CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Description of Business

Central Pacific Financial Corp. is a bank holding company. Our principal operating subsidiary, Central Pacific Bank, is a full-service commercial bank with 27 branches and 58 ATMs located throughout the State of Hawaii. The Bank engages in a broad range of lending activities including originating commercial loans, commercial and residential mortgage loans, home equity loans and consumer loans. The Bank also offers a variety of deposit products and services. These include personal and business checking and savings accounts, money market accounts and time certificates of deposit. Other products and services include debit cards, internet banking, mobile banking, cash management services, full-service ATMs, safe deposit boxes, international banking services, night depository facilities, foreign exchange and wire transfers. Wealth management products and services include non-deposit investment products, annuities, investment management, asset custody and general consultation and planning services.

Operating Segments

Operations, resource allocation and financial performance are managed by the Company's Executive Committee, or its chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), on a Company-wide basis. Accordingly, all of the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable segment.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

In January 2020, the Bank acquired a 50% ownership interest in a mortgage loan origination and brokerage company, Oahu HomeLoans, LLC. The Bank concluded that the investment meets the consolidation requirements under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810,"Consolidation." The Bank also concluded that the entity meets the definition of a variable interest entity and that we are the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entity. Accordingly, the investment has been consolidated into the Company's financial statements. In March 2022, Oahu HomeLoans, LLC was terminated.

The Bank has 50% ownership interests in three other mortgage loan origination and brokerage companies which are accounted for using the equity method and are included in investment in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets: Gentry HomeLoans, LLC, Haseko HomeLoans, LLC and Island Pacific HomeLoans, LLC.

The Bank has low income housing tax credit partnership investments that are accounted for under the proportional amortization method and are included in investment in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

In 2021, the Company committed $2.0 million to the JAM FINTOP Banktech Fund, L.P., an investment fund designed to help develop and accelerate technology adoption at community banks across the United States. The Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the JAM FINTOP Banktech Fund, L.P. and the investment does not have a readily determinable fair value. As a result, the Company determined that the cost method of accounting for the investment was appropriate. The investment is included in investment in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company invested $2.0 million in Swell Financial, Inc. ("Swell"), which included $1.5 million in other intangible assets and services provided in exchange for Swell non-voting common stock and $0.5 million in cash in exchange for Swell preferred stock. The Company did not have the ability to exercise significant influence over Swell and the investment did not have a readily determinable fair value. As a result, the Company determined that the cost method of accounting for the investment was appropriate. The investment was included in investments in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022.

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company entered into a transaction with Swell whereby Swell repurchased the Company’s entire preferred and common stock equity investment in exchange for $0.5 million in cash, certain intellectual property rights and a platform usage fee agreement related to products that may be launched by Swell or its affiliates in the future (not to exceed $1.5 million in value). The Company cannot provide any assurance that the platform usage fees will be collected.

Due to the aforementioned events, the Company performed an impairment analysis and concluded the intellectual property rights and the platform usage fee agreement received in exchange for the Company's investment in Swell were not impaired as of December 31, 2023. These intangible assets totaling $1.5 million are included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023.

The Company also has other non-controlling equity investments in affiliates that are accounted for under the cost method and are included in investment in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

Investments in unconsolidated entities accounted for under the equity, proportional amortization and cost methods were $0.1 million, $37.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023 and $0.1 million, $40.9 million and $5.6 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022.

The Company's policy for determining impairment of these investments includes an evaluation of whether a loss in value of an investment is other than temporary. Evidence of a loss in value includes absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or the inability of the investee to sustain an earnings capacity which would justify the carrying amount of the investment. Impairment tests are performed whenever indicators of impairment are present. If the value of an investment declines and it is considered other than temporary, the investment is written down to its respective fair value in the period in which this determination is made.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that reflect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance and provision for credit losses, reserve for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, deferred income tax assets and income tax expense, valuation of investment securities, mortgage servicing rights and the related amortization thereon, the liability related to the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans, and the fair value of certain financial instruments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from financial institutions, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, federal funds sold and all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. Net cash flows are reported for customer loan and deposit transactions, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, and federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements.

Investment Securities

Investments in debt securities are designated as trading, available-for-sale ("AFS"), or held-to-maturity ("HTM"). Investments in debt securities are designated as HTM only if we have the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity. HTM securities are reported at amortized cost in the consolidated balance sheets. Trading securities are reported at fair value, with changes in fair value included in net income. Debt securities not classified as HTM or trading are classified as AFS and are reported at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable taxes, excluded from net income and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI").

