AVIS BUDGET GROUP INC

(Unless otherwise noted, all dollar amounts are in millions, except per share amounts)

1. Basis of Presentation

Avis Budget Group, Inc. provides mobility solutions to businesses and consumers worldwide. The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements include the accounts and transactions of Avis Budget Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, as well as entities in which Avis Budget Group, Inc. directly or indirectly has a controlling financial interest (collectively, “we”, “our”, “us”, or the “Company”), and have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for interim financial reporting.

We operate the following reportable business segments:

•Americas- consisting primarily of (i) vehicle rental operations in North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean, (ii) car sharing operations in certain of these markets, and (iii) licensees in the areas in which we do not operate directly.

•International - consisting primarily of (i) vehicle rental operations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Australasia, (ii) car sharing operations in certain of these markets, and (iii) licensees in the areas in which we do not operate directly.

The operating results of acquired businesses are included in the accompanying Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements from the dates of acquisition. Differences between the preliminary allocation of purchase price and the final allocation for our 2023 acquisitions of various licensees were not material. We consolidate joint venture activities when we have a controlling interest and record non-controlling interests within stockholders’ equity and the statement of comprehensive income equal to the percentage of ownership interest retained in such entities by the respective non-controlling party.

In presenting the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and related disclosures. Estimates, by their nature, are based on judgment and available information. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. In management’s opinion, the Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements contain all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of interim results reported. The results of operations reported for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the entire year or any subsequent interim period. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “2023 Form 10-K”).

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Our significant accounting policies are fully described in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Cash and cash equivalents, Program cash and Restricted cash. The following table provides a detail of cash and cash equivalents, program and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Condensed Balance Sheets to the amounts shown in the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Cash Flows.

(a)Included within other current assets.

Vehicle Programs. We present separately the financial data of our vehicle programs. These programs are distinct from our other activities since the assets under vehicle programs are generally funded through the issuance of debt that is collateralized by such assets. The income generated by these assets is used, in part, to repay the principal and interest associated with the debt. Cash inflows and outflows relating to the acquisition of such assets and the principal debt repayment or financing of such assets are classified as activities of our vehicle programs. We believe it is appropriate to segregate the financial data of our vehicle programs because, ultimately, the source of repayment of such debt is the realization of such assets.

Transaction-related costs, net. Transaction-related costs, net are classified separately in the Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income. These costs are comprised of expenses primarily related to acquisition-related activities such as due diligence and other advisory costs, expenses related to the integration of the acquiree’s operations with those of our operations, including the implementation of best practices and process improvements, non-cash gains and losses related to re-acquired rights, expenses related to pre-acquisition contingencies and contingent consideration related to acquisitions.

Currency Transactions. We record the gain or loss on foreign currency transactions on certain intercompany loans and the gain or loss on intercompany loan hedges within interest expense related to corporate debt, net.

Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”). We review our investments to determine if they are VIEs. A VIE is an entity in which either (i) the equity investors as a group lack the power through voting or similar rights to direct the activities of such entity that most significantly impact such entity’s economic performance or (ii) the equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance that entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support. Entities that are determined to be VIEs are consolidated if we are the primary beneficiary of the entity. The primary beneficiary possesses the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that are significant to it. We will reconsider our original assessment of a VIE upon the occurrence of certain events such as contributions and redemptions, either by us, or third parties, or amendments to an entity’s governing documents. On an ongoing basis, we reconsider whether we are deemed to be a VIE’s primary beneficiary. See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions for our VIE investment in our former subsidiary.

Investments. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had equity method investments with a carrying value of $98 million and $93 million, respectively, which are included in other non-current assets. Earnings from our equity method investments are included within operating expenses. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $3 million related to our equity method investments, in each period. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 we recorded $6 million and $4 million related to our equity method investments, respectively. See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions for our equity method investment in our former subsidiary.

