CITIZENS FINANCIAL GROUP INC/RI

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is our largest source of revenue and is the difference between the interest earned on interest-earning assets (generally loans and investment securities) and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities (generally deposits and borrowed funds). The level of net interest income is primarily a function of the difference between the effective yield on our average interest-earning assets and the effective cost of our interest-bearing liabilities. Factors that influence our net interest income include, but are not limited to, the pricing and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities which, in turn, are impacted by external factors such as economic conditions, competition for loans and deposits, the monetary policy of the FRB, and market interest rates. For further discussion, refer to the “Market Risk” and “Risk Governance” sections of our 2024 Form 10-K.

The following tables present the major components of our net interest income. Average balance represents amortized cost, excluding the unamortized basis adjustments related to the transfer of certain HTM securities from AFS. The yield/rate is based on annualized interest income or expense for the periods presented and includes the impact of hedging activities associated with the respective asset and liability categories.

(1) Net interest income and net interest margin on an FTE basis are non-GAAP financial measures. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information.

Net interest income increased $119 million, or 9%, and increased $95 million, or 2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024, driven by higher net interest margin reflecting lower funding costs, the time-based benefits of the Non-Core portfolio runoff, terminated swap impacts, and fixed-rate asset repricing benefits.

Net interest margin on an FTE basis increased 23 basis points and 10 basis points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024, driven by lower funding costs, the time-based benefits of the Non-Core portfolio runoff, terminated swap impacts, and fixed-rate asset repricing benefits.

Average interest-earning assets increased $434 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, driven by an increase in investment securities and loans held for sale, partially offset by a decline in total loans and leases. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, average interest-earnings assets decreased $2.2 billion compared to the same period in 2024, driven by a decline in total loans and leases and cash held in interest-bearing deposits, partially offset by an increase in investment securities and loans held for sale.

Average deposits increased $1.9 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and were stable for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. The increase during the three-month period was driven by growth in the Private Bank, partially offset by a reduction in higher-cost brokered deposits.

Average total borrowed funds decreased $1.6 billion and $1.5 billion for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024, driven primarily by a decline in auto collateralized borrowings given runoff of the Non-Core portfolio. A decline in FHLB advances is also a driver during the nine-month period.

Noninterest Income

The following table presents the components of noninterest income:

(1) Includes bank-owned life insurance income and other income for all periods presented.

The primary drivers for the change in noninterest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024, are described below:

•Wealth fees increased reflecting growth in assets under management, primarily from the Private Bank;

•Mortgage banking fees increased driven by higher MSR valuation, net of hedging;

•Capital markets fees increased driven by higher M&A, loan syndication, and equity underwriting fees during the three-month period, and by higher loan syndication and equity underwriting fees during the nine-month period; and

•Service charges and fees increased driven primarily by higher overdraft and cash management fees.

Noninterest Expense

The following table presents the components of noninterest expense:

The primary drivers for the change in noninterest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024, are described below:

•Salaries and employee benefits increased reflecting hiring related to the Private Bank and Private Wealth build-out, strong Capital Markets fee performance, and increased medical benefit costs; and

•The decline in Other operating expense during the nine-month period was driven primarily by lower FDIC deposit insurance, reflecting CBNA’s special assessment of $40 million recognized in 2024, and lower fraud losses, partially offset by higher travel and marketing-related costs.

For more information regarding CBNA’s special assessment, see “Regulation and Supervision - Deposit Insurance” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses is the result of a detailed analysis performed to estimate our ACL. The total provision for credit losses includes the provision for loan and lease losses and the provision for unfunded commitments. Refer to “Analysis of Financial Condition — Credit Quality” for more information.

Provision expense of $154 million and $471 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared with a provision of $172 million and $525 million for the same periods in 2024, reflecting runoff of the Non-Core portfolio and improving loan mix.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense of $135 million and $348 million increased $47 million and $76 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2024. The effective income tax rate of 21.4% and 21.1% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, increased from 18.6% and 19.7% compared to the same periods in 2024. These increases are primarily driven by higher pre-tax income and a reduced benefit from tax-advantaged investments. Provision for income taxes is calculated by applying the estimated annual effective tax rate to year-to-date pre-tax income, adjusting for discrete items that occurred during the period.