Transfers of investment securities from AFS to HTM are accounted for at fair value as of the date of the transfer. The difference between the fair value and the par value at the date of transfer is considered a premium or discount and is accounted for accordingly. Any unrealized gain or loss at the date of the transfer is reported in AOCI, and is amortized over the remaining life of the security as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the amortization of any premium or discount, and will offset or mitigate the effect on interest income of the amortization of the premium or discount for that HTM security.

Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included in net income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment.

The Company classifies its investment securities portfolio into the following major security types: mortgage-backed securities ("MBS"), other debt securities and equity securities. The Company’s MBS portfolio is comprised primarily of residential MBS issued by United States of America ("U.S.") government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by an agency of the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. The remainder of the MBS portfolio are commercial MBS issued by U.S government entities and agencies (for which there is no minimum credit rating), non-agency residential MBS (which shall meet a minimum credit rating of AAA) and non-agency commercial MBS (which shall meet a minimum credit rating of BBB and meet minimum internal credit guidelines).

The Company’s other debt securities portfolio is comprised of obligations issued by U.S. government entities and agencies, obligations issued by states and political subdivisions (which shall meet a minimum credit rating of BBB), and corporate bonds (which shall meet a minimum credit rating of BBB-).

Interest income on investment securities includes amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. We amortize premiums to the earliest call date. We accrete discounts associated with investment securities using the effective interest method over the life of the respective security instrument. Gains and losses on the sale of investment securities are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.

A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become 90 days delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on non-accrual status is reversed against current period interest income. There were no investment securities on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2023 and the Company did not reverse any accrued interest against interest income during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) for AFS Debt Securities

AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position are evaluated for impairment at least quarterly. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether or not it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the investment security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income.

For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In conducting this assessment for debt securities in an unrealized loss position, management evaluates the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the investment security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in AOCI.

Changes in the ACL are recorded as a provision (credit) for credit losses. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

As of December 31, 2023, the declines in market values of our AFS debt securities were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and volatility in the financial markets. Because we have no intent to sell securities in an unrealized loss position and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell such securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, we do not believe a credit loss exists and an ACL was not recorded.

The Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of debt securities as the Company writes off any uncollectible accrued interest receivable in a timely manner. Accrued interest receivable on AFS and HTM debt securities is reported together with accrued interest receivable on loans in the consolidated balance sheets. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $3.2 million and $3.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

ACL for HTM Debt Securities

Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. For pools of such securities with common risk characteristics, the historical lifetime probability of default and severity of loss in the event of default is derived or obtained from external sources. Expected credit losses for these securities are estimated using a loss rate methodology which considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Expected credit loss on each security in the HTM portfolio that do not share common risk characteristics with any of the pools of debt securities is individually measured based on net realizable value, or the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the recorded amortized cost basis of the security.

Securities in the HTM portfolio are issued by or contain collateral issued by U.S. government sponsored enterprises ("GSEs") and carry implicit guarantees from the U.S. government. Due to the implicit guarantee and the long history of no credit losses, no allowance for credit losses was recorded for these securities.

Accrued interest on HTM debt securities is reported inaccrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $1.2 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale consists of the followingtwo types: (1) Hawaii residential mortgage loans that are originated with the intent to sell them in the secondary market and (2) non-residential mortgage loans in both Hawaii and the U.S. Mainland that were originated with the intent to be held in our portfolio but were subsequently transferred to the held for sale category. Hawaii residential mortgage loans classified as held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value on an aggregate basis, while the non-residential Hawaii and U.S. Mainland loans are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value on an individual basis. Net fees and costs associated with originating and acquiring the Hawaii residential mortgage loans held for sale are deferred and included in the basis for determining the gain or loss on sales of loans held for sale.

Loans originated with the intent to be held in our portfolio are subsequently transferred to held for sale when our intent to hold for the foreseeable future has changed. At the time of a loan's transfer to the held for sale account, the loan is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value. Any reduction in the loan's value is reflected as a write-down of the recorded investment resulting in a new cost basis, with a corresponding reduction in the allowance for credit losses.

In subsequent periods, if the fair value of a loan classified as held for sale is less than its cost basis, a valuation adjustment is recognized in our consolidated statement of income in other operating expense and the carrying value of the loan is adjusted accordingly. The valuation adjustment may be recovered in the event that the fair value increases, which is also recognized in our consolidated statement of income in other operating expense.

