealers using inputs that are not directly observable, and therefore classified as Level 3. Fair value of other investment securities available for sale are estimated using a third-party pricing service and are considered Level 2.

Marketable equity securities. Equity securities are measured at fair value using observable closing prices. Equity securities are classified as Level 1 if they are traded in an active market and as Level 2 if the observable closing price is from a less than active market.

Loansand Loans held for sale. Certain residential real estate loans originated for sale to investors are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices for similar types of loans, which are considered Level 2 inputs. In instances when loans are not sold and subsequently transferred to portfolio, accounting at fair value is continued.

Derivative Assetsand Liabilities. Derivatives were valued using models that incorporate inputs depending on the type of derivative. Other than the fair value of equity warrants and credit derivatives, which were estimated using Level 3 inputs, most derivative instruments were valued using Level 2 inputs based on observed pricing for similar assets and liabilities and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. Refer to Note 11—Derivative Financial Instruments for notional amounts and fair values.

The following tables summarize information about significant unobservable inputs related to BancShares’ categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis:

Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements - Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes the changes in estimated fair value for all assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

Changes in Estimated Fair Value of Level 3 Financial Assets and Liabilities - Recurring Basis

Fair Value Option

The following table summarizes the difference between the aggregate fair value and the unpaid principal balance (“UPB”) for residential mortgage loans originated for sale measured at fair value:

Aggregate Fair Value and UPB - Residential Mortgage Loans

(1) Originated loans held for sale include loans held for sale and loans originated for sale but transferred to portfolio and held for investment.

BancShares has elected the fair value option for residential mortgage loans originated for sale. This election reduces certain timing differences in the Consolidated Statements of Income and better aligns with the management of the portfolio from a business perspective. The changes in fair value that were recorded as a component of other noninterest income were insignificant for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025. Interest earned on originated loans held for sale is recorded within interest income on loans and leases in the Consolidated Statements of Income. No originated loans held for sale were 90 or more days past due or on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

Assets Measured at Estimated Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

Certain assets or liabilities are required to be measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis subsequent to initial recognition. Generally, these adjustments are the result of lower of cost or fair value (“LOCOM”) or other impairment accounting. The following table presents carrying value of assets measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis for which gains and losses have been recorded in the periods. The gains and losses reflect amounts recorded for the respective periods, regardless of whether the asset is still held at period end.

Assets Measured at Fair Value - Non-recurring Basis

Certain other assets are adjusted to their fair value on a non-recurring basis, including certain loans, OREO, and goodwill, which are periodically tested for impairment. Most loans held for investment, deposits, and borrowings are not reported at fair value.

The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are as follows:

Assets held for sale - loans. Loans held for investment subsequently transferred to held for sale are carried at LOCOM. When available, the fair values for the transferred loans are based on quoted prices from the purchase commitments for the individual loans being transferred and are considered Level 1 inputs in instances where there is an active market, or Level 2 when there is no active market. The fair value of Level 2 assets may also be estimated based on prices of recent trades of similar assets. For other loans held for sale, the fair value of Level 3 assets was primarily measured under the income approach using the discounted cash flow model based on Level 3 inputs including discount rate or the price of committed trades. Gains and losses are recorded in noninterest income.

Loans - collateral dependent loans. The population of Level 3 loans measured at fair value that are experiencing financial difficulty and measured on a non-recurring basis includes collateral-dependent loans evaluated individually. Collateral values are determined using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property discounted based on estimated selling costs, and adjustments for other external factors that may impact the marketability of the collateral. Gains and losses generally reflect the required net provision and charge-offs specific to the loans included in the population for the respective periods and are recorded in the provision for credit losses.

Other real estate owned. OREO is carried at LOCOM. OREO asset valuations are determined by using appraisals or other third-party value estimates of the subject property with discounts, generally between 5% and 14%, applied for estimated selling costs and other external factors that may impact the marketability of the property. At September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the weighted average discount applied was 9.84% and 7.86%, respectively. Changes to the value of the assets between scheduled valuation dates are monitored through continued communication with brokers and monthly reviews by the asset manager assigned to each asset. If there are any significant changes in the market or the subject property, valuations are adjusted or new appraisals are ordered to ensure the reported values reflect the most current information.

