PORTLAND GENERAL ELECTRIC CO OR

General

Portland General Electric Company (PGE or the Company), a vertically-integrated electric utility with corporate headquarters located in Portland, Oregon, is engaged in the generation, wholesale purchase and sale, transmission, distribution, and retail sale of electricity to customers in the state of Oregon (State). The Company operates as a cost-based, regulated electric utility with revenue requirements and customer prices determined based on the forecasted cost to serve retail customers and a reasonable rate of return as determined by the Public Utility Commission of Oregon (OPUC). PGE meets its retail load requirement with both Company-owned generation and power purchased in the wholesale market. The Company participates in the wholesale market through the purchase and sale of electricity and natural gas in an effort to obtain reasonably-priced power to serve its retail customers, manage risk, and administer its long-term wholesale contracts. PGE is committed to developing products and service offerings for the benefit of retail and wholesale customers. PGE, incorporated in 1930, is publicly-owned, with its common stock listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The Company operates as a single business segment, with revenues and costs related to its business activities maintained and analyzed on a total electric operations basis. A wholly-owned subsidiary of PGE owns unregulated, non-utility property that the Company leases as space for its corporate headquarters.

PGE’s State-approved service area allocation of four thousand square miles is located entirely within Oregon and includes 51 incorporated cities. During 2023, the Company added eight thousand customers, and as of December 31, 2023, served a total of 934 thousand retail customers.

Available Information

PGE’s periodic and current reports, and amendments to those reports, are available and may be accessed free of charge through the Investors section of the Company’s website at PortlandGeneral.com as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). It is not intended that PGE’s website and the information contained therein or connected thereto be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Regulation

Federal and State regulation each have a significant influence on PGE’s business operations. In addition to the agencies and activities discussed below, the Company is subject to regulation by certain environmental agencies, as described in the Environmental Matters section in this Item 1.

PGE prepares financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and, as a regulated public utility, the effects of rate regulation are reflected in its financial statements. Accounting for the economics of rate regulation impacts multiple financial statement line items and disclosures, such as: property, plant, and equipment; regulatory assets and liabilities; revenues; certain operating expenses; depreciation expense; and income tax expense. GAAP provides for the deferral, or recording expenses and revenues in periods other than when an unregulated entity would. As a result, the Company may record regulatory assets, of certain actual or estimated costs that would otherwise be charged to expense, based on expected recovery from customers in future prices. Likewise, certain actual or anticipated credits that would otherwise be recognized as revenue, or reduce expense, can be deferred as regulatory liabilities, based on expected future credits or refunds to customers. PGE records regulatory assets or liabilities if it is probable that they will be reflected in future prices, based on regulatory orders or other available evidence.

The Company periodically assesses the applicability of regulatory accounting to its business, considering both the current and anticipated future regulatory environment and related accounting guidance. For additional information, see“Regulatory Assets and Liabilities” in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 7, Regulatory Assets and Liabilities, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.—“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Federal Regulation

Several federal agencies, including the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), have regulatory authority over certain aspects of PGE’s operations and activities, as described in the discussion that follows.

PGE is a “licensee,” a “public utility,” and a “user, owner, and operator of the bulk power system,” as those terms are defined in the Federal Power Act (FPA). As such, the Company is subject to regulation by the FERC in matters related to wholesale energy activities, transmission services, reliability and cybersecurity standards, natural gas pipelines, hydroelectric projects, accounting policies and practices, short-term debt issuances, and certain other matters.

Wholesale Energy—PGE has authority under its FERC Market-Based Rates tariff to charge market-based rates for wholesale energy sales in all markets in which it sells electricity except in its own Balancing Authority Area (BAA). The BAA is the area in which PGE is responsible for balancing customer demand with electricity supply, in real time, and the tariff exception within PGE’s BAA does not have a material impact on the Company.

Transmission—PGE offers wholesale electricity transmission service pursuant to its Open Access Transmission Tariff (OATT), which contains rates, terms, and conditions of service, as filed with, and approved by, the FERC.

Reliability and Cybersecurity Standards—The FERC has adopted mandatory reliability standards for owners, users, and operators of the bulk power system. Such standards, which are applicable to PGE, were developed by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC), which have responsibility for compliance and enforcement of these standards, and are intended to help maintain and strengthen the reliable planning and operation of the bulk electric system.

Natural Gas Pipelines—The FERC has authority in matters related to the construction, operation, extension, enlargement, safety, and abandonment of jurisdictional interstate natural gas pipeline facilities, as well as transportation rates and accounting for interstate natural gas commerce. PGE is subject to such authority as the Company has a 79.5% ownership interest in the Kelso-Beaver (KB) Pipeline, a 17-mile, 20-inch diameter, interstate pipeline that provides natural gas to the Company’s three natural gas-fired generating plants located near Clatskanie, Oregon: i) Port Westward Unit 1 (PW1); ii) Port Westward Unit 2 (PW2), and iii) Beaver; the North Mist storage facility, which is owned and operated by a local natural gas distribution company; and one additional delivery point that serves a local manufacturing concern. As the operator of record of the KB Pipeline, PGE is subject to the requirements and regulations enacted under the Pipeline Safety Laws administered by the PHMSA, which include safety and operator qualification standards in addition to public awareness requirements.

Hydroelectric Licensing—As required under the FPA, PGE holds FERC licenses for all Company-owned and operated hydroelectric generating plants. The FERC license process includes an extensive public review that involves the consideration of numerous natural resource issues and environmental conditions. For additional information, see the Environmental Matters section in this Item 1. and the Generating Facilities section in Item 2.—“Properties.”