The fair value of loans classified as held for sale are generally based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, acceptance of firm offer letters with agreed upon purchase prices, discounted cash flow models that take into account market observable assumptions, or independent appraisals of the underlying collateral securing the loans. Collateral values are determined based on appraisals received from qualified valuation professionals and are obtained periodically or when indicators that property values may be impaired are present.

We sell residential mortgage loans under industry standard contractual provisions that include certain representations and warranties, which typically cover ownership of the loan, compliance with loan criteria set forth in the applicable agreement, validity of the lien securing the loan, and other similar matters. We may be required to repurchase certain loans sold with identified defects, indemnify the investor, or reimburse the investor for any credit losses incurred. Our repurchase risk generally relates to early payment defaults and borrower fraud. We establish residential mortgage repurchase reserves to reflect this risk based on our estimate of losses after considering a combination of factors, including our estimate of future repurchase activity and our projection of estimated credit losses resulting from repurchased loans.

Loans

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost . Amortized cost is the unpaid principal amount outstanding, net of unamortized purchase premiums and discounts, unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs and cumulative principal charge-offs. Purchase premiums and discounts are generally amortized into interest income over the contractual terms of the underlying loans using the effective interest method. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income over the life of the related loan as an adjustment to yield and are amortized using the interest method over the contractual term of the loan, adjusted for actual prepayments. Deferred loan fees and costs on loans paid in full are recognized as a component of interest income on loans.

Interest income on loans is accrued at the contractual rate of interest on the unpaid principal balance. Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $17.1 million and $16.0 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is reported together with accrued interest on investment securities on the consolidated balance sheets. Upon adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13,“Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” the Company made the accounting policy election to not measure an estimate of credit losses on accrued interest receivable as the Company writes off any uncollectible accrued interest receivable in a timely manner.

Nonaccrual Loans

The Company determines delinquency status by considering the number of days full payments required by the contractual terms of the loan are past due. Commercial, scored small business, automobile and other consumer loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when principal and/or interest payments are 90 days past due, or earlier should management determine that the borrowers will be unable to meet contractual principal and/or interest obligations, unless the loans are well-secured and in the process of collection. Residential mortgage and home equity loans, are generally placed on nonaccrual status when principal and/or interest payments are 120 days past due, or earlier should management determine that the borrowers will be unable to meet contractual principal and/or interest obligations, unless the loans are well-secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income should management determine that the collectability of such accrued interest is doubtful. All subsequent receipts are applied to principal outstanding and no interest income is recognized unless the financial condition and payment record of the borrowers warrant such recognition and the loan is restored to accrual status. A nonaccrual loan may be restored to an accrual basis when principal and interest payments are current for a predetermined period, normally at least six months, and full payment of principal and interest is reasonably assured.

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2022-02,"Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures", under the prospective transition method. Details of the adoption of ASU 2022-02 are discussed later in this note.

Effective as of the adoption date, loan modifications or restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are evaluated to determine whether they result in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Loan restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are generally accounted for as a continuation of the existing loan as the terms of the restructured loans are typically not at market rates.

When a loan is restructured under ASU 2022-02, the loan is measured for impairment using the discounted cash flow method that utilizes a prepayment-adjusted discount rate based on the loan’s restructured terms. Under the previous TDR accounting model, the discount rate that was in effect prior to the restructuring to measure impairment was used. Using the interest rate that was in effect prior to the restructuring resulted in the recognition of the economic concession that was granted to borrowers as part of the loan restructuring in the ACL for loans. Using a post-restructuring interest rate does not result in the recognition of an economic concession in the ACL for loans.

As we have elected a prospective transition, the economic concession on a loan that was previously restructured and accounted for as a TDR under previous guidance will continue to be measured in our ACL for loans using the discount rate that was in effect prior to the restructuring and the economic concession may increase or decrease as the cash flow assumptions related to the expected life of the loan are updated. Further, the component of the ACL for loans representing economic concessions will decrease as the borrower makes payments in accordance with the restructured terms of the mortgage loan and as the loan is sold, liquidated, or subsequently restructured.