Revenues. Revenues are recognized under “Leases (Topic 842),” with the exception of royalty fee revenue derived from our licensees and revenue related to our customer loyalty program, which were approximately $54 million and $42 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $96 million and $86 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by geography:

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by brand:

Other includes Zipcar and other operating brands.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which amends Topic 740 primarily through enhanced disclosures about an entity’s tax risks and tax planning. The amendments are effective for public business entities in annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted on a prospective or retrospective basis. ASU 2023-09 will become effective for us on January 1, 2025. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this accounting pronouncement on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which amends Topic 280 primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2023-07 became effective for us on January 1, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this accounting pronouncement on our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements.

Reference Rate Reform

In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848),” which amends ASU 2020-04 and clarifies the scope and guidance of Topic 848 to allow derivatives impacted by the reference rate reform to qualify for certain optional expedients and exceptions for contract modifications and hedge accounting. The guidance is optional and is effective for a limited period of time. In December 2022, the FASB also issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848,” to defer the sunset date of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, this guidance had no impact on our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements, and we will continue to evaluate this guidance.

2. Leases

Lessor

The following table presents our lease revenues disaggregated by geography:

The following table presents our lease revenues disaggregated by brand:

Other includes Zipcar and other operating brands.

Lessee

We have operating and finance leases for rental locations, corporate offices, vehicle rental fleet and equipment. Many of our operating leases for rental locations contain concession agreements with various airport authorities that allow us to conduct our vehicle rental operations on site. In general, concession fees for airport locations are based on a percentage of total commissionable revenue as defined by each airport authority, some of which are subject to minimum annual guaranteed amounts. Concession fees other than minimum annual guaranteed amounts are not included in the measurement of operating lease right of use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities, and are recorded as variable lease expense as incurred. Our operating leases for rental locations often also require us to pay or reimburse operating expenses.

The components of lease expense are as follows:

(a) Primarily within operating expenses.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:

(a) Included inaccounts payable and other current liabilities.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

3. Restructuring and Other Related Charges

During the first quarter of 2024, we initiated a global restructuring plan to further right size our operations (“Global Rightsizing”). The costs associated with this initiative are primarily related to the operational scaling of processes, locations, and lines of business. We expect further restructuring expense of approximately $25 million related to this initiative to be incurred this year.

During the second quarter of 2022, we initiated a restructuring plan to focus on consolidating our global operations by designing new processes and implementing new systems (“Cost Optimization”). We expect this initiative to be completed this year.

The following tables summarize the change to our restructuring-related liabilities and identifies the amounts recorded within our reporting segments for restructuring charges and corresponding payments and utilizations:

(a) Includes expenses primarily related to the disposition of vehicles

4. Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) (shares in millions):

(a) For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023,0.2 million and 0.1 million non-vested stock awards, respectively, have an anti-dilutive effect and therefore are excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023,0.4 million and 0.1 million non-vested stock awards, respectively, have an anti-dilutive effect and therefore are excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding.

5. Other Current Assets

Other current assets consisted of:

6. Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of:

For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets was approximately $7 million and $6 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets was approximately $15 million and $14 million, respectively.

Based on our amortizable intangible assets at June 30, 2024, we expect amortization expense of approximately $14 million for the remainder of 2024, $22 million for 2025, $21 million for 2026, $16 million for 2027, $9 million for 2028 and $7 million for 2029, excluding effects of currency exchange rates.

7. Vehicle Rental Activities

The components of vehicles, net within assets under vehicle programs are as follows:

(a)See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions.

The components of vehicle depreciation and lease charges, net are summarized below:

At June 30, 2024 and 2023, we had payables related to vehicle purchases included in liabilities under vehicle programs - other of $573 million and $443 million, respectively, and receivables related to vehicle sales included in assets under vehicle programs - receivables from vehicle manufacturers and other of $138 million and $140 million, respectively.

8. Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was a benefit of 14.8%. Such rate differed from the Federal Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to the effect of certain tax credits, partially offset by foreign taxes on our International operations and state taxes.