Accounting Policies and Practices—PGE prepares periodic and current reports in accordance with GAAP. In addition, the Company prepares, pursuant to applicable provisions of the FPA, financial statements in accordance with the accounting requirements of the FERC, as set forth in its applicable Uniform System of Accounts and published accounting releases. Such financial statements are included in annual and quarterly reports filed with the FERC.

Short-term Debt—Pursuant to applicable provisions of the FPA and FERC regulations, regulated public utilities are required to obtain FERC approval to issue certain securities. For additional information on the Company’s Short-term Debt, see“Short-term Debt”in the Debt and Equity section of Liquidity and Capital Resources in Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Spent Fuel Storage—The NRC regulates the licensing and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, including PGE’s decommissioned Trojan nuclear power plant (Trojan), which was closed in 1993. For additional information on spent nuclear fuel storage activities, see Note 8, Asset Retirement Obligations in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.—“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and“Hazardous Material”in the Environmental Matters section of this Item 1.

State Regulation

PGE is subject to the jurisdiction of the OPUC, which reviews and approves the Company’s retail prices and reviews the Company’s generation and transmission resource acquisition plans, pursuant to a biennial integrated resource planning process. The OPUC also regulates the issuance of securities, prescribes accounting policies and practices, regulates the sale of utility assets, reviews transactions with affiliated companies, and has jurisdiction over the acquisition of, or exertion of substantial influence over, public utilities.

Retail customer prices are determined through formal public proceedings that generally include testimony by participating parties, discovery, public hearings, and the issuance of a final order by the OPUC. Participants in such proceedings may include PGE, OPUC staff, and intervenors representing PGE customer groups, as well as other interested parties. The following lists the more significant regulatory mechanisms and proceedings under which customer prices are determined:

•General Rate Cases. PGE periodically evaluates the need to update its retail electric price structure as part of a comprehensive general rate case process that reflects revenue requirements based on a forecasted test year. The OPUC authorizes the Company’s rate base, debt-to-equity capital structure, return on equity, overall rate of return, and customer prices.

•Annual Power Cost Updates. The OPUC has approved an Annual Power Cost Update Tariff (AUT) by which PGE can adjust retail customer prices annually to reflect forecasted changes in the Company’s net variable power costs (NVPC). NVPC consists of the cost of power purchased and fuel used to generate electricity, as well as the cost of settled electric and natural gas financial contracts (all classified as Purchased power and fuel expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of income). NVPC is net of wholesale revenues as well as gains and losses on the sale of excess natural gas not used to fuel PGE’s generation facilities included in other operating revenue, both of which are classified as Revenues, net in the consolidated statements of income. The OPUC has also authorized a Power Cost Adjustment Mechanism (PCAM), under which PGE may share with customers a portion of actual cost variances associated with NVPC.

•Renewable Adjustment Clause mechanism. The State has a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) that requires PGE to serve a portion of its retail load with renewable resources. In conjunction with the RPS, the State established a Renewable Adjustment Clause (RAC) mechanism that allows for the recovery in retail customer prices, outside of a general rate case, of prudently incurred costs to comply with the RPS.

◦In 2016, the State also passed Oregon Senate Bill (SB) 1547, a law referred to as the Oregon Clean Electricity and Coal Transition Plan, which, among its provisions, increased the RPS percentages in certain future years and required the elimination of coal from Oregon utility customers’ energy supply. For further information on SB 1547, see “RPS standards and other laws”in the Overview section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

◦During 2021, the State legislature passed Oregon House Bill (HB) 2021, which established clean energy targets and set out a framework that includes, among other things, the development and submittal of clean energy plans for investor-owned utilities, including PGE, and electric service suppliers in the State. The targets are an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030, 90% by 2035, and 100% by 2040 and every year thereafter. For further information on HB 2021 and the baseline to which the target reductions apply, see “HB 2021”in the Laws and Regulations portion of the Overview section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

•Wildfire Automatic Adjustment Clause mechanism. As required by the OPUC, PGE plans and implements a Wildfire Mitigation Program, developing and coordinating activities across the Company and with state-wide stakeholders. PGE strives to improve regional safety by reducing the risk that PGE’s electric utility infrastructure could cause a wildfire, while limiting the impacts of public safety power shutoff (PSPS) events and other mitigation activities on customers and increasing the resiliency of PGE assets to wildfire damage. The OPUC has authorized an Automatic Adjustment Clause mechanism that allows the Company to recover a certain level of ongoing, prudent mitigation expenses in customer prices.

Customers and Revenues

PGE generates revenue primarily through the sale and delivery of electricity to retail customers located exclusively in Oregon. In addition, the Company distributes power to Direct Access customers that choose to purchase their energy from an Electricity Service Supplier (ESS). Although the Company includes such customers in its customer counts, and energy delivered to such commercial and industrial customers in its total retail energy deliveries, retail revenues include only delivery charges and applicable transition adjustments for these Direct Access customers, as the customers purchase energy directly from the ESSs. The Company conducts retail electric operations within its State-approved service territory and competes with ESSs to supply certain commercial and industrial customer energy needs. In addition, PGE competes with the local natural gas distribution company for the energy needs of residential and commercial space heating, water heating, and appliances. Energy efficiency, demand response, conservation measures, and the advancement of technology around distributed generation, including rooftop solar, and storage resources also have an influence on customer demand.

Retail Revenues

Retail customers are classified as residential, commercial, or industrial, with no single customer representing more than 9% of PGE’s total retail revenues or 14% of total retail deliveries during 2023.

PGE’s Retail revenues, retail energy deliveries, and average number of retail customers consist of the following:

(1)Includes both revenues from customers who purchase their energy supplies from the Company and revenues from the delivery of energy to those commercial and industrial customers that purchase their energy from ESSs.

(2)Includes both energy sold to retail customers and energy deliveries to those commercial and industrial customers that purchase their energy from ESSs.