Troubled Debt Restructurings Prior to the Adoption of ASU 2022-02

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, a loan was accounted for and reported as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR") when two conditions were met: 1) the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty and 2) the Company granted a concession to the borrower experiencing financial difficulty that it would not have otherwise considered for a borrower or transaction with similar credit risk characteristics. A restructuring that resulted in only an insignificant delay in payment was not considered a concession. A delay may have been considered insignificant if the payments subject to the delay were insignificant relative to the unpaid principal or collateral value and the contractual amount due, or the delay in timing of the restructured payment period was insignificant relative to the frequency of payments, the debt’s original contractual maturity or original expected duration.

TDRs that were performing and on accrual status as of the date of the modification remained on accrual status. TDRs that were nonperforming as of the date of modification generally remained as nonaccrual until the prospect of future payments in accordance with the modified loan agreement was reasonably assured, generally demonstrated when the borrower maintained compliance with the restructured terms for a predetermined period, normally at least six months. TDRs with temporary below-market concessions remained designated as a TDR regardless of the accrual or performance status until the loan was paid off.

Expected credit losses were estimated on a collective (pool) basis when they shared similar risk characteristics. If a TDR financial asset shared similar risk characteristics with other financial assets, it was evaluated with those other financial assets on a collective basis. If it did not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets, it was evaluated individually. The Company’s ACL reflected all effects of a TDR when an individual asset was specifically identified as a reasonably expected TDR. The Company had determined that a TDR was reasonably expected no later than the point when the lender concluded that modification was the best course of action and it was at least reasonably possible that the troubled borrower would accept some form of concession from the lender to avoid a default. Reasonably expected TDRs and executed TDRs were evaluated to determine the required ACL using the same method as all other loans held for investment, except when the value of a concession could not be measured using a method other than the discounted cash flow method. When the value of a concession was measured using the discounted cash flow method, the ACL was determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at the original interest rate of the loan. Based on the underlying risk characteristics, TDRs performing in accordance with their modified contractual terms may have been collectively evaluated.

Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans

The ACL for loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans. The Company's policy is to charge off a loan against the ACL during the period in which the loan is deemed to be uncollectible and all interest previously accrued but uncollected, is reversed against current period interest income. A loan is deemed to be uncollectible when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and when it is possible to determine a reasonable estimate of the loss. Subsequent receipts, if any, are credited first to the remaining principal, then to the ACL for loans as recoveries, and finally to interest income. The ACL for loans represents management's estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected life of the Company's loan portfolio as of a given balance sheet date. Management estimates the ACL balance using relevant available information from both internal and external sources, regarding the collectability of cash flows impacted by past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. When the Company is unable to forecast future economic events, management may revert to historical information.

The Company's ACL model incorporates a reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year and reverts to historical loss information on a straight-line basis over one year when its forecast is no longer deemed reasonable and supportable. Historical loss experience provides the basis for the Company’s expected credit loss estimate. Adjustments to historical loss information may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, or when historical asset terms do not reflect the contractual terms of the financial assets being evaluated.

The Company's ACL model may also consider other adjustments to address changes in conditions, trends, and circumstances such as local industry changes that could have a significant impact on the risk profile of the loan portfolio and provide for adjustments that may not be reflected or captured in the historical loss data. These factors include: lending policies, imprecision in forecasting future economic conditions, loan profile, lending staff, problem loan trends, loan review, collateral, credit concentration and other internal and external factors.

The Company uses Moody’s Analytics ("Moody’s"), a firm widely recognized and used for its research, analysis, and economic

forecasts, for its economic forecast assumptions. The Company generally uses Moody’s most recent Baseline forecast, which is

updated at least monthly with a variety of upside and downside economic scenarios and includes both National and Hawaii-specific economic indicators. During times of economic and market volatility or instability, the Company may include a qualitative factor for forecast imprecision.

The ACL for loans is measured on a collective or pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company segments its portfolio generally by the loans categories in the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council ("FFIEC") Call Report. The following is a description and the risk characteristics of each segment:

Commercial and industrial loans - SBA Paycheck Protection Program

Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loans are considered lower risk as they are guaranteed by the Small Business Administration ("SBA") and may be forgivable in whole or in part in accordance with the requirements of the PPP.

Commercial and industrial loans - Others

Commercial and industrial loans consist primarily of term loans and lines of credit to small- and middle-market businesses and professionals. The predominant risk characteristics of this segment are the cash flows of the business we lend to, global cash flows including guarantor liquidity, as well as economic and market conditions. Although our underwriting policy and practice generally requires secondary sources of support or collateral to mitigate risk, cash flow generated from the borrower’s business is typically regarded as the principal source of repayment.

