CITY HOLDING CO

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Management of the Company uses measures in its analysis of the Company's performance other than those in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP"). These measures are useful when evaluating the underlying performance of the Company's operations. The Company's management believes that these non-GAAP measures enhance comparability of results with prior periods and demonstrate the effects of significant gains and charges in the current period. The Company's management believes that investors may use these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate the Company's financial performance without the impact of those items that may obscure trends in the Company's performance. These disclosures should not be viewed as a substitute for financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they comparable to non-GAAP financial measures that may be presented by other companies. The following table reconciles fully taxable equivalent net interest income with net interest income as derived from the Company's financial statements, as well as other non-GAAP measures (dollars in thousands):

The following table presents estimated uninsured deposits by type as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025:

Loans

Table Three

Loan Portfolio

The composition of the Company's loan portfolio as of the dates indicated follows (in thousands):

Loan balances decreased $11.3 million from December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2026.

The commercial and industrial ("C&I") loan portfolio consists of loans to corporate borrowers that are primarily in small to mid-size industrial and commercial companies. Collateral securing these loans includes equipment, machinery, inventory, receivables and vehicles. C&I loans are considered to contain a higher level of risk than other loan types, although care is taken to minimize these risks. Numerous risk factors impact this portfolio, including industry specific risks such as the economy, new technology, labor rates and cyclicality, as well as customer specific factors, such as cash flow, financial structure, operating controls and asset quality. C&I loans decreased $12.4 million from December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2026.

Commercial real estate loans consist of commercial mortgages, which generally are secured by nonresidential and multi-family residential properties, including hotel/motel and apartment lending. Commercial real estate loans are made to many of the same customers and carry similar industry risks as C&I loans. Commercial real estate loans increased $1.6 million from December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2026. At March 31, 2026, $39.5 million of the commercial real estate loans were for commercial properties under construction.

In order to group loans with similar risk characteristics, the portfolio is further segmented by product types:

◦Commercial 1-4 Family loans increased $10.9 million from December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2026. Commercial 1-4 Family loans consist of residential single-family, duplex, triplex, and fourplex rental properties and totaled $221.2 million as of March 31, 2026. Risk characteristics are driven by rental housing demand as well as economic and employment conditions. These properties exhibit greater risk than multi-family properties due to fewer income sources.

◦Hotel loans decreased $2.8 million from December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2026. The Hotel portfolio is comprised of all lodging establishments and totaled $395.9 million as of March 31, 2026. Risk characteristics relate to the demand for travel.

◦Multi-family loans decreased $9.7 million from December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2026. Multi-family consists of 5 or more family residential apartment lending. The portfolio totaled $227.7 million as of March 31, 2026. Risk characteristics are driven by rental housing demand as well as economic and employment conditions.

◦Non-residential commercial real estate includes properties such as retail, office, warehouse, storage, healthcare, entertainment, religious, and other nonresidential commercial properties. The non-residential product type is further segmented into owner- and non-owner occupied properties. Nonresidential non-owner occupied commercial real estate totaled $772.8 million at March 31, 2026 and increased $5.2 million from December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2026.

◦Nonresidential owner-occupied commercial real estate totaled $251.4 million at March 31, 2026 and decreased $2.0 million from December 31, 2025. Risk characteristics relate to levels of consumer spending and overall economic conditions.

Residential real estate loans increased $3.3 million from December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2026. Residential real estate loans represent loans to consumers that are secured by a first lien on residential property. Residential real estate loans provide for the purchase or refinance of a residence and first-lien home equity loans allow consumers to borrow against the equity in their home. These loans primarily consist of single family five- and seven-year adjustable rate mortgages with terms that amortize up to 30 years. The Company also offers fixed-rate residential real estate loans that are generally sold in the secondary market that are not included on the Company's balance sheet; the Company does not retain the servicing rights to these loans. Residential mortgage loans are generally underwritten to comply with Fannie Mae guidelines, while the home equity loans are underwritten with typically less documentation, but with lower loan-to-value ratios and shorter maturities. At March 31, 2026, $9.6 million of the residential real estate loans were for properties under construction.

Home equity loans remained flat during the first three months of 2026. The Company's home equity loans represent loans to consumers that are secured by a second (or junior) lien on a residential property. Home equity loans allow consumers to borrow against the equity in their home without paying off an existing first lien. These loans consist of home equity lines of credit ("HELOC") and amortized home equity loans that require monthly installment payments. Home equity loans are underwritten with less documentation, lower loan-to-value ratios and for shorter terms than residential mortgage loans. The amount of credit extended is directly related to the value of the real estate at the time the loan is made.