Financial Instruments Fair Value

The table below presents the carrying values and estimated fair values for financial instruments, excluding leases and certain other assets and liabilities for which these disclosures are not required.

Carrying Values and Fair Values of Financial Assets and Liabilities

The methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments not discussed elsewhere are as follows:

Interest-earning Deposits at Banks. The carrying value of interest-earning deposits at banks approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature and is classified on the fair value hierarchy as Level 1. The balances at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 included $163 million and $212 million, respectively, as a required minimum deposit under the Purchase Money Note.

Net loans. The carrying value of net loans is net of the ALLL. Loans are generally valued by discounting expected cash flows using market inputs with adjustments based on cohort level assumptions for certain loan types as well as internally developed estimates at a business segment level. Due to the significance of the unobservable market inputs and assumptions, as well as the absence of a liquid secondary market for most loans, these loans are classified as Level 3. Certain loans are measured based on observable market prices sourced from external data providers and classified as Level 2. Nonaccrual loans are written down and reported at their estimated recovery value, which approximates their fair value, and classified as Level 3.

Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell. The fair value of securities purchased under agreements to resell equal the carrying value due to the short term nature, generally overnight, and therefore present an insignificant risk of change in fair value due to changes in market interest rate, and classified as Level 2.

Investment securities held to maturity. BancShares’ portfolio of debt securities held to maturity consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, U.S. Treasury notes, unsecured bonds issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, and securities issued by the Supranational Entities & Multilateral Development Banks. We primarily use prices obtained from pricing services to determine the fair value of securities, which are Level 2 inputs.

FHLB stock. The carrying amount of FHLB stock is a reasonable estimate of fair value, as these securities are not readily marketable and are evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares considers positive and negative evidence, including the profitability and asset quality of the issuer, dividend payment history and recent redemption experience, when determining the ultimate recoverability of the par value. BancShares’ investment in FHLB stock is ultimately recoverable at par. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for the FHLB stock are considered Level 2 inputs.

Mortgage servicing rights. The fair value of mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) is determined using a pooling methodology. Similar loans are pooled together and a model which relies on discount rates, estimates of prepayment rates and the weighted average cost to service the loans is used to determine the fair value. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for MSRs are considered Level 3 inputs.

Deposits. The estimated fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as demand deposit accounts, money market accounts, and savings accounts was the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of time deposits was estimated based on a discounted cash flow technique using Level 2 inputs appropriate to the contractual maturity.

Credit balances of factoring clients. The impact of the time value of money from the unobservable discount rate for credit balances of factoring clients is inconsequential due to the short term nature of these balances, therefore, the fair value approximated carrying value, and the credit balances are classified as Level 3.

Short-term borrowed funds. The fair value of short-term borrowed funds, which includes repurchase agreements, approximates carrying value and are classified as Level 2.

Long-term borrowings. For certain long-term senior and subordinated unsecured borrowings, the fair values are sourced from a third-party pricing service. The fair values of other long-term borrowings are determined by discounting future cash flows using current interest rates for similar financial instruments. The inputs used in the fair value measurement for FHLB borrowings, senior and subordinated debentures, and other borrowings are classified as Level 2.

For all other financial assets and financial liabilities, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of the fair value as of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025. The carrying value and fair value for these assets and liabilities are equivalent because they are relatively short-term in nature and there is no interest rate or credit risk that would cause the fair value to differ from the carrying value. Cash and due from banks is classified as Level 1. Accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable are classified as Level 2.

NOTE 13 — STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

A roll forward of common stock activity is presented in the following table:

Number of Shares of Common Stock

Common Stock

The Parent Company has Class A common stock and Class B common stock, each with a par value of $1. Class A common stockholders haveone vote per share and Class B common stockholders have 16 votes per share.

Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock

As of September 30, 2026, the Parent Company had Series A, Series B, Series C, Series D, Series E, and Series F non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock outstanding (together, “BancShares Preferred Stock”) as summarized in the following table:

Preferred Stock

(1)The book value is net of direct issuance costs and premiums or discounts.