Construction loans

Construction loans include both residential and commercial development projects. Each construction project is evaluated for economic viability and construction loans pose higher credit risks than typical secured loans. Financial strength of the borrower, completion risk (the risk that the project will not be completed on time and within budget) and geographic location are the predominant risk characteristics of this segment.

Commercial real estate loans - Multi-family

Multi-family mortgage loans can comprise multi-building properties with extensive amenities or a single building with no amenities. The predominant risk characteristic of this segment is operating risk or the ability to generate sufficient rental income from the operation of the property.

Commercial real estate loans - Others

Commercial real estate loans are secured by commercial properties. The predominant risk characteristic of this segment is operating risk, which is the risk that the borrower will be unable to generate sufficient cash flows from the operation of the property. Interest rate conditions and the commercial real estate market through economic cycles also impact risk levels.

Residential mortgage loans

Residential mortgage loans primarily include fixed-rate or adjustable-rate loans secured by single-family owner-occupied primary residences in Hawaii. Economic conditions such as unemployment levels, future changes in interest rates, Hawaii home prices and other market factors impact the level of credit risk inherent in the portfolio.

Home equity lines of credit

Home equity lines of credit include fixed or floating interest rate loans and are also primarily secured by single-family owner-occupied primary residences in Hawaii. They are underwritten based on a minimum FICO score, maximum debt-to-income ratio, and maximum combined loan-to-value ratio. Home equity lines of credit are monitored based on credit score, delinquency, end of draw period and maturity.

Consumer loans - Other revolving

Other revolving consumer loans consist of unsecured consumer lines of credit. The predominant risk characteristics of this segment relate to current and projected economic conditions, as well as employment and income levels attributed to the borrower.

Consumer loans - Non-revolving

Non-revolving consumer loans consist of non-revolving (term) consumer loans, including automobile dealer loans. The predominant risk characteristics of this segment relate to current and projected economic conditions, as well as employment and income levels attributed to the borrower.

Purchased consumer loans

Purchased consumer loans consist of dealer and unsecured consumer loans. Credit risk for purchased consumer loans is managed on a pooled basis. The predominant risk characteristics of this segment include current and projected economic conditions, employment and income levels, and the quality of purchased consumer loans.

The following table presents the Company's loan portfolio segments and the methodology used to measure expected credit losses. As of December 31, 2023, the historical look-back period is 2008 to present, economic forecast length is one year and the reversion method is one year (on a straight-line basis) for all segments.

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company updated its methodology to measure expected credit losses from the Probability of Default/Loss Given Default ("PD/LGD") or Loss-Rate Migration methods to the Discounted Cash Flow ("DCF") method for all segments except the SBA PPP and purchased consumer loan segments. The Company believes that the DCF methodology has better alignment with the Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") standard for forward looking forecasting, while also factoring in more detailed assumptions. The Company is utilizing an industry leading software platform to perform the DCF analysis using a historical look back period of 2008 to present. The Company ran the ACL model under both the current and previous methodologies and noted that the changes to the ACL model and the differences in methodologies did not result in a material impact to the Company's financial statements and as a percentage of the ACL.

The Company continues to use the Moody's baseline forecast with an economic forecast length of one year and a one-year, straight-line reversion method. We revert to the historical average of the macroeconomic variables being used. Forecast models exclude the post-2019 COVID-19 pandemic period due to abnormal and volatile behavior.

The ACL on the purchased consumer loan portfolios continues to be calculated using the Remaining Life methodology (also known as the Weighted Average Remaining Maturity or "WARM" methodology) as this portfolio is evaluated on a pooled basis. Because SBA PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA and may be forgivable in whole or in part in accordance with the requirements of the PPP we anticipate zero losses on these loans and accordingly apply a Zero Loss methodology.

The following is a description of the methodologies utilized to measure expected credit losses from the third quarter of 2023 to present:

Discounted Cash Flow

The DCF methodology calculates CECL reserves as the difference between the amortized cost of a loan and the discounted expected value of future cash flows. Expected future cash flows are calculated based on assumptions of PD/LGD, prepayments and recovery rates, and are discounted using the loan’s effective interest rate.

Remaining Life or Weighted Average Remaining Life

Under the remaining life or WARM methodology, lifetime losses are calculated by determining the remaining life of the loan pool, and then applying a loss rate over this remaining life of the loan. The methodology considers historical loss experience to estimate credit losses for the remaining balance of the loan pool. The calculated loss rate is applied to the contractual term (adjusted for prepayments) to determine the loan pool’s current expected credit losses.