The following table presents additional annual averages for retail customers. Certain supplemental tariff collections are excluded from revenues as they are not considered a part of the Company’s base retail prices for these calculations.

For additional information, see the Results of Operations section in Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Residential customers include single family housing, multiple family housing (such as apartments, duplexes, and town homes), mobile homes, and small farms. Residential demand is sensitive to the effects of the weather and seasonal temperature changes lead to variations in both heating and cooling needs. Based on the climate in PGE’s service area, the heating season tends to span a longer time period while cooling needs, although robust, are reflected over a shorter span concentrated in the summer months of June through September.

Economic conditions can also affect residential demand as job growth and population growth in PGE’s service territory have led to customer growth. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced additional behavioral patterns that reflected the shift that occurred with respect to hybrid work schedules as residential customers spend more time at home. Residential demand is also impacted by energy efficiency measures and increased rooftop solar penetration in the service territory; however, the Company’s decoupling mechanism was intended to mitigate the financial effects of such measures. For further information regarding the decoupling mechanism, see“Decoupling” among the Regulatory Matters in the Overview section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Commercial customers consist of non-residential customers who accept energy deliveries at voltages equivalent to those delivered to residential customers. This customer class includes most businesses, small industrial companies, and public street and highway lighting accounts. The Company’s commercial customer demand is somewhat less susceptible to weather conditions than residential customer demand. Economic conditions and fluctuations in total employment in the region can be indicative of changes in energy demand from commercial customers. Energy efficiency measures also impact commercial demand, as measures have focused on the commercial sector in recent years, although the Company’s decoupling mechanism was intended to partially mitigate the financial effects of such measures. For further information regarding the decoupling mechanism, see“Decoupling” among the Regulatory Matters in the Overview section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Industrial customers consist of non-residential customers who accept delivery at higher voltages than commercial customers. Demand from industrial customers is primarily driven by economic conditions, with weather having limited impact on this customer class.

Customer Choice Programs—In addition to standard cost-of-service pricing, the Company offers different pricing options. Under cost-of-service pricing, residential and small commercial customers may select portfolio options from PGE that include time-of-use and renewable resource pricing.

Pricing options other than cost-of-service are available to certain commercial and industrial customers for a one-year period, including daily market index-based pricing under which the Company provides the electricity, and Direct Access, whereby customers purchase electricity directly from an ESS.

PGE receives revenue from Direct Access customers only for the transmission and delivery of the volume of electricity delivered, along with fixed transition adjustments intended to mitigate the shifting of excess charges to the Company’s cost-of-service customers. Certain large commercial and industrial customers may elect a fixed three-year or a minimum five-year term, to be served either by an ESS, or by the Company under the daily market index-based price option. Participation in the fixed three-year and minimum five-year opt-out programs for existing and planned load is capped at 300 average megawatts (MWa) in aggregate.

In 2020, the OPUC issued an order that required PGE to begin offering, to eligible customers, enrollment in the New Large Load Direct Access program, which is capped at 119 MWa in total, for unplanned, large, new loads and large load growth at existing sites.

For further information regarding Direct Access deliveries, see “Customers and demand” in the Overview section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

PGE’s customers have a desire for purchasing clean energy, as over 233 thousand residential and small commercial customers voluntarily participate in PGE’s Green Future Program, the largest renewable power program by participation in the nation. Oregon’s most populous city, Portland, and most populous county, Multnomah, have each passed resolutions to achieve 100 percent clean and renewable electricity by 2035 and 100 percent economy-wide clean and renewable energy by 2050. Other jurisdictions in PGE’s service area have set, or are considering, similar goals.

As approved by the OPUC in 2019, the Company implemented the Green Future Impact Program, which allowed for 100 MW of PGE-provided power purchase agreements for renewable resources and up to 200 MW of customer-provided renewable resources, that provides commercial and industrial customers access to bundled renewable attributes from those resources. In March 2021, the OPUC issued an order that expanded the program by 200 MW and provided for a utility owned, cost-of-service resource option under certain conditions. Through this voluntary program, the Company seeks to align sustainability goals, cost and risk management, and reliable, integrated power while providing customer choice and a cleaner energy system. In December 2021, the OPUC issued an order, which further increased capacity under the customer-provided renewable resources by 250 MW, to bring the total available capacity under the program to 750 MW. For more information on the Company’s power purchase agreements that currently serve the Green Future Impact Program, see“Green Future Impact Program” within Purchased Power in the Power Supply section of this Item 1.

Wholesale Revenues

PGE participates in the wholesale electricity marketplace in order to balance its supply of power to meet the needs of, and obtain reasonably-priced power for, its retail customers, manage risk, and administer its long-term wholesale contracts. Interconnected transmission systems in the western United States serve utilities with diverse load requirements and allow the Company to purchase and sell electricity, largely through bi-lateral agreements, within the region to serve retail demand. PGE’s engagement in the wholesale electricity marketplace depends upon numerous factors, including the relative price and availability of power, hydro and wind conditions, and daily and seasonal retail demand. The Company also participates in the California Independent System Operator’s western Energy Imbalance Market (western EIM), which allows for load balancing with other western EIM participants in five-minute intervals. Wholesale revenues represented 14% of total revenues in 2023 and 2022, and 11% in 2021.

Other Operating Revenues

Other operating revenues consist primarily of gains and losses on the sale of natural gas volumes purchased that exceeded what was needed to fuel the Company’s generating facilities, as well as revenues from transmission services, excess transmission capacity resales, pole attachment rentals, and other electric services provided to customers. Other operating revenues represented 2% of total revenues in 2023 and 2022, and 3% in 2021.