(2)Each depositary share represents a fractional ownership interest in a share of non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock.

(3)Upon conversion to SOFR in 2023, BancShares began paying a credit spread adjustment in addition to the stated dividend.

(4) The dividend rate is 7.000% per annum from the issuance date to, but excluding, the first reset date of December 15, 2030. Thereafter, the dividend rate resets to the five-year treasury rate plus 3.301% on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date.

(5) The initial dividend period commenced on and included the issuance date and ended on and included June 14, 2026. The dividend rate is 6.625% per annum from the issuance date to, but excluding, the first reset date of March 15, 2031. Thereafter, the dividend rate resets to the five-year treasury rate plus 2.830% on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date.

(6) The initial dividend period commenced on and included the issuance date and will end on and include December 14, 2026. The dividend rate is 7.500% per annum from the issuance date to, but excluding, the first reset date of September 15, 2031. Thereafter, the dividend rate resets to the five-year treasury rate plus 2.894% on the fifth anniversary of the preceding reset date.

Dividends on BancShares Preferred Stock will be paid when, as, and if declared by the Board of Directors of the Parent Company, or a duly authorized committee thereof, to the extent that the Parent Company has lawfully available funds to pay dividends. If declared, dividends with respect to the BancShares Preferred Stock will accrue and be payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15 of each year. Dividends on the BancShares Preferred Stock will not be cumulative.

At its option and subject to any required regulatory approval, the Parent Company may redeem the BancShares Preferred Stock at a redemption price equal to the “Liquidation Preference Per Share” in the table above, plus any applicable dividends, (i) in whole or in part on any dividend payment date on or after the “Earliest Redemption Date” in the table above, or (ii) in whole but not in part, at any time within 90 days following a regulatory capital treatment event.

NOTE 14 — ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

The following table includes the components of AOCI:

Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following table summarizes the changes in the components of AOCI, net of income taxes:

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income by Component, Net of Income Taxes

Other Comprehensive Income

The amounts included in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income are net of income taxes. The following table presents the pretax and after tax components of other comprehensive income:

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) by Component

NOTE 15 — EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted earnings per common share:

Earnings per Common Share

NOTE 16 — INCOME TAXES

BancShares’ global effective income tax rates (“ETRs”) were 24.7% and 24.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The increase in the ETR for the three months ended September 30, 2026 compared to 2025 was primarily due to the benefit related to purchased tax credits reflected in the prior year. BancShares’ global ETRs were 24.5% and 24.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The decrease in the ETR for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 compared to 2025 was primarily due to a reduction in state and local income taxes.

The quarterly income tax expense is based on a projection of BancShares’ annual ETR. This annual ETR is applied to the year-to-date consolidated pretax income to determine the interim provision for income taxes before discrete items. The ETR each period is also impacted by a number of factors, including the relative mix of domestic and international earnings, effects of changes in enacted tax laws, adjustments to the valuation allowances, and discrete items. The currently forecasted ETR may vary from the actual year-end 2026 ETR due to the changes in these factors.

Uncertain Tax Benefits

BancShares recognizes tax benefits when it is more likely than not that the position will prevail, based solely on the technical merits under the tax law of the relevant jurisdiction. BancShares will recognize the tax benefit if the position meets this recognition threshold determined based on the largest amount of the benefit that is more than likely to be recognized.

Deferred Tax Assets and Valuation Adjustments

BancShares’ ability to recognize DTAs is evaluated on a quarterly basis to determine if there were any significant events that would affect our ability to utilize existing DTAs. If events are identified that affect our ability to utilize our DTAs, changes to the valuation allowance may be required.

NOTE 17 — EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

BancShares sponsors non-contributory defined benefit pension plans and supplemental and executive retirement plans for its qualifying employees. The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is included in salaries and wages, while all other non-service cost components are included in other noninterest expense.