Our effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was a provision of 24.8%. Such rate differed from the Federal Statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to foreign taxes on our International operations and state taxes.

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) published a proposal for the establishment of a global minimum tax rate of 15% (the “Pillar Two rule”), effective for fiscal 2024. We are closely monitoring developments of the Pillar Two rule as the OECD continues to refine its technical guidance and member states implement tax laws and regulations based on Pillar Two proposals. Based on our preliminary analysis, we do not expect Pillar Two to have a material impact on our financial statements for 2024.

9. Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities

Accounts payable and other current liabilities consisted of:

10. Long-term Corporate Debt and Borrowing Arrangements

Long-term corporate debt and borrowing arrangements consisted of:

(a)The floating rate term loan is part of our senior revolving credit facility, which is secured by pledges of capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and liens on substantially all of our intellectual property and certain other real and personal property. As of June 30, 2024, the floating rate term loan due 2027 bears interest at one-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 1.75%, for an aggregate rate of 7.21%. We have entered into a swap to hedge $750 million of interest rate exposure related to the floating rate term loan at an aggregate rate of 3.26%.

(b)The floating rate term loan is part of our senior revolving credit facility, which is secured by pledges of capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and liens on substantially all of our intellectual property and certain other real and personal property. As of June 30, 2024, the floating rate term loan due 2029 bears interest at one-month SOFR plus 3.00%, for an aggregate rate of 8.44%.

(c)Primarily includes finance leases, which are secured by liens on the related assets.

In February 2024, we issued €600 million of 7.000% euro-denominated Senior Notes due February 2029, at par, with interest payable semi-annually. In April 2024, we used net proceeds from the offering to redeem all of our outstanding 4.750% euro-denominated Senior Notes due January 2026 plus accrued interest, with the remainder being used for general corporate purposes.

In May 2024, we issued €200 million of additional 7.250% euro-denominated Senior notes due July 2030, at 100.25% of their face value, with interest payable semi-annually.

Committed Credit Facilities and Available Funding Arrangements

As of June 30, 2024, the committed corporate credit facilities available to us and/or our subsidiaries were as follows:

(a)The senior revolving credit facility bears interest at one-month SOFR plus 1.75% and is part of our senior credit facilities, which include the floating rate term loan and the senior revolving credit facility, and which are secured by pledges of capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, liens on substantially all of our intellectual property and certain other real and personal property.

As of June 30, 2024, we had various other uncommitted standby letter of credit facilities (“SBLC facilities”) with an additional letter of credit capacity of up to $300 million. As of June 30, 2024, no letters of credit have been issued or drawn on our SBLC facilities.

Debt Covenants

The agreements governing our indebtedness contain restrictive covenants, including restrictions on dividends paid to us by certain of our subsidiaries, the incurrence of additional indebtedness and/or liens by us and certain of our subsidiaries, acquisitions, mergers, liquidations, and sale and leaseback transactions. Our senior credit facility also contains a maximum leverage ratio requirement. As of June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with the financial covenants governing our indebtedness.

11. Debt Under Vehicle Programs and Borrowing Arrangements

Debt under vehicle programs, including related party debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding (AESOP) LLC (“Avis Budget Rental Car Funding”), consisted of:

(a)Includes approximately $848 million and $841 million of Class R notes as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which are held by us.

(b)In February 2024, we amended our European rental fleet securitization program to increase its capacity to approximately €1.9 billion and extend the maturity of the program to September 2026. We also added £200 million to our capacity within the program.

(c)Deferred financing fees related to Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $73 million and $61 million, respectively.

The following table provides a summary of debt issued by AESOP during the six months ended June 30, 2024:

Debt Maturities

The following table provides the contractual maturities of our debt under vehicle programs, including related party debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding, at June 30, 2024:

(a) Vehicle-backed debt primarily represents asset-backed securities.

(b) Includes $1.1 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities.