Consumer loans may be secured by automobiles, boats, recreational vehicles and other personal property or they may be unsecured. The Company monitors the risk associated with these types of loans by monitoring such factors as portfolio growth, lending policies and economic conditions. Underwriting standards are continually evaluated and modified based upon these factors. Consumer loans decreased by $4.4 million during the first three months of 2026.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Management systematically monitors the loan portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis to provide for expected losses inherent in the portfolio. Management assesses the risk in each loan type based on historical trends, the general economic environment of its local markets, individual loan performance and other relevant factors. The Company's estimate of future economic conditions utilized in its provision estimate is primarily dependent on expected unemployment ranges over a two-year period. Beyond two years, a straight line reversion to historical average loss rates is applied over the life of the loan pool in the migration methodology. The vintage methodology applies future average loss rates based on net losses in historical periods where the unemployment rate was within the forecasted range. As a result of the Company’s quarterly analysis of the adequacy of the Allowance for Credit Losses, the Company recorded a provision of credit losses of $0.6 million in the first quarter of 2026 compared to no provision for credit losses recorded in the first quarter of 2025.

Individual credits in excess of $1 million are selected at least annually for detailed loan reviews, which are utilized by management to assess the risk in the portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance.

Determination of the Allowance for Credit Losses is subjective in nature and requires management to periodically reassess the validity of its assumptions. Differences between actual losses and estimated losses are assessed such that management can timely modify its evaluation model to ensure that adequate provision has been made for risk in the total loan portfolio.

Based on the Company’s analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and in consideration of the known factors utilized in computing the allowance, management believes that the allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2026 is adequate to provide for expected losses inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio. Future provisions for credit losses will be dependent upon trends in loan balances including the composition of the loan portfolio, changes in loan quality and loss experience trends, and recoveries of previously charged-off loans, among other factors.

Table Four

Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses

The allocation of the allowance for credit losses is shown in the table below (in thousands). The allocation of a portion of the allowance in one portfolio loan classification does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other portfolio segments.

The Allowance for Credit Losses decreased slightly from $19.9 million at December 31, 2025 to $19.7 million at March 31, 2026. The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $0.6 million in the first quarter of 2026, compared to no provision for credit losses for the comparable period in 2025, and a provision for credit losses of $1.1 million for the fourth quarter of 2025. The provision for credit losses in the first quarter of 2026 was primarily related to a commercial loan for a movie theater that had been transferred to nonaccrual status in the third quarter of 2024. Due to further cash flow deterioration, a $0.85 million charge-off was recorded in the quarter ending March 31, 2026, leaving an outstanding balance of approximately $5.0 million. This charge-off was partially offset by a decline in loan balances from the fourth quarter of 2025 and net recoveries (exclusive of the movie theater charge-off) during the quarter ended March 31, 2026.

Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense

(in millions, except percentages)

Non-Interest Income: Non-interest income increased $0.9 million from $18.7 million in the first quarter of 2025 to $19.6 million in the first quarter of 2026. This increase was due to an increase of $0.4 million, or 14.3%, in wealth and investment management fee income, a $0.3 million, or 43.6%, increase in other income, and an increase of $0.2 million, or 3.4%, in service charges. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in bank owned life insurance of $0.2 million.

Non-Interest Expense: Non-interest expenses increased $1.8 million, or 4.6%, from $37.6 million in the first quarter of 2025 to $39.4 million in the first quarter of 2026. This increase was largely due to an increase in salaries and employee benefit expenses ($1.0 million due to salary adjustments (3.5%) and increased health insurance (11.3%)), other tax related matters ($0.4 million), and equipment and software related expenses ($0.2 million).

Income Tax Expense: The Company's effective income tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and March 31, 2025 was 19.2%, and 17.8%, respectively.

Risk Management

Market risk is the risk of loss due to adverse changes in current and future cash flows, fair values, earnings or capital due to adverse movements in interest rates and other factors, including foreign exchange rates, underlying credit risk and commodity prices. Because the Company has no significant foreign exchange activities and holds no commodities, interest rate risk represents the primary market risk factor affecting the Company’s balance sheet and net interest margin. Significant changes in interest rates by the Federal Reserve could result in similar changes in SOFR interest rates, prime rates, and other benchmark interest rates that could affect the estimated fair value of the Company’s investment securities portfolio, interest paid on the Company’s short-term and long-term borrowings, interest earned on the Company’s loan portfolio and interest paid on its deposit accounts. The Company utilizes derivative instruments, primarily in the form of interest rate swaps, to help manage its interest rate risk on commercial loans.