Seasonality

Demand for electricity by PGE’s residential and, to a lesser extent, commercial and industrial customers is affected by seasonal weather conditions. The Company uses various measures, including heating and cooling degree-days and wind speeds to determine the effect of weather on the demand for electricity. Heating and cooling degree-days, determined by taking the difference between the average daily temperature and a prescribed baseline, provide cumulative variances over a period of time, to indicate the extent to which customers are likely to have used electricity for heating or cooling. The greater the number of degree-days, the greater the expected demand for electricity.

The following table presents the heating and cooling degree-days for the most recent three-year period, along with current 15-year averages for the most recent year provided by the National Weather Service, as measured at Portland International Airport:

In August 2023, PGE set a new all-time high net system load peak of 4,498 megawatts (MW), surpassing the previous all-time peak that occurred in June 2021. In December 2022, the Company recorded its current winter peak of 4,113 MW. The following table presents PGE’s average winter (defined as January, February, and December) and summer (defined as June through September) loads for the periods presented, along with the corresponding peak load (in MWs) and month in which such peak occurred. As illustrated, although the average winter loads continue to exceed average summer loads, the Company has seen its highest annual peak loads during the summer months in recent years:

The Company tracks and evaluates both load growth and peak load requirements for purposes of long-term load forecasting, integrated resource planning, and preparing general rate case assumptions. Behavior patterns, conservation, energy efficiency initiatives and measures, weather effects, economic conditions, distributed generation including rooftop solar, transportation and building electrification, and demographic changes all play a role in determining expected future customer demand and the resulting resources the Company may need to adequately meet those loads and maintain adequate capacity reserves.

Power Supply

PGE utilizes its generating resources, as well as wholesale power purchases from third parties to meet the needs of its retail customers. The volume of electricity the Company generates is dependent upon, among other factors, the capacity and availability of its generating resources and the price and availability of wholesale power and natural gas. As part of its power supply operations, the Company enters into short- and long-term power and fuel purchase and sale agreements. PGE executes economic dispatch decisions concerning its own generation and participates in the wholesale market in an effort to obtain reasonably-priced power for its retail customers, manage risk, and administer its long-term wholesale contracts. The Company also performs portfolio management and wholesale market sales services for third parties in the region. In addition, the Company encourages energy efficiency measures to help meet its energy requirements and promotes the use of various demand side management products to reduce load during peak time usage.

PGE’s resource and contracted capacity (in MW) was as follows:

(1)Capacity represents the MW the plants are capable of generating under normal operating conditions, which is affected by ambient temperatures, net of electricity used in the operation of the plant.

(2)Capacity represents nameplate and differs from expected energy to be generated, which is expected to have a capacity factor range from 30 to 40%, dependent upon wind conditions.

(3)Capacity represents most favorable operating conditions and differs from expected energy to be generated, which is expected to have a capacity factor range from 40 to 50%, dependent upon river flows.

(4)Capacity represents contracted capacity for power purchase agreements (PPAs) under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA).

(5)Capacity includes 50 MW from the solar component of Wheatridge. The Wheatridge facility also includes 30 MW related to the battery component which is not reflected in the table above.

For information regarding actual generating output and purchases for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, see the Results of Operations section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Generation

PGE’s generating resources consist of six thermal plants (natural gas- and coal-fired), three wind farms, and seven hydroelectric facilities. The portion of PGE’s retail load requirements generated by its plants varies from year to year and is determined by various factors, including planned and unplanned outages, availability and price of coal and natural gas, precipitation and snow-pack levels, the market price of electricity, and wind variability. For a complete listing of these facilities, see “Generating Facilities” in Item 2.—“Properties.”

Thermal The Company has five natural gas-fired generating facilities: PW1, PW2, Beaver, Coyote Springs Unit 1 (Coyote Springs), and Carty Generating Station (Carty).

The Company also has a 20% ownership interest in the Colstrip Units 3 and 4 coal-fired generating plant (Colstrip), which is located in Colstrip, Montana and operated by a third party. For additional information on Colstrip as it relates to environmental laws and regulations in the State, see“RPS standards and other laws” in the Overview section in Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 19, Contingencies, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.—“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Wind PGE owns and operates two wind farms, Biglow Canyon Wind Farm (Biglow Canyon) and Tucannon River Wind Farm (Tucannon River). Biglow Canyon, located in Sherman County, Oregon, consists of 217 turbines with a total nameplate capacity of 450 MW. Tucannon River, located in southeastern Washington, consists of 116 turbines with a total nameplate capacity of 267 MW.

During 2020, the wind component of the Wheatridge Renewable Energy Facility (Wheatridge), located in Morrow County, Oregon, was placed into service. Although PGE does not operate Wheatridge, it owns 40 turbines with a total nameplate capacity of 100 MW and purchases the output of the remaining turbines, with a nameplate capacity of 200 MW through a power purchase agreement.

PGE and NextEra Energy Resources, LLC, a subsidiary of NextEra Energy, Inc. have entered into agreements to construct a 311 MW wind energy facility, which will be part of the larger Clearwater Wind Development in Eastern Montana (Clearwater). Substantial completion of the project was achieved on January 5, 2024. PGE will own 208 MW of production capacity in these agreements. This additional wind capacity is not reflected in the table above. For more information regarding Clearwater, see “The Resource Planning Process” within the “Overview”section of Item 7—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Hydro The Company’s FERC-licensed hydroelectric projects consist of Pelton/Round Butte on the Deschutes River near Madras, Oregon (discussed below), four plants on the Clackamas River, and one on the Willamette River.