(c) Includes $2.6 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities.

(d) Includes $2.0 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities.

(e) Includes $0.1 billion of bank and bank-sponsored facilities.

Committed Credit Facilities and Available Funding Arrangements

As of June 30, 2024, available funding under our debt arrangements related to our vehicle programs, including related party debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding, consisted of:

(a) Capacity is subject to maintaining sufficient assets to collateralize debt. The total capacity for Americas - Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding includes increases from amendments and restatements of our asset-backed variable-funding financing facilities, which were most recently amended and restated in April 2024.

(b) The outstanding debt is collateralized by vehicles and related assets of $18.0 billion for Americas - Debt due to Avis Budget Rental Car Funding; $1.7 billion for Americas - Debt borrowings; $3.2 billion for International - Debt borrowings; and $0.2 billion for International - Finance leases.

Debt Covenants

The agreements under our vehicle-backed funding programs contain restrictive covenants, including restrictions on dividends paid to us by certain of our subsidiaries and restrictions on indebtedness, mergers, liens, liquidations, and sale and leaseback transactions and in some cases also require compliance with certain financial requirements. As of June 30, 2024, we are not aware of any instances of non-compliance with any of the financial or restrictive covenants contained in the debt agreements under our vehicle-backed funding programs.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Contingencies

In 2006, we completed the spin-offs of our Realogy and Wyndham subsidiaries (now known as Anywhere Real Estate, Inc., and Wyndham Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and Travel + Leisure Co., respectively). We do not believe that the impact of any resolution of pre-existing contingent liabilities in connection with the spin-offs should result in a material liability to us in relation to our consolidated financial position or liquidity, as Anywhere Real Estate, Inc., Wyndham Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and Travel + Leisure Co. have agreed to assume responsibility for these liabilities.

In March 2023, the California Office of Tax Appeals (“OTA”) issued an opinion in a case involving notices of proposed assessment of California corporation franchise tax for tax year 1999 issued to us. The case involves whether (i) the notices of proposed assessment were barred by the statute of limitations; and (ii) a transaction undertaken by us in tax year 1999 constituted a tax-free reorganization under the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”). The OTA concluded that the notices of proposed assessment were not barred by the statute of limitations and that the 1999 transaction was not a tax-free reorganization under the IRC. Anywhere Real Estate, Inc. has assumed 62.5%, and Wyndham Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and Travel + Leisure Co. have assumed 37.5% of the potential tax liability in this matter, respectively. We filed a petition for rehearing, which was denied in April 2024, and the tax assessment is expected to become payable, even if judicial relief is sought.

We are also named in litigation that is primarily related to the businesses of our former subsidiaries, including Realogy and Wyndham. We are entitled to indemnification from such entities for any liability resulting from such litigation.

In September 2014, Dawn Valli et al. v. Avis Budget Group Inc., et al. was filed in U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The plaintiffs seek to represent a purported nationwide class of certain renters of vehicles from our Avis and Budget subsidiaries from September 30, 2008 through the present. The plaintiffs seek damages in connection with claims relating to alleged misrepresentations and omissions concerning charging customers for traffic infractions and related administrative fees. On October 10, 2023, plaintiffs’ motion for class certification was denied as to their proposed nationwide class and granted as to a subclass, created at the Court’s discretion, of Avis Preferred and Budget Fastbreak members. We have been named as a defendant in other purported consumer class action lawsuits, includingtwo class actions filed against us in New Jersey, one seeking damages in connection with a breach of contract claim and another related to ancillary charges at our Payless subsidiary. However, the Company intends to vigorously defend them.

We are currently involved, and in the future may be involved, in claims and/or legal proceedings, including class actions, and governmental inquiries that are incidental to our vehicle rental and car sharing operations, including, among others, contract and licensee disputes, competition matters, employment and wage-and-hour claims, insurance and liability claims, intellectual property claims, business practice disputes and other regulatory, environmental, commercial and tax matters.