The components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:

Net Periodic Benefit Costs

NOTE 18 — SEGMENT INFORMATION

BancShares’ segments include the General Bank, the Commercial Bank, and Rail. All other financial information not included in the segments is reported in the Corporate section of the segment disclosures. We do not aggregate multiple operating segments into a reportable segment. Therefore, each of our operating segments is a reportable segment.

Under our segment expense allocation methodology, allocated expenses increase noninterest expense of the applicable segment(s), with an offsetting decrease to Corporate noninterest expense. “All other noninterest expense” in the segment reporting tables below includes the effect of allocated expenses, resulting in a reduction to expense (or “Contra Expense”) for Corporate.

General Bank

The General Bank segment delivers products and services to consumer and small business clients through our extensive network of branches and various digital channels. We offer a full suite of deposit products, loans (primarily residential mortgages and business and commercial loans), cash management, private banking, wealth management, payment services, and treasury services. We offer conforming and jumbo residential mortgage loans throughout the United States that are primarily originated through branches and retail referrals, employee referrals, internet leads, direct marketing and a correspondent lending channel, as well as through our private banking teams. Our wealth and private banking business offers a customized suite of products and services to individuals and institutional clients, as well as private equity and venture capital professionals and executive leaders of the innovation companies they support. Offerings include brokerage, investment advisory, private stock loans, other secured and unsecured lending products and vineyard development loans, as well as planning-based financial strategies, family office, financial planning, tax planning and trust services. The General Bank segment also includes a community association bank business that supports deposit, cash management and lending to homeowner associations and property management companies.

Revenue is primarily generated from interest income on loans and leases. Noninterest income is primarily generated from fees for banking and advisory services, including lending-related fees, most of the deposit fees and service charges and cardholder services, along with essentially all of the wealth management services income. We primarily originate loans by utilizing our branch network and industry referrals, as well as direct digital marketing efforts. We derive our SBA loans through a network of SBA originators. We periodically purchase loans on a whole-loan basis. We also invest in community development that supports the construction of affordable housing in our communities in line with our Community Reinvestment Act initiatives.

Commercial Bank

The Commercial Bank segment provides a range of lending, leasing, capital markets, asset management, and other financial and advisory services, primarily tailored to commercial and middle market companies in a wide range of industries, including: healthcare, energy, technology media and telecommunications, maritime, and aerospace and defense. Loans offered are primarily senior secured loans collateralized by accounts receivable, inventory, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, and/or intangibles, and are often used for working capital, plant expansion, acquisitions, or recapitalizations. These loans include revolving lines of credit and term loans and, depending on the nature of the collateral, may be referred to as collateral-backed loans, asset-based loans or cash flow loans. We provide senior secured loans to developers and other commercial real estate professionals. Additionally, we provide business loans and leases, including both capital and operating leases, through a highly automated credit approval, documentation and funding process.

Commercial Bank also includes products and services offered to commercial clients and investors across stages, sectors and regions in the innovation ecosystem, as well as private equity and venture capital firms. Loan products are offered through Fund Banking and Innovation Banking and consist of capital call lines of credit, investor dependent loans, and commercial and industrial loans made primarily to technology, life science and healthcare companies.

We also provide factoring, receivable management, supply chain financing, and secured financing to businesses that operate in several industries. These include apparel, textile, furniture, home furnishings, and consumer electronics. See further disclosure on factoring in Note 21—Segment Information in our 2025 Form 10-K.

Revenue is primarily generated from interest income on loans and leases. Noninterest income is mostly generated from rental income on operating lease equipment, lending-related fees, including most of the capital market fees and international fees, essentially all of the client investment fees, and other revenue from banking services. Noninterest income also includes all of the commissions earned on factoring-related activities. We derive our commercial lending business through direct marketing to borrowers, lessees, manufacturers, vendors, and distributors, as well as through our private equity and venture capital relationships. We also utilize referrals as a source for commercial lending business and may periodically buy participations or syndications of loans and lines of credit, or purchase loans on a whole-loan basis.

Rental income and depreciation expense on operating lease equipment is related to small and large ticket equipment we own and lease to others. Rental income is generally influenced by the size of the operating lease portfolio. Operating lease equipment is subject to depreciation expense over the useful life of the small and large ticket equipment, which is generally 3-10 years.