As of December 31, 2021, PGE had a 66.67% ownership interest in the 455 MW Pelton/Round Butte hydroelectric project, with the remaining interest held by the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon (CTWS). A 50-year joint license for the project, which is operated by PGE, was issued by the FERC in 2005. The CTWS had an option to purchase an additional undivided 16.66% ownership interest in Pelton/Round Butte in 2021, and closed on the purchase of this incremental undivided ownership interest on January 1, 2022. As a result, PGE’s ownership interest in the project is 50.01%. The CTWS has a second option in 2036 to purchase an undivided 0.02% interest in Pelton/Round Butte. If the second option is exercised, the CTWS’s ownership percentage would exceed 50%. PGE purchases 100% of the CTWS’s share of the project output. For more information see“CTWS” within Purchased Power in the Power Supply section of this Item 1.

Fuel Supply—PGE contracts for natural gas and coal supplies required to fuel the Company’s thermal generating plants, with certain plants also able to operate on fuel oil, if needed. In addition, the Company utilizes financial instruments such as forward, future, swap, and option contracts to manage its exposure to volatility in natural gas prices.

Natural Gas Physical supplies of natural gas are generally purchased up to twelve months in advance of delivery and based on anticipated operation of the plants. PGE manages the price risk of natural gas supply through the use of financial contracts up to 60 months in advance of expected need of energy.

PGE owns 79.5%, and is the operator of record, of the KB Pipeline, which directly connects PW1, PW2, and Beaver to the Northwest Pipeline, an interstate natural gas pipeline operating between British Columbia and New Mexico by Williams. Currently, PGE transports natural gas on the KB Pipeline for its own use under a firm transportation service agreement, with capacity offered to others on an interruptible basis to the extent not utilized by the Company.

PGE has access to 111,805 Dth per day of firm natural gas transportation capacity on the Northwest Pipeline to serve the three plants.

PGE has access to 4.1 billion cubic feet of natural gas storage in Mist, Oregon from which it can draw when economic factors favor its use or in the event that natural gas supplies are interrupted. The storage facility, owned and operated by NW Natural, may be utilized to provide fuel to PW1, PW2, and Beaver.

To serve Coyote Springs and Carty, PGE has access to 119,500 Dth per day of firm natural gas transportation capacity on three pipeline systems accessing the gas market in Alberta, Canada.

Coal The Colstrip co-owners obtain coal to fuel the plant via conveyor belt from a mine that lies adjacent to the facility and is the sole source of coal supply for the plant. The coal supply contract with the owner of the mine is scheduled to expire at the end of 2025. The terms of the contract and the quality of coal are expected to allow the facility to operate within required emissions limits. For more information regarding Colstrip coal supply, see “Westmoreland Mine Permits” within Note 19, Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.—“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Purchased Power

PGE supplements its own generation with power purchased in the wholesale market to meet its retail load requirements, manage risk, and administer its long-term wholesale contracts. The Company utilizes short- and long-term wholesale power purchase contracts in an effort to provide the most favorable economic mix on a variable cost basis.

PGE’s medium-term power cost strategy helps mitigate the effect of price volatility on its customers due to changing energy market conditions. The strategy allows the Company to take positions in power and fuel markets up to five years in advance of physical delivery. By purchasing a portion of anticipated energy needs for future years over an extended period, PGE attempts to mitigate a portion of the potential future volatility in the average cost of purchased power and fuel.

The Company’s major power purchase contracts consist of the following (also see the preceding table which summarizes the average resource capabilities related to these contracts):

Hydro—During 2023, the Company had the following agreements:

•Public Utility Districts—PGE has long-term power purchase contracts with certain public utility districts (PUDs) in the state of Washington for a portion of the output of two hydroelectric projects on the mid-Columbia River. Although the projects currently provide PGE a total of 331 MW of capacity through contracts as shown below, actual energy received is dependent upon river flows and capacity amounts may decline over time:

◦100 MW of capacity with Douglas County PUD that expires in 2025;

◦68 MW of capacity with Douglas County PUD that expires in 2028; and

◦163 MW of capacity with Grant County PUD that expires in 2052.

PGE has entered into two additional agreements, both beginning January 1, 2024, which are not reflected in the table above:

◦a 2-year contract in which PGE will purchase 10% of the project output and sell 25 MW back to the PUD in order to meet their load requirements; and

◦a 3-year contract in which PGE will purchase a 20% share of the project output and sell varying amounts of energy in accordance with contract terms back to the PUD in order to meet their load requirements.

•CTWS—PGE has a long-term agreement under which the Company purchases output from the CTWS’ interest in the Pelton/Round Butte hydroelectric project. Although the agreement provides approximately 224 MW of net capacity, actual energy received is dependent upon river flows. The term of the agreement coincides with the term of the FERC license for this project, which expires in 2055. Under a separate PPA executed in 2014, PGE pays fixed capacity and energy charges to the CTWS for 100% of its share of the project through 2024. The CTWS exercised their option to purchase an additional undivided 16.66% ownership interest in Pelton/Round Butte effective January 1, 2022. As a result of the sale, capacity from Company-owned generation decreased by approximately 76 MW, and capacity from purchased power increased by a corresponding amount. Under the PPA, PGE purchases 100% of the CTWS’s additional share of the project and payments under the PPA increase proportionately. PGE and the CTWS executed an additional 16-year PPA which begins on January 1, 2025, that effectively extends the term from 2024 to 2040 and increases the capacity payments in the extension period.

•Other—The remaining capacity is primarily comprised of two additional contracts that provide for the purchase of power generated from hydroelectric projects with capacity of 236 MW in total:

◦200 MW of capacity with Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) that expires in February 2024; and

◦36 MW of capacity with Portland Hydro that expires in 2032.