The following is a description of the methodologies utilized to measure expected credit losses as of June 30, 2023 and prior:

Probability of Default/Loss Given Default

The PD/LGD calculation is based on a cohort methodology whereby loans in the same cohort are tracked over time to identify defaults and corresponding losses. PD/LGD analysis requires a portfolio segmented into pools, and we elected to then further sub-segment by risk characteristics such as Risk Rating, loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 and nonaccrual status to measure losses accurately. PD measures the count or dollar amount of loans that defaulted in a given cohort. LGD measures the losses related to the loans that defaulted. Total loss rate is calculated using the formula, 'PD times LGD'.

Loss-Rate Migration

Loss-rate migration analysis is a cohort-based approach that measures cumulative net charge-offs over a defined time-horizon to calculate a loss rate that will be applied to the loan pool. Loss-rate migration analysis requires the portfolio to be segmented into pools then further sub-segmented by risk characteristics such as days past due, delinquency counters, loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 and nonaccrual status to measure loss rates accurately. The key inputs to run a loss-rate migration analysis are the length and frequency of the migration period, the dates for the migration periods to start and the number of migration periods used for the analysis. For each migration period, the analysis will determine the outstanding balance in each segment and/or sub-segment at the start of each period. These loans will then be followed for the length of the migration period to identify the amount of associated charge-offs and recoveries. A loss rate for each migration period is calculated using the formula: net charge-offs over the period divided by beginning loan balance.

Other

If a loan ceases to share similar risk characteristics with other loans in its segment, it will be moved to a different pool sharing similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis based on the fair value of the collateral or other approaches such as discounted cash flow methodology. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation.

Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures

The Company maintains a separate and distinct reserve for off-balance-sheet credit exposures which is included in other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company estimates the amount of expected losses by calculating a commitment usage factor for letters of credit, non-revolving lines of credit, and revolving lines of credit over the remaining life during which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit.

Letters of credit are generally unlikely to advance since they are typically in place only to ensure various forms of performance of the borrowers. Many of the letters of credit are cash secured. Non-revolving lines of credit are determined to be likely to advance as these are typically construction lines. Meanwhile, the likelihood of revolving lines of credit advancing varies with each individual borrower. Therefore, the future usage of each line was estimated based on the average line utilization of the revolving line of credit portfolio as a whole.

The estimate also applies the loss factors for each loan type used in the ACL for loans methodology, which is based on historical losses, economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for off-balance sheet credit exposures.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are included in other operating expense and are computed using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the applicable leases. Useful lives generally range from five tothirty-nine years for premises and improvements, andone toseven years for equipment. Major improvements and betterments are capitalized, while recurring maintenance and repairs are charged to operating expense. Net gains or losses on dispositions of premises and equipment are included in other operating income and operating expense.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned is composed of properties acquired through deed-in-lieu or foreclosure proceedings and is initially recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell the property, thereby establishing the new cost basis of other real estate. Losses arising at the time of acquisition of such properties are charged against the ACL. Subsequent to acquisition, such properties are carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated selling expenses, determined on an individual asset basis. Any deficiency resulting from the excess of cost over fair value less estimated selling expenses is recognized as a valuation allowance. Any subsequent increase in fair value up to its cost basis is recorded as a reduction of the valuation allowance. Increases or decreases in the valuation allowance are included in other operating expense. Net gains or losses recognized on the sale of these properties are included in other operating income.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing rights are recorded when loans are sold to third-parties with servicing of those loans retained and we classify and pool our mortgage servicing rights into buckets of homogeneous characteristics. We utilize the amortization method to measure our mortgage servicing rights. Under the amortization method, we amortize our mortgage servicing rights in proportion to and over the period of net servicing income. Income generated as the result of new mortgage servicing rights is reported as gains on sales of loans and is a component of mortgage banking income in the other operating income section of our consolidated statements of income. Amortization of the servicing rights is also reported as a component of mortgage banking income. Ancillary income is recorded in other income.