We offer a full suite of commercial deposit products and services through online and mobile banking platforms, as well as physical locations.

Rail

The Rail segment offers customized leasing and financing solutions on a fleet of railcars and locomotives to railroads and shippers throughout North America. Railcar types include covered hopper cars used to ship grain and agricultural products, plastic pellets, sand, and cement; tank cars for energy products and chemicals; gondolas for coal, steel coil and mill service products; open-top hopper cars for coal and aggregates; boxcars for paper and auto parts; and centerbeams and flat cars for lumber. Revenue is generated primarily from rental income on operating lease equipment, which is included in noninterest income, and to a lesser extent, gains on sale of leasing equipment. Rental income is generally influenced by the size of the operating lease portfolio, utilization of the railcars, re-pricing of equipment renewed upon lease maturities, and pricing on new leases. Re-pricing refers to the rental rate in the renewed equipment contract compared to the prior contract.

Operating lease equipment is subject to depreciation expense over the useful life of the rail equipment, which is generally longer in duration,40-50 years. The Rail segment leases railcars, primarily pursuant to full-service lease contracts under which we, as lessor, are responsible for railcar maintenance and repair. Maintenance and other operating lease expenses relate to equipment ownership and leasing costs associated with the railcar portfolio and tend to be variable due to timing and the number of railcars coming on or off lease as well as asset condition.

Corporate

All other financial information not included in the segments is reported in Corporate. Corporate contains BancShares’ centralized treasury function, which manages the investment security portfolio, interest-earning deposits at banks and corporate/wholesale funding (e.g., borrowings, Direct Bank deposits and brokered deposits). Corporate deposits are primarily comprised of Direct Bank deposits.

Corporate includes interest income on investment securities and interest-earning deposits at banks; interest expense for borrowings, Direct Bank deposits, and brokered deposits; as well as funds transfer pricing allocations. Noninterest income includes gains or losses on sales of investment securities, fair value adjustments on marketable equity securities, and income from bank owned life insurance. Personnel cost in Corporate includes the personnel costs not allocated to the operating segments. Corporate includes acquisition-related expenses and certain items related to accounting for business combinations, such as gains on acquisitions, and discount accretion income for certain acquired loans. Corporate also includes the offsetting impacts of allocated expenses as discussed above.

Segment Results and Select Period End Balances

The following tables present the condensed income statements by segment and include the significant segment expenses and measure of segment profit or loss.

NOTE 19 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Commitments

To meet the financing needs of its customers, BancShares and its subsidiaries have financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments involve elements of credit, interest rate or liquidity risk and include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.

The accompanying table summarizes credit-related commitments and other purchase and funding commitments:

(1)BancShares’ purchase and funding commitments relate to the Rail segment commitments to fund railcar manufacturer purchase and upgrade commitments.

Financing Commitments

Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers. These commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of fees. Established credit standards control the credit risk exposure associated with these commitments. In some cases, BancShares requires collateral to be pledged to secure the commitment, including cash deposits, securities and other assets.

Financing commitments, referred to as net unfunded loan commitments or lines of credit, primarily reflect BancShares’ agreements to lend to its customers, subject to the customers’ compliance with contractual obligations. At September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, substantially all undrawn financing commitments were senior facilities. Financing commitments also include $275 million and $360 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, related to off-balance sheet commitments to fund other tax credit investments and other unconsolidated investments. These off-balance sheet investment commitments are contingent on events that have yet to occur and may be subject to change.

As financing commitments may not be fully drawn, may expire unused, may be reduced or canceled at the customer’s request, and may require the customer to be in compliance with certain conditions, commitment amounts do not necessarily reflect actual future cash flow requirements.

The table above excludes uncommitted revolving credit facilities extended by Commercial Services to its clients for working capital purposes. In connection with these facilities, Commercial Services has the sole discretion throughout the duration of these facilities to determine the amount of credit that may be made available to its clients at any time and whether to honor any specific advance requests made by its clients under these credit facilities.