PURPA qualifying facilities—PGE is required to purchase power from PURPA qualifying facilities (QFs), as mandated by federal law. QFs are generating facilities that fall within the following two categories: i) qualifying generation facilities with a capacity of 80 MW or less and whose primary energy source is renewable (hydro, wind, solar, biomass, waste, or geothermal); or ii) qualifying cogeneration facilities that sequentially produce electricity and another form of useful thermal energy (e.g., heat, steam) in a way that is more efficient than the separate production of each form of energy. As of December 31, 2023, PGE had contracts with 69 online QFs, providing a total of 315 MW of capacity. As of December 31, 2023, PGE had two contracts with QFs representing 116 MW of capacity that are not yet operational, of which one of the QF PPAs is in default because the QF has failed to complete construction and become operational by the date required by the PPA. The PPAs provide that the QF must cure its default within a period specified under the contract terms. If the QF has failed to cure, PGE is permitted to immediately terminate the QF PPA upon expiration of the cure period. The term of a QF PPA generally ranges from 15 to 23 years.

The expense and volume of purchases from QFs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Expenses incurred related to PURPA contracts are included in PGE’s AUT.

Dispatchable Standby Generation (DSG)—PGE has a DSG program under which the Company can dispatch and monitor customer-owned backup generators when needed to provide NERC-required operating reserves. As of December 31, 2023, there were 79 customer-owned generators with a total DSG nameplate capacity of 131 MW. PGE continues to pursue expansion of the program through ongoing engagement with customers and incorporation of battery energy storage.

Capacity—PGE has one capacity contract representing up to 100 MW of seasonal capacity during the summer and winter peak periods obtained from a natural gas-fired resource, which expires in February 2024.

Wind—PGE has three contracts representing 300 MW of capacity to purchase power generated from renewable wind resources that extend to 2028, 2035, and 2051, respectively. The expected energy from these wind resources will vary from the nameplate capacity due to varying wind conditions. PGE and NextEra Energy Resources, LLC, a subsidiary of NextEra Energy, Inc. have entered into agreements to construct a 311 MW wind energy facility, which will be part of the larger Clearwater Wind Development in Eastern Montana. Substantial completion of the project was achieved on January 5, 2024. PGE will own 208 MW of production capacity in these agreements. Subsidiaries of NextEra Energy Resources, LLC will own the remaining 103 MW of production capacity and will sell their portion of the output to PGE under a 30-year PPA. This additional wind capacity is not reflected in the resource and contracted capacity table above. For more information regarding the Clearwater Wind development, see “The Resource Planning Process” within the “Overview”section of Item 7—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Solar—PGE has five contracts representing 219 MW of capacity to purchase power generated from photovoltaic solar projects. Two of these projects extend to 2036 while the other three extend to 2037, 2038, and 2042, respectively. The expected energy from these solar resources will vary from the nameplate capacity due to varying solar conditions. The solar component of Wheatridge supplies the Company with 50 MW of capacity. The facility also includes 30 MW related to the battery component which is not reflected in the resource and contracted capacity table above. Subsidiaries of NextEra Energy Resources, LLC own the solar and battery components, and sell their portion of the output to PGE.

Biomass—PGE has one contract to purchase biomass energy that is set to expire in June 2024.

Green Future Impact Program— PGE has three contracts representing 360 MW of capacity to purchase power generated from renewable resources to support the Green Future Impact Program:

•a 15-year contract with Avangrid Renewables representing 162 MW from a renewable solar facility in Gilliam County, Oregon that was placed in service in January 2023. This capacity is reflected within solar purchased power in the resource and contracted capacity table above;

•a 25-year contract with Avangrid Renewables representing 138 MW from a renewable solar facility in Wasco County, Oregon that is expected to be placed in service in January 2026. This additional capacity is not reflected in the resource and contracted capacity table above; and

•a 25-year contract with Avangrid Renewables representing 60 MW from a renewable solar facility in Wasco County, Oregon that is expected to be placed in service in January 2026. This additional capacity is not reflected in the resource and contracted capacity table above.

For additional information on the Green Future Impact Program, see “Customer Choice Programs” within the Customers and Revenues section of this Item 1.

Short-term contracts—These contracts are for delivery periods of one month to one year in length. They are entered into with various counterparties to provide additional firm energy to help meet the Company’s load requirements.

PGE also utilizes spot purchases of power in the open market to secure the energy required to serve its retail customers. Such purchases are made under contracts that range in duration from 15 minutes to less than one month. PGE is a market participant in the western EIM, which allows certain of the Company’s generating plants to receive automated dispatch signals from the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) for load balancing with other western EIM participants in five-minute intervals.

For additional information regarding PGE’s power purchase contracts, see Note 16, Commitments and Guarantees and Note 17, Leases, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.—“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Future Energy Resource Strategy

PGE’s Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) outlines the Company’s plan to meet future customer demand and describes PGE’s future energy supply strategy. For a detailed discussion of the IRPs, see“Investing in a Clean Energy Future”within the Overview section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Transmission and Distribution

Transmission systems deliver energy from generating facilities to distribution systems for final delivery to customers. PGE schedules energy deliveries over its transmission system in accordance with FERC requirements and operates one BAA in its service territory. In 2023, PGE delivered approximately 28 million megawatt hours (MWh) through 1,254 circuit miles of transmission lines operating at or above 115 kilovolts (kV).

PGE’s transmission system is part of the Western Interconnection, the regional grid in the western United States. The Western Interconnection includes the interconnected transmission systems of 11 western states, two Canadian provinces and parts of Mexico, and is subject to the reliability rules of the WECC and the NERC. PGE relies on transmission contracts with BPA to transmit a significant amount of the Company’s generation to serve its distribution system. PGE’s transmission system, together with contractual rights on other transmission systems, enables the Company to integrate and access generation resources to meet its customers’ energy requirements. PGE’s transmission system is managed on a coordinated basis to obtain maximum load-carrying capability and efficiency. PGE has joined the Western Power Pool’s resource adequacy program known as the Western Resource Adequacy Program (WRAP), which is currently expected to become a binding commitment in 2026. For further information, see “Operating Activities” within the Overview section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

The Company’s wholesale transmission activities are regulated by the FERC and are offered on a non-discriminatory basis, with all potential customers provided equal access to PGE’s transmission system through PGE’s OATT. In accordance with its OATT, PGE offers several transmission services to wholesale customers, including:

•Network integration transmission service, a service that integrates generating resources to serve retail loads;

•Short- and long-term firm point-to-point transmission service, a service with fixed delivery and receipt points; and

•Non-firm point-to-point service, an “as available” service with fixed delivery and receipt points.