Initial fair value of the servicing right is calculated by a discounted cash flow model prepared by a third-party service provider based on market value assumptions at the time of origination and we assess the servicing right for impairment using current market value assumptions at each reporting period. Critical assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model include mortgage prepayment speeds, discount rates, and servicing income and costs. Variations in our assumptions could materially affect the estimated fair values. Changes to our assumptions are made when current trends and market data indicate that new trends have developed. Current market value assumptions based on loan product types (fixed-rate, adjustable-rate and government FHA loans) include average discount rates, servicing cost and ancillary income. Many of these assumptions are subjective and require a high level of management judgment. Our mortgage servicing rights portfolio and valuation assumptions are periodically reviewed by management.

Prepayment speeds may be affected by economic factors such as home price appreciation, market interest rates, the availability of other credit products to our borrowers and customer payment patterns. Prepayment speeds include the impact of all borrower prepayments, including full payoffs, additional principal payments and the impact of loans paid off due to foreclosure liquidations.

We perform an impairment assessment of our mortgage servicing rights quarterly or whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. Our impairment assessments involve, among other valuation methods, the estimation of future cash flows and other methods of determining fair value. Estimating future cash flows and determining fair values are subject to judgments and often involve the use of significant estimates and assumptions. The variability of the factors we use to perform our impairment tests depend on a number of conditions, including the uncertainty about future events and cash flows. All such factors are interdependent and, therefore, do not change in isolation. Accordingly, our accounting estimates may materially change from period to period due to changing market factors.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company determined its mortgage servicing rights were not impaired.

Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines Stock

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (the "FHLB") and is required to obtain and hold a specific number of shares of capital stock of the FHLB equal to the sum of a membership investment requirement and an activity-based investment requirement. The securities are reported at cost and are presented separately in the consolidated balance sheets.

Non-Controlling Interest

Non-controlling interest is comprised of capital and undistributed profits of the member of Oahu HomeLoans, LLC, other than the Bank. In March 2022, Oahu HomeLoans, LLC was terminated. As a result, the Company did not hold any non-controlling interest on its consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing expense model to determine the fair-value of stock options, and the market price of the Company's common stock at the grant date for restricted stock awards. Share-based compensation is recognized as expense over the employee's requisite service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded vesting, we recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over their respective vesting period. The Company's accounting policy is to recognize forfeitures as they occur. See Note 13 - Share-Based Compensation for additional information.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effects attributable to temporary differences and carryforwards. A valuation allowance may be required if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is necessary, we consider the level of taxable income in prior years, the extent that carrybacks are permitted under current tax laws, as well as estimates of future taxable income and tax planning strategies that could be implemented to accelerate taxable income, if necessary. If our estimates of future taxable income were materially overstated or if our assumptions regarding the tax consequences of tax planning strategies were inaccurate, some or all of our deferred tax assets may not be realized, which would result in a charge to earnings. Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) are included in other assets (liabilities) in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in other expense.

We establish income tax contingency reserves for potential tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions. Tax benefits are recognized when we determine that it is more likely than not that such benefits will be realized. Where uncertainty exists due to the complexity of income tax statutes, and where the potential tax amounts are significant, we generally seek independent tax opinions to support our positions. If our evaluation of the likelihood of the realization of benefits is inaccurate, we could incur additional income tax and interest expense that would adversely impact earnings, or we could receive tax benefits greater than anticipated which would positively impact earnings.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, excluding unvested restricted stock awards. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, increased by the dilutive effect of stock options and stock awards, less shares held in a Rabbi trust pursuant to a deferred compensation plan for directors.

Forward Foreign Exchange Contracts

We are periodically a party to a limited amount of forward foreign exchange contracts to satisfy customer needs for foreign currencies. These contracts are not utilized for trading purposes and are carried at market value, with realized gains and losses included in fees on foreign exchange.