Letters of Credit

Financial standby letters of credit are commitments to pay the beneficiary thereof if drawn upon by the beneficiary upon satisfaction of the terms of the letter of credit. Those commitments are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. To mitigate its risk, BancShares’ credit policies govern the issuance of standby letters of credit. The credit risk related to the issuance of these letters of credit is essentially the same as in extending loans to clients and, therefore, these letters of credit are collateralized when necessary. These financial instruments generate fees and involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Deferred Purchase Agreements

A deferred purchase agreement (“DPA”) is provided in conjunction with factoring, whereby a client is provided with credit protection for trade receivables without purchasing the receivables. The trade receivables terms generally require payment in 90 days or less. If the client’s customer is unable to pay an undisputed receivable solely as the result of credit risk, BancShares is then required to purchase the receivable from the client, less any borrowings for such client based on such defaulted receivable. The outstanding amount in the table above, less $196 million and $211 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, of borrowings for such clients, is the maximum amount that BancShares would be required to pay under all DPAs. This maximum amount would only occur if all receivables subject to DPAs default in the manner described above, thereby requiring BancShares to purchase all such receivables from the DPA clients.

The table above includes $1.85 billion and $1.71 billion of DPA exposures at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively, related to receivables on which BancShares has assumed the credit risk. The table also includes $6 million and $13 million available under DPA credit line agreements provided at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The DPA credit line agreements specify a contractually committed amount of DPA credit protection and are cancellable by us only after a notice period, which is typically 90 days or less.

Litigation and Other Contingencies

The Parent Company and certain of its subsidiaries have been named as a defendant in legal actions arising from its normal business activities in which damages in various amounts are claimed. BancShares is also exposed to litigation risk relating to the prior business activities of banks from which assets were acquired and liabilities assumed.

BancShares is involved, and from time to time in the future may be involved, in a number of pending and threatened judicial, regulatory, and arbitration proceedings as well as proceedings, investigations, examinations and other actions brought or considered by governmental and self-regulatory agencies. These matters arise in connection with the ordinary conduct of BancShares’ business. At any given time, BancShares may also be in the process of responding to subpoenas, requests for documents, data and testimony relating to such matters and engaging in discussions to resolve the matters (all of the foregoing collectively being referred to as “Litigation”). While most Litigation relates to individual claims, BancShares may be subject to putative class action claims and similar broader claims and indemnification obligations.

In light of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of Litigation matters and indemnification obligations, particularly when such matters are in their early stages or where the claimants seek indeterminate damages, BancShares cannot state with confidence what the eventual outcome of the pending Litigation will be, what the timing of the ultimate resolution of these matters will be, or what the eventual loss, fines, or penalties related to each pending matter will be, if any. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, BancShares establishes reserves for Litigation when those matters present loss contingencies as to which it is both probable that a loss will occur and the amount of such loss can reasonably be estimated. The actual results of resolving such matters may be substantially higher than the amounts reserved.

For certain Litigation matters for which a loss is probable or reasonably possible, BancShares is able to estimate a range of reasonably possible losses in excess of any established reserve, or for which there is no established reserve. Management currently estimates an aggregate range of reasonably possible losses to be up to approximately $45 million in excess of any established reserves. This estimate represents reasonably possible losses (in excess of any established reserves) over the life of such Litigation, which may span a currently indeterminable number of years, and is based on information currently available as of September 30, 2026. The Litigation matters underlying the estimated range will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from this estimate. For certain other Litigation matters for which a loss is probable or reasonably possible, BancShares is not able to estimate a range of reasonably possible losses.

Based on information currently available as of September 30, 2026, those Litigation matters for which BancShares is not able to estimate a range of reasonably possible losses or as to which a loss does not appear to be reasonably possible are not included within this estimated range and, therefore, this estimated range does not represent BancShares’ maximum loss exposure.

The foregoing statements about BancShares’ Litigation are based on BancShares’ judgments, assumptions, and estimates and are necessarily subjective and uncertain. In the event of unexpected future developments, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of these cases, matters, and proceedings, if unfavorable, may be material to BancShares’ consolidated financial position in a particular period.