The Company’s ALCO has been delegated the responsibility of managing the Company’s interest-sensitive balance sheet accounts to maximize earnings while managing interest rate risk. ALCO, comprised of various members of executive and senior management, is also responsible for establishing policies to monitor and limit the Company’s exposure to interest rate risk and to manage the Company’s liquidity position. ALCO satisfies its responsibilities through at least quarterly meetings during which product pricing issues, liquidity measures, and interest sensitivity positions are monitored.

In order to measure and manage its interest rate risk, the Company uses an asset/liability management and simulation software model to periodically update the interest sensitivity position of the Company’s balance sheet. The model is also used to perform analyses that measure the impact on net interest income and capital as a result of various changes in the interest rate environment. Such analyses quantify the effects of various interest rate scenarios on projected net interest income.

The Company’s policy objective is to avoid negative fluctuations in net income or the economic value of equity of more than 15% within a 12-month period, assuming an immediate parallel increase or decrease of 100 to 300 basis points. The Company measures the long-term risk associated with sustained increases and decreases in rates through analysis of the impact to changes in rates on the economic value of equity.

The following table summarizes the sensitivity of the Company’s net income to various interest rate scenarios. The results of the sensitivity analyses presented below differ from the results used internally by ALCO in that, in the analyses below, interest rates are assumed to have an immediate and sustained parallel shock. The Company recognizes that rates are volatile, but rarely move with immediate and parallel effects. Internally, the Company considers a variety of interest rate scenarios that are deemed possible while considering the level of risk it is willing to assume in “worst-case” scenarios such as shown by the following:

These estimates are highly dependent upon assumptions made by management, including, but not limited to, assumptions regarding the manner in which interest-bearing demand deposit and savings deposit accounts reprice in different interest rate scenarios, changes in the composition of deposit balances, pricing behavior of competitors, prepayments of loans and deposits under alternative rate environments, and new business volumes and pricing. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates above will be achieved in the event that interest rates increase or decrease during the remainder of 2026 and beyond. The estimates above do not necessarily imply that the Company will experience increases in net income if market interest rates rise. The table above indicates how the Company’s net income behaves relative to an increase in rates compared to what would otherwise occur if rates remain stable.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

The Company evaluates the adequacy of liquidity at both the City Holding level and at the City National level. At the City Holding level, the principal source of cash is dividends from City National. Dividends paid by City National to City Holding are subject to certain legal and regulatory limitations. Generally, any dividends in amounts that exceed the earnings retained by City National in the current year plus retained net profits for the preceding two years must be approved by regulatory authorities. At March 31, 2026, City National could pay dividends up to $49.4 million plus net profits for the remainder of 2026, as defined by statute, up to the dividend declaration date without prior regulatory permission.

Additionally, City Holding anticipates continuing the payment of dividends on its common stock, which are expected to approximate $49.1 million on an annualized basis over the next 12 months based on common shares outstanding at March 31, 2026. However, dividends to shareholders can, if necessary, be suspended. In addition to these anticipated cash needs, City Holding has operating expenses and other contractual obligations, which are estimated to require $2.9 million of additional cash over the next 12 months. As of March 31, 2026, City Holding reported a cash balance of $105.6 million and management believes that City Holding’s available cash balance, together with cash dividends from City National, will be adequate to satisfy its funding and cash needs over the next 12 months.

As illustrated in the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company generated $38.0 million of cash from operating activities during the first three months of 2026, primarily from interest income received on loans and investments, net of interest expense paid on deposits and borrowings. The Company generated $65.2 million of cash in investing activities during the first three months of 2026, primarily due to proceeds from maturities and calls on investment securities of $56.7 million and a net decrease in loans of $10.5 million. These cash generating impacts were partially offset by payments of $1.4 million for low income housing tax credits. The Company generated $3.9 million of cash in financing activities during the first three months of 2026, principally as a result of a net increase in interest-bearing deposits of $45.4 million and an increase in customer repurchase agreements of $7.2 million. These increases were partially offset by purchases of treasury stock of $30.9 million, dividends paid of $14.8 million, and a net decrease in non-interest bearing deposits of $2.8 million.