For additional information regarding the Company’s transmission and distribution facilities, see “Transmission and Distribution” in Item 2.—“Properties.”

Environmental Matters

PGE’s operations are subject to a wide range of environmental protection laws and regulations, which pertain to air and water quality, endangered species and wildlife protection, and hazardous materials. Various state and federal agencies also regulate environmental matters that relate to the siting, construction, and operation of generation, transmission, and substation facilities and the handling, accumulation, clean-up, and disposal of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition, certain of the Company’s hydroelectric projects and transmission facilities are located on property under the jurisdiction of federal and state agencies, and/or tribal entities that have authority in environmental protection matters. The following discussion provides further information on certain environmental regulations that affect the Company’s operations and facilities.

Air Quality

Clean Air Act—PGE’s operations, primarily its thermal generating plants, are subject to regulation under the federal Clean Air Act (CAA), which addresses particulate matter, hazardous air pollutants, and GHG emissions in terms of both quantity and rate, among other things. Oregon and Montana, the states in which PGE’s thermal facilities are located, also implement and administer certain portions of the CAA and have set standards that are at least as stringent as federal standards. PGE manages its air emissions at its thermal generating plants by the use of low sulfur fuel, emissions and combustion controls and monitoring, and sulfur dioxide allowances awarded pursuant to the CAA.

Climate Change—In 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the Clean Power Plan (CPP), under which each state would have to reduce overall carbon dioxide emissions from its power sector on a state-wide basis. In 2016, the United States Supreme Court halted implementation and enforcement of the CPP. In 2019, the EPA finalized the more narrowly focused Affordable Clean Energy (ACE) rule, which established guidelines for states to develop plans to address GHG emissions from individual, existing coal-fired plants, such as Colstrip in the case of PGE, to repeal and replace the CPP. However, in January 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit vacated the ACE rule and remanded it, in full, back to the EPA. Notwithstanding objections that the EPA intended to issue a new rule that took recent changes in the electricity sector into account, in October 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal of the D.C. Circuit decision. The Supreme Court, in a February 2022 decision, determined that the broad approach in the CPP regulating emissions exceeded the powers granted to the EPA by Congress. The Court did not expressly determine whether the EPA can regulate power sector GHG emissions through its other regulatory authority. In May 2023, the EPA proposed a successor rule to the CPP including CAA emissions limits and guidelines for carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel fired power plants based on cost-effective and available control technologies. The Company has remained engaged in review of the EPA’s proposal that would reduce allowed emissions of CO 2 from generation facilities. It is anticipated that the EPA will put the successor rule into effect in 2024.

PGE will continue to assess the rule making of the EPA, for impacts on Colstrip and the Company’s existing natural gas fleet.

In 2020, the Governor of Oregon issued Executive Order 20-04 that directed State agencies to integrate climate change and the State’s GHG emissions reduction goals into their plans, budgets, investments, and decisions to the extent allowed by law. Among other things, Executive Order 20-04, which remains in place until withdrawn or superseded:

•directed the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) to adopt a program to cap and reduce GHG emissions within the State from large stationary sources, transportation fuels, and other liquid or gaseous fuels including natural gas. In response, in 2021, the ODEQ adopted the Climate Protection Plan, which among various provisions, included an exemption for electricity generation from the Company’s natural gas-fired resources; and

•modified the reduction goals of the State’s Clean Fuels Program and extended the program while increasing the required reduction in average carbon intensity of transportation fuels.

On December 20, 2023, the Oregon Court of Appeals invalidated the ODEQ’s Climate Protection Program rules on the basis that the program failed to comply with certain procedural requirements when adopting rules under the CAA. The ODEQ has announced that it will restart a rulemaking process to create a new program. PGE will continue to monitor these developments.

HB 2021—In June 2021, the Oregon Legislature passed HB 2021, which requires retail electricity providers to reduce GHG emissions associated with serving Oregon retail electricity consumers 80% by 2030, 90% by 2035, and 100% by 2040, compared to their baseline emissions levels. The baseline levels for PGE are the average annual emissions for the years 2010, 2011, and 2012 associated with the electricity sold to its retail electricity consumers as reported to the ODEQ. For additional information, see“HB 2021”in the Laws and Regulations section of the Overview section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Any laws that would impose taxes or mandatory reductions in GHG emissions may have a material impact on PGE’s operations, as the Company utilizes fossil fuels in its own power generation and other companies use such fuels to generate power that PGE purchases in the wholesale market. If incremental costs were incurred as a result of changes in the regulations regarding GHG emissions, the Company would seek recovery in customer prices.

For more information regarding GHG emissions and related environmental regulation, including Oregon’s RPS and the Company’s goals in this area, see“Renewable Energy” under State Regulation in the Regulation section of this Item 1. and “Company Strategy” in the Overview section of Item 7.—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Water Quality

Under the federal Clean Water Act, entities that require any federal license or permit to conduct an activity that may result in a discharge to waters of the United States must first receive a water quality certification or permit from the state in which the activity will occur, or obtain an appropriate waiver. In Oregon, Montana, and Washington, the environmental regulatory agencies of each state are responsible for reviewing proposed projects under such requirements to ensure that federally approved activities will meet water quality standards and policies established by the respective state. PGE works continually with state agencies to obtain permits or certificates of compliance needed for its hydroelectric operations under the FERC licenses and continues to monitor and update equipment to meet federal and state standards.