We are a defendant in a number of legal proceedings for personal injury arising from the operation of our vehicles. In June 2023, two of our subsidiaries were named as defendants in a lawsuit filed in Dallas, Texas alleging that one of our employees caused the death of an individual with one of our vehicles: Peggy Dawson Edwards, Individually and as Anticipated Representative of the Estate of Michael Edwards, Sr., et. al. v. Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC; PV Holding Corp.; and Kevin Barnes, Cause No. CC-23-03188-E, pending in County Court at Law No. 5 for Dallas County, Texas. The complaint alleges that our subsidiaries are responsible for Mr. Edwards’ death and seeks compensatory and punitive damages in an unspecified amount exceeding $1 million. The court has set a trial date in November 2024 for this lawsuit. Given the early stages of the legal proceedings, it is not possible to predict the outcome of the claim. However, the Company intends to vigorously defend it.

Litigation is inherently unpredictable and, although we believe that our accruals are adequate and/or that we have valid defenses in these matters, unfavorable resolutions could occur. We estimate that the potential exposure resulting from adverse outcomes of current legal proceedings in which it is reasonably possible that a loss may be incurred could, in the aggregate, be up to approximately $40 million in excess of amounts accrued as of June 30, 2024. We do not believe that the impact should result in a material liability to us in relation to our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Commitments to Purchase Vehicles

We maintain agreements with vehicle manufacturers under which we have agreed to purchase approximately $1.4 billion of vehicles from manufacturers over the next 12 months, a $5.4 billion decrease compared to December 31, 2023, financed primarily through the issuance of vehicle-backed debt and cash received upon the disposition of vehicles. Certain of these commitments are subject to the vehicle manufacturers satisfying their obligations under their respective repurchase and guaranteed depreciation agreements.

Concentrations

Concentrations of credit risk as of June 30, 2024 include (i) risks related to our repurchase and guaranteed depreciation agreements with domestic and foreign car manufacturers and primarily with respect to receivables for program cars that have been disposed but for which we have not yet received payment from the manufacturers and (ii) risks related to Realogy and Wyndham, including receivables of $39 million and $24 million, resp ectively, related to certain contingent, income tax and other corporate liabilities assumed by Realogy and Wyndham in connection with their disposition.

13. Stockholders' Equity

Share Repurchases

Our Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of up to approximately$8.1 billion of our common stock under a plan originally approved in 2013 and subsequently expanded, most recently in February 2023 (the“Stock Repurchase Program”). During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we didnot repurchase any shares of common stock under the Stock Repurchase Program. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we repurchased approximately 723 thousand shares of common stock at a cost of approximately $146.1 million under the Stock Repurchase Program. As of June 30, 2024, approximately $802 million of authorization remained available to repurchase common stock under the Stock Repurchase Program.

Common stock repurchases under the Stock Repurchase Program do not include shares withheld to satisfy employees’ income tax liabilities attributable to the vesting of restricted stock unit awards.

Total Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other gains and losses affecting stockholders’ equity that, under GAAP, are excluded from net income (loss).

The components of other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

(a) Currency translation adjustments exclude income taxes related to indefinite investments in foreign subsidiaries.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

All components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are net of tax, except currency translation adjustments, which exclude income taxes related to indefinite investments in foreign subsidiaries and include $116 million gain, net of tax, as of June 30, 2024 related to our hedge of our investment in euro-denominated foreign operations (see Note 16 – Financial Instruments).

(a)For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into corporate interest expense were gains of $7 million ($6 million, net of tax) and gains of $5 million ($4 million, net of tax), respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into corporate interest expense were gains of $14 million ($11 million, net of tax) and gains of $8 million ($6 million, net of tax), respectively.

(b)For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into selling, general and administrative expenses were losses of $2 million ($1 million, net of tax), in each period. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into selling, general and administrative expenses were losses of $3 million ($2 million, net of tax), in each period.