City National has borrowing facilities with the Federal Reserve Bank and the Federal Home Loan Bank that can be accessed as necessary to fund operations and to provide contingency funding. These borrowing facilities are collateralized by various loans held on City National’s balance sheet. As of March 31, 2026, City National had the capacity to borrow an additional $1.8 billion from these existing borrowing facilities. In addition, approximately $709 million of City National’s investment securities were pledged to collateralize customer repurchase agreements and various deposit accounts, leaving approximately $762 million of City National’s investment securities unpledged at March 31, 2026. City National also segregates certain mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities, and other investment securities in a separate subsidiary so that it can separately monitor the asset quality of these primarily mortgage-related assets, which could be used to raise cash through securitization transactions or obtain additional equity or debt financing if necessary.

The Company manages its asset and liability mix to balance its desire to maximize net interest income against its desire to minimize risks associated with capitalization, interest rate volatility, and liquidity. Historically, the Company has utilized derivative instruments, when appropriate, to assist this goal. During the year ending December 31, 2020, the Company entered into three $50 million swap agreements that hedged interest rate risk on certain pools of the Company’s investment securities. These agreements require the Company to pay rates ranging from 0.20% to 0.24%, while receiving the federal funds effective rate in return. Interest income and changes in market valuations from these swap agreements are recognized as investment income in the accompanying statements of income. These agreements matured in October ($50 million) and November ($100 million) of 2025. During the year ending December 31, 2023, the Company entered into a $100 million swap agreement that hedged interest rate risk on certain loans of the Company. This agreement requires the Company to pay 3.60%, while receiving SOFR in return. Interest income and changes in market valuations from this swap agreement are recognized as loan interest income in the accompanying statements of income. This agreement matured in March 2026.

With respect to liquidity, the Company has chosen a conservative posture and believes that its liquidity position is strong. The Company’s net loan to asset ratio is 66.2% as of March 31, 2026 and deposit balances fund 79.0% of total assets. The Company has obligations to extend credit, but these obligations are primarily associated with existing home equity loans that have predictable borrowing patterns across the portfolio. The Company has investment security balances with carrying values that totaled $1.5 billion at March 31, 2026, and that exceeded the Company’s non-deposit sources of borrowing, which totaled $524.8 million. Further, the Company’s deposit mix has a high proportion of transaction and savings accounts that fund 59.7% of the Company’s total assets. As interest rates increase, deposit balances may decline or the composition of the deposit portfolio may shift to higher yielding deposit products, such as money market accounts or time deposits.

Capital Resources

Shareholders' equity decreased $15.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, primarily due to cash dividends declared of $12.4 million and the repurchase of 262,017 common shares at a weighted average price of $117.79 per share ($30.9 million) as part of a one million share repurchase plan authorized by the Board of Directors in January 2024. A new plan was authorized by the Board of Directors in March 2026. These decreases were partially offset by net income of $31.7 million.

The Basel III Capital Rules require City Holding and City National to maintain minimum CET 1, Tier 1 and Total Capital ratios, along with a capital conservation buffer, effectively resulting in new minimum capital ratios (which are shown in the table below). The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The Basel III Capital Rules also provide for a “countercyclical capital buffer” that is applicable to only certain covered institutions and does not have any current applicability to the Company.

The Company’s regulatory capital ratios for both City Holding and City National include the 2.5% capital conservation buffer are illustrated in the following tables (in thousands, except percentages):

As of March 31, 2026, management believes that City Holding Company and its banking subsidiary, City National, were “well capitalized.” City Holding is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve, while City National is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Regulatory agencies can initiate certain mandatory actions if either City Holding or City National fails to meet the minimum capital requirements, as shown above. As of March 31, 2026, management believes that City Holding and City National have met all capital adequacy requirements.

Depository institutions and depository institution holding companies that have less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and meet other qualifying criteria, including a leverage ratio of greater than 9%, off–balance–sheet exposures of 25% or less of total consolidated assets and trading assets plus trading liabilities of 5% or less of total consolidated assets, are deemed “qualifying community banking organizations” and are eligible to opt into the “community bank leverage ratio framework.” A qualifying community banking organization that elects to use the community bank leverage ratio framework and that maintains a leverage ratio of greater than 9% is considered to have satisfied the generally applicable risk–based and leverage capital requirements under the Basel III Rules and, if applicable, is considered to have met the “well capitalized” ratio requirements for purposes of its primary federal regulator’s prompt corrective action rules. The Company and its subsidiary bank do not have any immediate plans to elect to use the community bank leverage ratio framework but may make such an election in the future.