Threatened and Endangered Species and Wildlife

Fish Protection—The federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) has granted protection to many populations of migratory fish species in the Pacific Northwest. Long-term recovery plans for these species continue to have operational impacts on many of the region’s hydroelectric projects. PGE continues to implement fish protection measures at its hydroelectric projects that were prescribed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service under their authority granted in the ESA and the FPA. Conditions required with the operating licenses are expected to result in a minor reduction in power production and continued capital spending to modify the facilities to enhance fish passage and survival.

Avian Protection—Various statutes, including the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, contain provisions for civil, criminal, and administrative penalties resulting from the unauthorized take of migratory birds and eagles. Because PGE operates facilities that can pose risks to a variety of such birds and eagles, the Company developed an Avian Protection Plan to help address and reduce risks to avian species that may be affected by Company operations. PGE has implemented such a plan for its transmission, distribution, and thermal generation facilities and additional, specific plans for its wind generation facilities.

Hazardous Materials

PGE has a comprehensive program to comply with requirements of both federal and state regulations related to the storage, handling, and disposal of hazardous materials. The handling and disposal of hazardous materials from Company facilities is subject to regulation under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. In addition, the use, disposal, and clean-up of polychlorinated biphenyls, contained in certain electrical equipment, are regulated under the federal Toxic Substances Control Act.

PGE is also subject to the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act, commonly referred to as Superfund, which provides authority to the EPA to assert joint and several liability for investigation and remediation costs for designated Superfund sites.

An investigation by the EPA that began in 1997 of a segment of the Willamette River in Oregon known as Portland Harbor, revealed significant contamination of river sediments and prompted the EPA to designate Portland Harbor as a Superfund site. The EPA has listed PGE among the more than one hundred Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs) in this matter, as PGE historically owned or operated property near the river. For additional information regarding the EPA action on Portland Harbor, see Note 19, Contingencies, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.—“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

PGE is subject to regulation by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), which, under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, is responsible for the permanent storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel. PGE has contracted with the USDOE for permanent disposal of spent nuclear fuel from Trojan that is stored in the Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI), an NRC-licensed interim dry storage facility that houses the fuel. The NRC approved the transfer of spent nuclear fuel to the ISFSI where it is expected to remain until permanent off-site storage is available. Shipment of the spent nuclear fuel from the ISFSI to off-site storage is not expected to be completed prior to 2059. For additional information regarding this matter, see “Trojan decommissioning activities” in Note 8, Asset Retirement Obligations, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.—“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Human Capital Management

PGE’s talent and culture are vital to its ability to execute its business strategy and realize continued success. Accordingly, the Company seeks to attract and retain a talented, motivated, and diverse workforce and maintain a culture that reflects PGE’s Guiding Behaviors, drive for performance, and commitment to acting with the highest levels of honesty, integrity, compliance, and safety.

Employees and Collective Bargaining Agreements—PGE had 2,842 employees in its workforce as of December 31, 2023, with 661 employees covered under one of two separate agreements with Local Union No. 125 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW). One agreement, which expires March 2025, covers 596 employees, and the other, which expires August 2027, covers 65 employees. The partnership with IBEW is key to a holistic labor relations approach. In addition, PGE utilizes independent contractors and temporary personnel to supplement its workforce.

Competitive Pay and Benefits—PGE is committed to pay equity among its employees and offers a wide range of market-competitive benefits, including comprehensive health and welfare benefits and a 401(k) retirement plan, designed to support the physical, mental, and financial well-being of its employees.

Talent Development—PGE provides a variety of training and development programs for employees, as well as tuition reimbursement for job-related coursework. PGE offers a mentorship program for all regular, non-represented PGE employees to help support their growth and development. The PGE Board of Directors oversees executive talent development with the assistance of the Nominating, Governance, and Sustainability Committee and the Compensation, Culture and Talent Committee in an effort to increase the pool of internal candidates. At least annually, the Board conducts reviews of succession plans for senior management, which includes a review of the qualifications and development plans of potential internal candidates and diversity of the succession pipeline. PGE conducts employee engagement surveys periodically to give employees the opportunity to share their perspectives and provide feedback. Survey results are shared with PGE management so that managers can take action towards improving the employee experience.

Health and Safety—PGE is committed to providing a safe and healthy place of business for employees, customers, and the public. Management has established an Executive Safety Council that has oversight of the Company’s efforts to create a safe workplace. In addition, PGE provides various safety resources to its employees, such as safety manuals, trainings, and incident reporting tools that are all designed to incorporate safe practices into all daily activities and promote in all employees a sense of personal commitment, responsibility, and obligation regarding safety. PGE offers a variety of competitive wellness benefits to support physical, mental, social, emotional, and financial well-being. Programs include a digital wellness platform, an Employee Assistance Program that provides free and confidential wellness counseling to all employees and their families, financial education, on-site fitness facilities, volunteer opportunities, company-match on charitable contributions, and tuition reimbursement.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion—PGE promotes an inclusive workforce through pay equity practices, racial equity lens training, and development opportunities for employees looking to advance into management. Black, Indigenous, and People of Color comprise over 27% of its employees and management. One third of its employees and over 35% of management, including its CEO, are female. PGE also promotes diversity and economic development through its suppliers. The Company’s supplier diversity program provides an opportunity in all competitive bid events for qualified minority-owned, women-owned, disabled veteran-owned, and emerging small business suppliers.

Information about Executive Officers

The following are PGE’s current executive officers: