AVIS BUDGET GROUP INC

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

(Unless otherwise noted, all dollar amounts are in millions, except per share amounts)

1. Basis of Presentation

Avis Budget Group, Inc. provides mobility solutions to businesses and consumers worldwide. The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts and transactions of Avis Budget Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, as well as entities in which Avis Budget Group, Inc. directly or indirectly has a controlling financial interest (collectively, “we,” “our,” “us,” or the “Company”), and have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for interim financial reporting.

We operate the following reportable business segments:

•Americas- consisting primarily of (i) vehicle rental operations in North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean, (ii) car sharing operations in certain of these markets, and (iii) licensees in the areas in which we do not operate directly.

•International - consisting primarily of (i) vehicle rental operations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Australasia, (ii) car sharing operations in certain of these markets, and (iii) licensees in the areas in which we do not operate directly.

The operating results of acquired businesses are included in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements from the dates of acquisition. We consolidate joint venture activities when we have a controlling interest and record non-controlling interests within stockholders’ equity and the statement of comprehensive income equal to the percentage of ownership interest retained in such entities by the respective non-controlling party.

In presenting the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and related disclosures. Estimates, by their nature, are based on judgment and available information. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. In management’s opinion, the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contain all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of interim results reported. The results of operations reported for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the entire year or any subsequent interim period. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “2024 Form 10-K”).

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Our significant accounting policies are fully described in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Cash and cash equivalents, Program cash and Restricted cash. The following table provides a detail of cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets to the amounts shown in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

(a)Included within other current assets.

Vehicle Programs. We present separately the financial data of our vehicle programs. These programs are distinct from our other activities since the assets under vehicle programs are generally funded through the issuance of debt that is collateralized by such assets. The income generated by these assets is used, in part, to repay the principal and interest associated with the debt. Cash inflows and outflows relating to the acquisition of such assets and the principal debt repayment or financing of such assets are classified as activities of our vehicle programs. We believe it is appropriate to segregate the financial data of our vehicle programs because, ultimately, the source of repayment of such debt is the realization of such assets.

Transaction-related costs, net. Transaction-related costs, net are classified separately in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. These costs are comprised of expenses primarily related to acquisition-related activities such as due diligence and other advisory costs, expenses related to the integration of the acquiree’s operations with our own operations, including the implementation of best practices and process improvements, non-cash gains and losses related to re-acquired rights, expenses related to pre-acquisition contingencies and contingent consideration related to acquisitions.

Currency Transactions. We record the gain or loss on foreign currency transactions on certain intercompany loans and the gain or loss on intercompany loan hedges within interest expense related to corporate debt, net.

Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”). We review our investments to determine if they are VIEs. A VIE is an entity in which either (i) the equity investors as a group lack the power through voting or similar rights to direct the activities of such entity that most significantly impact such entity’s economic performance or (ii) the equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance that entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support. Entities that are determined to be VIEs are consolidated if we are the primary beneficiary of the entity. The primary beneficiary possesses the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that are significant to it. We will reconsider our original assessment of a VIE upon the occurrence of certain events such as contributions and redemptions, either by us, or third parties, or amendments to an entity’s governing documents. On an ongoing basis, we reconsider whether we are deemed to be a VIE’s primary beneficiary. We account for VIEs where we are not the primary beneficiary under the equity method.

Our former subsidiary, Avis Mobility Ventures LLC (“AMV”), is a VIE. We lack the ability to direct the significant activities of AMV and are not its primary beneficiary. As such, we account for AMV under the equity method. See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions.

Investments. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had equity method investments with a carrying value of $106 million and $100 million, respectively, which are included in other non-current assets. Earnings from our equity method investments are included within operating expenses. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we recorded income of $2 million and $3 million related to our equity method investments, respectively. See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions for our equity method investment in AMV.

Revenues. Revenues are recognized under Leases (Topic 842), with the exception of royalty fee revenue derived from our licensees and revenue related to our customer loyalty program, which were approximately $45 million and $42 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by geography:

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by brand:

(a)Other includes Zipcar and other operating brands.

Reclassification

We reclassified certain items within operating activities on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on reported net cash provided by operating activities.

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

On January 1, 2024, as the result of a new accounting pronouncement, we adopted ASU 2023-07, “Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which amends Topic 280 primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The update was effective in our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, and became effective on an interim basis beginning on January 1, 2025. The adoption of this accounting pronouncement has resulted in incremental disclosures within Note 17 – Segment Information.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

On January 1, 2025, as the result of a new accounting pronouncement, we adopted ASU 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which amends Topic 740 primarily through enhanced income tax disclosures, improving transparency into the factors affecting income tax expense. We expect to include certain additional income tax disclosures in the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which amends Topic 220 primarily through requiring disclosures in the notes to financial statements about certain costs and expenses. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted on a prospective or retrospective basis. ASU 2024-03 becomes effective for us on January 1, 2027. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this accounting pronouncement.

2. Leases

Lessor

The following table presents our lease revenues disaggregated by geography:

The following table presents our lease revenues disaggregated by brand:

(a)Other includes Zipcar and other operating brands.

Lessee

We have operating and finance leases for rental locations, corporate offices, vehicle rental fleet and equipment. Many of our operating leases for rental locations contain concession agreements with various airport authorities that allow us to conduct our vehicle rental operations on site. In general, concession fees for airport locations are based on a percentage of total commissionable revenue as defined by each airport authority, some of which are subject to minimum annual guaranteed amounts. Concession fees other than minimum annual guaranteed amounts are not included in the measurement of operating lease right of use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities and are recorded as variable lease expense as incurred. Our operating leases for rental locations often also require us to pay or reimburse operating expenses.

The components of lease expense are as follows:

(a)Primarily included within operating expenses.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:

(a)Included within accounts payable and other current liabilities.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

3. Restructuring and Other Related Charges

In 2024, we initiated a global restructuring plan to further right size our operations (“Global Rightsizing”). The costs associated with this initiative are primarily related to the operational scaling of processes, locations, and lines of business. We expect further restructuring expense of approximately $50 million related to this initiative to be incurred this year.

In 2022, we initiated a restructuring plan to focus on consolidating our global operations by designing new processes and implementing new systems (“Cost Optimization”). This initiative is complete.

The following tables summarize the changes to our restructuring-related liabilities and identify the amounts recorded within our reportable segments for restructuring charges and corresponding payments and utilizations:

(a)Other includes the disposition of vehicles.

4. Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share (“EPS”) (shares in millions):

(a)For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024,0.5 million and 0.3 million non-vested stock awards, respectively, have an anti-dilutive effect and therefore are excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding.

(b)Diluted loss per share was computed using the treasury stock method for non-vested stock.

5. Other Current Assets

Other current assets consisted of:

(a)For the year ended December 31, 2024, we reclassified $77 million of prepaid vehicle license and registration to conform to the current year presentation. This reclassification had no impact to other current assets.

6. Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of:

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets was approximately $6 million and $8 million, respectively.

Based on our amortizable intangible assets at March 31, 2025, we expect amortization expense of approximately $16 million for the remainder of 2025, $21 million for 2026, $16 million for 2027, $9 million for 2028, $7 million for 2029 and $7 million for 2030, excluding effects of currency exchange rates.

7. Vehicle Rental Activities

The components of vehicles, net within assets under vehicle programs are as follows:

(a)See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions.

The components of vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net are summarized below:

(a)For the three months ended March 31, 2025, includes other fleet charges of $390 million related to the accelerated disposal of certain fleet in our Americas reportable segment. These costs relate to vehicles that were not included in the long-lived asset impairment and other related charges recorded in the year ended December 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2025 and 2024, we had payables related to vehicle purchases included in liabilities under vehicle programs - other of $449 million and $483 million, respectively, and receivables related to vehicle sales included in assets under vehicle programs - receivables from vehicle manufacturers and other of $231 million and $239 million, respectively.

8. Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was a benefit of 25.6%. Such rate differed from the Federal Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to foreign taxes on our International operations and state taxes.

Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was a benefit of 20.4%. Such rate differed from the Federal Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to the effect of certain tax credits, partially offset by foreign taxes on our International operations and state taxes.

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) published a proposal for the establishment of a global minimum tax rate of 15% (the “Pillar Two rule”), effective as of fiscal 2024. We are closely monitoring developments of the Pillar Two rule as the OECD continues to refine its technical guidance and member states implement tax laws and regulations based on Pillar Two proposals. Based on our preliminary analysis, we do not expect Pillar Two to have a material impact on our financial statements for 2025.

9. Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities

Accounts payable and other current liabilities consisted of:

10. Long-term Corporate Debt and Borrowing Arrangements

Long-term debt and other borrowing arrangements consisted of:

(a)The floating rate term loan is part of our senior revolving credit facility, which is secured by pledges of capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and liens on substantially all of our intellectual property and certain other real and personal property. As of March 31, 2025, the floating rate term loan due 2025 bears interest at one-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 2.00%, for an aggregate rate of 6.42%.

(b)The floating rate term loan is part of our senior revolving credit facility, which is secured by pledges of capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and liens on substantially all of our intellectual property and certain other real and personal property. As of March 31, 2025, the floating rate term loan due 2027 bears interest at one-month SOFR plus 1.75%, for an aggregate rate of 6.19%. We have entered into a swap to hedge $750 million of interest rate exposure related to the floating rate term loan at an aggregate rate of 3.26%.

(c)Primarily includes finance leases, which are secured by liens on the related assets.

In February 2025, we borrowed $500 million under a floating rate term loan due December 2025, which is part of our senior revolving credit facilities.

Committed Credit Facilities and Available Funding Arrangements

As of March 31, 2025, the committed corporate credit facilities available to us and/or our subsidiaries were as follows:

(a)The senior revolving credit facility bears interest at one-month SOFR plus 2.00% and is part of our senior credit facilities, which include the floating rate term loan and the senior revolving credit facility, and which are secured by pledges of capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and liens on substantially all of our intellectual property and certain other real and personal property.

As of March 31, 2025, we have other uncommitted standby letter of credit facilities (“SBLC facilities”) with an additional letter of credit capacity of up to $462 million. As of March 31, 2025, letters of credit totaling $405 million have been issued on our SBLC facilities, which results in a remaining available capacity of approximately $57 million.

Debt Covenants

The agreements governing our indebtedness contain restrictive covenants, including restrictions on dividends paid to us by certain of our subsidiaries, the incurrence of additional indebtedness and/or liens by us and certain of our subsidiaries, acquisitions, mergers, liquidations, and sale and leaseback transactions. Our senior credit facility also contains a maximum leverage ratio requirement. As of March 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the financial covenants governing our indebtedness.

11. Debt Under Vehicle Programs and Borrowing Arrangements

Debt under vehicle programs, including related party debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC (“Avis Budget Rental Car Funding”), consisted of:

(a)Includes approximately $738 million and $751 million of Class R notes as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which are held by us.

(b)Includes our Repurchase Facility.

(c)Deferred financing fees related to Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were $57 million and $60 million, respectively.

The following table provides a summary of debt issued by Avis Budget Rental Car Funding during the three months ended March 31, 2025:

We have a repurchase agreement (the “Repurchase Facility”), whereby we may sell our Class D notes issued by Avis Budget Rental Car Funding to the Repurchase Facility counterparty and repurchase such notes. Transactions under the Repurchase Facility have a 180-day tenor and may be extended thereafter at our discretion. In March 2025, we extended the maturity of certain transactions under the Repurchase Facility from March 2025 to June 2025, and we simultaneously amended the interest rate on these transactions. As of March 31, 2025, $116 million was outstanding under the Repurchase Facility, which bears interest at a rate of 6.30%. As of March 31, 2025, we had $195 million of securities pledged as collateral for the Repurchase Facility, included within investment in Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC—related party on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Debt Maturities

The following table provides the contractual maturities of our debt under vehicle programs, including related party debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding, at March 31, 2025:

(a) Vehicle-backed debt primarily represents asset-backed securities.

(b) Includes $0.6 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities. These short-term borrowings have a weighted average interest rate of 4.49% as of March 31, 2025.

(c) Includes $3.0 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities.

(d) Includes $0.1 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities.

(e) Includes $0.1 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities.

Committed Credit Facilities and Available Funding Arrangements

The following table presents available funding under our debt arrangements related to our vehicle programs, including related party debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding, at March 31, 2025:

(a)Capacity is subject to maintaining sufficient assets to collateralize debt. The total capacity for Americas - Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding includes increases from our asset-backed variable-funding financing facilities. These facilities were most recently amended and restated in April 2025. See Note 18 – Subsequent Event.

(b)The outstanding debt is collateralized by vehicles and related assets of $14.3 billion for Americas - Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding; $1.4 billion for Americas - Debt borrowings; $2.8 billion for International - Debt borrowings; and $0.2 billion for International - Finance leases.

Debt Covenants

The agreements under our vehicle-backed funding programs contain restrictive covenants, including restrictions on dividends paid to us by certain of our subsidiaries and restrictions on indebtedness, mergers, liens, liquidations, and sale and leaseback transactions and in some cases also require compliance with certain financial requirements. As of March 31, 2025, we are not aware of any instances of non-compliance with any of the financial or restrictive covenants contained in the debt agreements under our vehicle-backed funding programs.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Contingencies

In 2006, we completed the spin-offs of our Realogy and Wyndham subsidiaries (now known as Anywhere Real Estate, Inc., and Wyndham Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and Travel + Leisure Co., respectively). We do not believe that the impact of any resolution of pre-existing contingent liabilities in connection with the spin-offs should result in a material liability to us in relation to our consolidated financial position or liquidity, as Anywhere Real Estate, Inc., Wyndham Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and Travel + Leisure Co. have agreed to assume responsibility for these liabilities.

In March 2023, the California Office of Tax Appeals (“OTA”) issued an opinion in a case involving notices of proposed assessment of California corporation franchise tax for tax year 1999 issued to us. The case involves whether (i) the notices of proposed assessment were barred by the statute of limitations; and (ii) a transaction undertaken by us in tax year 1999 constituted a tax-free reorganization under the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”). The OTA concluded that the notices of proposed assessment were not barred by the statute of limitations and that the 1999 transaction was not a tax-free reorganization under the IRC. Anywhere Real Estate, Inc. has assumed 62.5%, and Wyndham Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and Travel + Leisure Co. have assumed 37.5% of the potential tax liability in this matter, respectively. We filed a petition for rehearing, which was denied in April 2024, and the tax assessment is expected to become payable, even if judicial relief is sought.

We are also named in litigation that is primarily related to the businesses of our former subsidiaries, including Realogy and Wyndham. We are entitled to indemnification from such entities for any liability resulting from such litigation.

In September 2014, Dawn Valli et al. v. Avis Budget Group Inc., et al. was filed in U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The plaintiffs seek to represent a purported nationwide class of certain renters of vehicles from our Avis and Budget subsidiaries from September 30, 2008 through the present. The plaintiffs seek damages in connection with claims relating to alleged misrepresentations and omissions concerning charging customers for traffic infractions and related administrative fees. In October 2023, plaintiffs’ motion for class certification was denied as to their proposed nationwide class and granted as to a subclass, created at the Court’s discretion, of Avis Preferred and Budget Fastbreak members. We have been named as a defendant in other purported consumer class action lawsuits, includingtwo class actions filed against us in New Jersey, one seeking damages in connection with a breach of contract claim and another related to ancillary charges at our Payless subsidiary. However, the Company intends to vigorously defend them.

In April 2025, a shareholder filed a proposed securities class action, Shane Merrium v. Avis Budget Group, Inc., Joseph A. Ferraro, and Izilda P. Martins, in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The plaintiff alleges under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that the Company and its management made misrepresentations or omissions about the Company’s fleet strategy in 2024, causing the stock to decline when the Company announced its fourth quarter results in February 2025. The Company intends to defend the claims vigorously.

We are currently involved, and in the future may be involved, in claims and/or legal proceedings, including class actions, and governmental inquiries that are incidental to our vehicle rental and car sharing operations, including, among others, contract and licensee disputes, competition matters, employment and wage-and-hour claims, insurance and liability claims, intellectual property claims, business practice disputes and other regulatory, environmental, commercial and tax matters.

We are a defendant in a number of legal proceedings for personal injury arising from the operation of our vehicles. In June 2023, two of our subsidiaries were named as defendants in a lawsuit filed in Dallas, Texas alleging that one of our employees caused the death of an individual with one of our vehicles: Peggy Dawson Edwards, Individually and as Anticipated Representative of the Estate of Michael Edwards, Sr., et. al. v. Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC; PV Holding Corp.; and Kevin Barnes, Cause No. CC-23-03188-E, pending in County Court at Law No. 5 for Dallas County, Texas. The complaint alleges that our subsidiaries are responsible for Mr. Edwards’ death and seeks compensatory and punitive damages in an unspecified amount exceeding $1 million. The court has set a trial date in May 2025 for this lawsuit. Given the early stages of the legal proceedings, it is not possible to predict the outcome of the claim. However, the Company intends to vigorously defend it.

Litigation is inherently unpredictable and, although we believe that our accruals are adequate and/or that we have valid defenses in these matters, unfavorable resolutions could occur. We estimate that the potential exposure resulting from adverse outcomes of current legal proceedings in which it is reasonably possible that a loss may be incurred could, in the aggregate, be up to approximately $40 million in excess of amounts accrued as of March 31, 2025. We do not believe that the impact should result in a material liability to us in relation to our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Commitments to Purchase Vehicles

We maintain agreements with vehicle manufacturers under which we have agreed to purchase approximately $7.5 billion of vehicles from manufacturers over the next 12 months, a $1.2 billion increase compared to December 31, 2024, financed primarily through the issuance of vehicle-backed debt and cash received upon the disposition of vehicles. Certain of these commitments are subject to the vehicle manufacturers satisfying their obligations under their respective repurchase and guaranteed depreciation agreements.

Concentrations

Concentrations of credit risk as of March 31, 2025 include (i) risks related to our repurchase and guaranteed depreciation agreements with domestic and foreign car manufacturers and primarily with respect to receivables for program cars that have been disposed of, but for which we have not yet received payment from the manufacturers and (ii) risks related to Realogy and Wyndham, including receivables of $40 million and $24 million, resp ectively, related to certain contingent, income tax and other corporate liabilities assumed by Realogy and Wyndham in connection with their disposition.

13. Stockholders' Equity

Share Repurchases

Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of up to approximately $8.1 billion of our common stock under a plan originally approved in 2013 and subsequently expanded, most recently in February 2023 (the “Stock Repurchase Program”). During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 we did not repurchase shares of common stock under the Stock Repurchase Program in either period. As of March 31, 2025, approximately $757 million of authorization remained available to repurchase common stock under the Stock Repurchase Program.

Common stock repurchases under the Stock Repurchase Program do not include shares withheld to satisfy employees’ income tax liabilities attributable to the vesting of restricted stock unit awards.

Total Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other gains and losses affecting stockholders’ equity that, under GAAP, are excluded from net income (loss).

The components of other comprehensive loss were as follows:

(a)Currency translation adjustments exclude income taxes related to indefinite investments in foreign subsidiaries.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

All components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are net of tax, except currency translation adjustments, which exclude income taxes related to indefinite investments in foreign subsidiaries and include $107 million gain, net of tax, as of March 31, 2025 related to our hedge of our investment in euro-denominated foreign operations (see Note 16 – Financial Instruments).

(a)Amounts reclassified to interest expense.

(b)Amounts reclassified to selling, general and administrative expenses.

14. Related Party Transactions

Avis Mobility Ventures LLC

Avis Mobility Ventures LLC (“AMV”) is our former subsidiary. We ceased to have a controlling interest in AMV in 2022, and as a result we deconsolidated AMV from our financial statements. Our proportional share of AMV’s income or loss is included within other (income) expense, net in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. As of March 31, 2025, we own approximately 35% of AMV. We continue to provide vehicles, related fleet services, and certain administrative services to AMV to support their operations. The following tables provide amounts reported within our financial statements related to our equity method investment in AMV and these services.

The components of other (income) expense, net are summarized below:

The following table provides amounts reported within our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets related to AMV:

(a)Included within other current assets.

(b)Included within other non-current assets.

(c)Included within vehicles, net. See Note 7 – Vehicle Rental Activities.

SRS Mobility Ventures, LLC

SRS Mobility Ventures, LLC is an affiliate of our largest shareholder, SRS Investment Management, LLC. SRS Mobility Ventures, LLC obtained a controlling interest in AMV in 2022. As of March 31, 2025, they own approximately 65% of AMV.

15. Stock-Based Compensation

We recorded stock-based compensation expense of$6 million ($4 million, net of tax) and $7 million ($5 million, net of tax) during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

As part of our declaration and payment of a special cash dividend in December 2023, we granted additional restricted stock units (“RSUs”)to our award holders with unvested shares as a dividend equivalent, which has been deferred until, and will not be paid unless, the shares of stock underlying the award vest.

The activity related to stock units consisted of (in thousands of shares):

(a)Reflects the maximum number of stock units assuming achievement of all time- and performance-vesting criteria and does not include those for non-employee directors. The weighted-average fair value of time- and performance-based RSUs granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $113.10.

(b)The total fair value of time- and performance-based RSUs vested during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $23 million and$27 million, respectively.

(c)Aggregate unrecognized compensation expense related to time- and performance-based RSUs amounted to $59 million and willbe recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 1.8 years.

16. Financial Instruments

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Currency Risk. We use currency exchange contracts to manage our exposure to changes in currency exchange rates associated with certain of our non-U.S.-dollar denominated receivables and forecasted royalties, forecasted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries and forecasted non-U.S. dollar denominated acquisitions. We primarily hedge a portion of our current-year currency exposure to the Australian, Canadian and New Zealand dollars, the euro and the British pound sterling. The majority of forward contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The fluctuations in the value of these forward contracts do, however, largely offset the impact of changes in the value of the underlying risk they economically hedge. We have designated our euro-denominated notes as a hedge of our investment in euro-denominated foreign operations.

The estimated net amount of existing gains or losses we expect to reclassify from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings for cash flow and net investment hedges over the next 12 months is not material.

Interest Rate Risk. We use various hedging strategies including interest rate swaps and interest rate caps to create what we deem an appropriate mix of fixed and floating rate assets and liabilities. We use interest rate swaps and interest rate caps to manage the risk related to our floating rate corporate debt and our floating rate vehicle-backed debt. We record the changes in the fair value of our cash flow hedges to other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, and subsequently reclassify these amounts into earnings in the period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings and is presented in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. We record the gains or losses related to freestanding derivatives, which are not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes, currently in earnings and are presented in the same line of the income statement expected for the hedged item. We estimate that approximately $18 million of gain curr ently recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) will be recognized in earnings over the next 12 months.

Commodity Risk. We periodically enter into derivative commodity contracts to manage our exposure to changes in the price of fuel. These instruments were designated as freestanding derivatives and the changes in fair value are recorded in earnings and are presented in the same line of the income statement expected for the hedged item.

Weheld derivative instruments with absolute notional values as follows:

(a)Repres ents $6.2 billion of interest rate caps sold and approximately $3.2 billion of interest rate caps purchased. These amounts exclude $3.2 billion of interest rate caps purchased by our Avis Budget Rental Car Funding subsidiary as it is not consolidated by us.

Estimated fair values (Level 2) of derivative instruments are as follows:

Amounts in this table exclude derivatives issued by Avis Budget Rental Car Funding, as it is not consolidated by us; however, certain amounts related to the deriv atives held by Avis Budget Rental Car Funding are included within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), as discussed in Note 13 – Stockholders' Equity.

(a)Included within other non-current assets or other non-current liabilities.

(b)Included within other current assets or other current liabilities.

(c)Included within assets under vehicle programs or liabilities under vehicle programs.

The effects of financial instruments recognized in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are as follows:

(a)Recognized, net of tax, as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity.

(b)Classified as a net unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Refer to Note 13 – Stockholders' Equity for amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings.

(c)Classified as a net investment hedge within currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

(d)Gains (losses) related to derivative instruments are expected to be largely offset by (losses) gains on the underlying exposures being hedged.

(e)Included within interest expense.

Debt Instruments

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values (Level 2) of debt instruments are as follows:

(a)Derivatives in a liability position.

17. Segment Information

Our chief executive officer, who also serves as our chief operating decision-maker (“CODM,”) assesses performance and allocates resources based upon the separate financial information of our operating segments. We aggregate certain of our operating segments into our reportable segments. In identifying our reportable segments, we also consider the management structure of the organization, the nature of services provided by our operating segments, the geographical areas and economic characteristics in which the segments operate, and other relevant factors.

Our CODM evaluates the operating results of each of our reportable segments based upon revenues and Adjusted EBITDA, which we define as income (loss) from continuing operations before non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization; long-lived asset impairment and other related charges; other fleet charges; restructuring and other related charges; early extinguishment of debt costs; non-vehicle related interest; transaction-related costs, net; legal matters, net, which includes amounts recorded in excess of $5 million, related primarily to unprecedented self-insurance reserves for allocated loss adjustment expense, class action lawsuits and personal injury matters; non-operational charges related to shareholder activist activity, which includes third-party advisory, legal and other professional fees; COVID-19 charges, net; cloud computing costs; other (income) expense, net; severe weather-related damages in excess of $5 million, net of insurance proceeds; and income taxes. We have revised our definition of Adjusted EBITDA to exclude other fleet charges. We did not revise prior years' Adjusted EBITDA amounts because there were no other charges similar in nature to these.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful as a supplemental measure in evaluating the performance of our operating businesses and in comparing our results from period to period. We also believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors because it allows them to assess our results of operations and financial condition on the same basis that management uses internally. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income or other income statement data prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Provided below is information about our revenues, significant segment expenses, reportable segment Adjusted EBITDA, and a reconciliation of reportable segment Adjusted EBITDA to loss before income taxes.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2025

(a)Excludes cloud computing costs.

(b)Excludes other fleet charges related to the accelerated disposal of certain fleet in our Americas reportable segment. These costs relate to vehicles that were not included in the long-lived asset impairment and other related charges recorded in the year ended December 31, 2024.

(c)Includes unallocated corporate expenses, including $95 million in interest expense, which are not attributable to a particular reportable segment.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

(a)Excludes legal matters, net and cloud computing costs.

(b)Includes unallocated corporate expenses, including $81 million in interest expense, which are not attributable to a particular reportable segment.

Provided below is information about our segment assets.

(a)Includes unallocated corporate assets which are not attributable to a particular reportable segment.

18. Subsequent Event

In April 2025, our Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC subsidiary amended and extended its asset-backed variable-funding financing facilities to increase its capacity by $640 million.