14. Related Party Transactions

SRS Mobility Ventures, LLC

In 2021, SRS Mobility Ventures, LLC acquired a 33 1/3% Class A Membership Interest in one of our subsidiaries at fair value of $37.5 million. SRS Mobility Ventures, LLC is an affiliate of our largest shareholder, SRS Investment Management, LLC.

On September 1, 2022, through the issuance of Class B Preferred Voting Membership Interests, SRS Mobility Ventures, LLC increased their ownership in this subsidiary to 51% at a fair value of $62 million. In accordance with ASC Topic 810-10-40, we must deconsolidate a subsidiary as of the date we cease to have a controlling interest in that subsidiary and recognize the gain or loss in net income at that time. The fair value of our retained investment was determined utilizing a discounted cash flow methodology based on various assumptions, including projections of future cash flows, which include forecast of future revenue and EBITDA. As a result, we deconsolidated our former subsidiary, Avis Mobility Ventures LLC (“AMV”), from our financial statements and began to report our proportional share of the former subsidiary’s income or loss within other (income) expense, net in our Consolidated Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income as we do not have the ability to direct the significant activities of the former subsidiary and are therefore no longer primary beneficiary of the VIE. Upon deconsolidation, our former subsidiary had a net asset carrying amount of $49 million resulting in a gain of $10 million.

In August and October 2023, SRS made capital contributions to AMV, increasing their ownership to approximately 65%.

In June 2024, SRS made a capital contribution of approximately $22.2 million to AMV, and we simultaneously settled approximately $11.7 million in receivables from AMV related to services we have provided. SRS’s ownership percentage remained at approximately 65% following these transactions.

We continue to provide vehicles, related fleet services, and certain administrative services to AMV to support their operations. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recorded an immaterial amount and $6 million of related income within other (income) expense, net, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $2 million and $14 million of related income within other (income) expense, net, respectively. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recorded losses of $2 million and $10 million within other (income) expense, net, related to our equity investment, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we recorded losses of $5 million and $16 million within other (income) expense, net, related to our equity investment, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, receivables from AMV related to these services were $3 million and $2 million, respectively, and our net investment in vehicle finance lease with AMV, which is included in vehicles, net, was $80 million and $31 million, respectively. The carrying value of our equity investment in AMV as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was approximately $31 million and $24 million, respectively, which is included in other non-current assets.

15. Stock-Based Compensation

We recorded stock-based compensation expenseof $6 million ($5 million, net of tax) and $8 million ($5 million, net of tax) during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We recorded stock-based compensation expense of$13 million ($10 million, net of tax) and $16 million ($11 million, net of tax) during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As part of our declaration and payment of a special cash dividend in December 2023, we granted additional restricted stock units (“RSUs”)to our award holders with unvested shares as a dividend equivalent, which has been deferred until, and will not be paid unless, the shares of stock underlying the award vest.

The activity related to RSUs consisted of (in thousands of shares):

(a)Reflects the maximum number of stock units assuming achievement of all performance- and time-vesting criteria and does not include those for non-employee directors. The weighted-average fair value of time-based RSUs and performance-based RSUs granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $208.55 and $208.49, respectively.

(b)The total fair value of RSUs vested during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $29 million and$19 million, respectively.

(c)Aggregate unrecognized compensation expense related to time-based RSUs and performance-based RSUs amounted to $46 million and willbe recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 1.6 years.

16. Financial Instruments

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Currency Risk. We use currency exchange contracts to manage our exposure to changes in currency exchange rates associated with certain of our non-U.S.-dollar denominated receivables and forecasted royalties, forecasted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries and forecasted non-U.S.-dollar denominated acquisitions. We primarily hedge a portion of our current-year currency exposure to the Australian, Canadian and New Zealand dollars, the euro and the British pound sterling. The majority of forward contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The fluctuations in the value of these forward contracts do, however, largely offset the impact of changes in the value of the underlying risk they economically hedge. Forward contracts used to hedge forecasted third-party receipts and disbursements up to 12 months are designated and do qualify as cash flow hedges. We have designated our euro-denominated notes as a hedge of our investment in euro-denominated foreign operations.

The estimated net amount of existing gains or losses we expect to reclassify from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings for cash flow and net investment hedges over the next 12 months is not material.

Interest Rate Risk. We use various hedging strategies including interest rate swaps and interest rate caps to create what we deem an appropriate mix of fixed and floating rate assets and liabilities. We use interest rate swaps and interest rate caps to manage the risk related to our floating rate corporate debt and our floating rate vehicle-backed debt. We record the changes in the fair value of our cash flow hedges to other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, and subsequently reclassify these amounts into earnings in the period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings and is presented in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. We record the gains or losses related to freestanding derivatives, which are not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes, currently in earnings and are presented in the same line of the income statement expected for the hedged item. We estimate that approximately $26 million of gain curr ently recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) will be recognized in earnings over the next 12 months.

Commodity Risk. We periodically enter into derivative commodity contracts to manage our exposure to changes in the price of fuel. These instruments were designated as freestanding derivatives and the changes in fair value are recorded in earnings and are presented in the same line of the income statement expected for the hedged item.

Weheld derivative instruments with absolute notional values as follows:

(a)Repres ents $10.5 billion of interest rate caps sold, partially offset by approximately $5.2 billion of interest rate caps purchased. These amounts exclude $5.9 billion of interest rate caps purchased by our Avis Budget Rental Car Funding subsidiary as it is not consolidated by us.

Estimated fair values (Level 2) of derivative instruments are as follows:

Amounts in this table exclude derivatives issued by Avis Budget Rental Car Funding, as it is not consolidated by us; however, certain amounts related to the deriv atives held by Avis Budget Rental Car Funding are included within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), as discussed in Note 13 – Stockholders' Equity.

(a)Included in other non-current assets or other non-current liabilities.

(b)Included in other current assets or other current liabilities.

(c)Included in assets under vehicle programs or liabilities under vehicle programs.

The effects of derivatives recognized in our Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements are as follows:

(a)Recognized, net of tax, as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity.

(b)Classified as a net unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Refer to Note 13 – Stockholders' Equity for amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings.

(c)Classified as a net investment hedge within currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

(d)Gains (losses) related to derivative instruments are expected to be largely offset by (losses) gains on the underlying exposures being hedged.

(e)Included in interest expense.

Debt Instruments

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values (Level 2) of debt instruments are as follows:

(a)Derivatives in a liability position.

17. Segment Information

Our chief operating decision-maker assesses performance and allocates resources based upon the separate financial information of our operating segments. In identifying our reportable segments, we also consider the nature of services provided by our operating segments, the geographical areas in which the segments operate and other relevant factors. We aggregate certain of our operating segments into our reportable segments.

Management evaluates the operating results of each of our reportable segments based upon revenues and “Adjusted EBITDA,” which we define as income (loss) from continuing operations before non-vehicle related depreciation and amortization; any impairment charges; restructuring and other related charges; early extinguishment of debt costs; non-vehicle related interest; transaction-related costs, net; legal matters, which includes amounts recorded in excess of $5 million related to class action lawsuits and personal injury matters; non-operational charges related to shareholder activist activity, which includes third-party advisory, legal and other professional fees; COVID-19 charges, net; cloud computing costs; other (income) expense, net; and income taxes.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful as a supplemental measure in evaluating the performance of our operating businesses and in comparing our results from period to period. We also believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors because it allows them to assess our results of operations and financial condition on the same basis that management uses internally. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

Since December 31, 2023, there have been no significant changes in segment assets exclusive of assets under vehicle programs. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Americas’ segment assets under vehicle programs were approximately $20.0 billion and $19.3 billion, respectively. This increase in assets under vehicle programs is directly correlated to the increase in the cost of our vehicle fleet.