Derivatives and Hedging Activities

We recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. On the date that we enter into a derivative contract, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of an identified asset or liability ("fair value hedge"), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to an identified asset or liability ("cash flow hedge") or (3) a transaction not qualifying for hedge accounting ("free standing derivative"). For a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative and, to the extent that it is effective, changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability, attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period net income in the same financial statement category as the hedged item. For a cash flow hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative, to the extent that it is effective, is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) ("OCI"). These changes in fair value are subsequently reclassified to net income in the same periods that the hedged transaction affects net income in the same financial statement category as the hedged item. For free standing derivatives, changes in fair values are reported in current period other operating income.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04,"Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)." This ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or other reference rates expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Entities can (1) elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. An entity that makes this election would not have to remeasure the contracts at the modification date or reassess a previous accounting determination. Entities can also (2) elect various optional expedients that would allow them to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. Finally, entities can (3) make a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01,"Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)," which clarifies that all derivative instruments affected by the changes to interest rates used for discounting, margining or contract price alignment, regardless of whether they reference LIBOR or another rate expected to be discontinued as a result of reference rate reform, an entity may apply certain practical expedients in Topic 848. ASU 2020-04 and 2021-01 are elective and can be adopted between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06,"Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848", which extends the temporary relief provision period and allows companies to defer the adoption to December 31, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2020-04 and elected optional expedients above for applicable contract modifications. We currently do not have any hedge accounting for hedging relationships that meet the stated criteria. The adoption did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging—Portfolio Layer Method", which clarifies the guidance on fair value hedge accounting of interest rate risk portfolios of financial assets. ASU 2022-01 updates guidance in Topic 815, to expand the scope of the current last-of-layer method to allow multiple hedged layers to be designated for a single closed portfolio of financial assets or one or more beneficial interests secured by a portfolio of financial instruments on a prospective basis. Additionally, ASU 2022-01 clarifies that basis adjustments related to existing portfolio layer hedge relationships should not be considered when measuring credit losses on the financial assets included in the closed portfolio. Further, ASU 2022-01 clarifies that any reversal of fair value hedge basis adjustments associated with an actual breach should be recognized in interest income immediately. ASU 2022-01 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2022-01 effective January 1, 2023 and it did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements as we currently do not use the last-of-layer hedge accounting method.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures". ASU 2022-02 updates guidance in Topic 326 to eliminate the TDR accounting guidance by creditors in Subtopic 310-40, "Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors", while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Instead of applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, an entity would apply the loan refinancing and restructuring guidance to determine whether a modification or other form of restructuring results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Additionally, the amendments in ASU 2022-02 require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases in the existing vintage disclosures within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses—Measured at Amortized Cost". ASU 2022-02 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2022-02 requires prospective transition for disclosures related to loan restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and the presentation of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination while removing the presentation of current-period recoveries and net write-off from the vintage disclosure for charge-offs. The guidance related to the recognition and measurement of existing TDRs and new loan modifications or restructurings may be adopted on a prospective or modified retrospective transition method. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 effective January 1, 2023 using the prospective transition method. The adoption of this guidance had no material impact on our financial statements.

Impact of Other Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements on Future Filings

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03,"Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions". ASU 2022-03, (1) clarifies the guidance in Topic 820 when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) amends a related illustrative example, and (3) introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. ASU 2022-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect ASU 2022-03 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements as the Company does not own any equity securities in its investment portfolio.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09,"Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". ASU 2023-09 expands existing income tax disclosures for rate reconciliations by requiring disclosure of certain specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as additional qualitative information about the reconciliation, and additional disaggregated information about income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted, and are to be applied on a prospective basis. The Company does not expect ASU 2023-09 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its disclosures.

2. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost, gross unrecognized/unrealized gains and losses, fair value and related allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale ("AFS") and held-to-maturity ("HTM") investment securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

In 2022, the Company transferred 81 investment securities that were classified as AFS to HTM. The investment securities had an amortized cost basis of $762.7 million and a fair market value of $673.2 million. On the date of transfers, these securities had a total net unrealized loss of $89.5 million. There was no impact to net income as a result of the reclassifications.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a total of $7.4 million and $6.2 million, respectively, in amortization of unrecognized losses on the aforementioned investment securities transferred from AFS to HTM.

These transfers were executed to mitigate the potential future impact to capital through accumulated other comprehensive loss in consideration of a rising interest rate environment and the impact of rising rates on the market value of the investment securities. The Company believes that it maintains sufficient liquidity for future business needs and it has the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity.

The amortized cost, estimated fair value and weighted average yield of our investment securities at December 31, 2023 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

(1)Weighted-average yields are computed on an annual basis, and yields on tax-exempt obligations are computed on a taxable-equivalent basis using a federal statutory tax rate of 21%.

In September 2023, the Company soldtwo AFS commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by non-government agencies and received proceeds of $1.4 million. The investment securities had a cost basis of $1.5 million and were sold at a loss of $0.1 million.

In December 2023, the Company executed an investment portfolio restructuring of its AFS investment securities portfolio. The Company sold 17 AFS investment securities with a book value of $30.0 million and received proceeds of $28.1 million, which resulted in gross realized losses of $1.9 million. No gross gains were realized on the sale. With the proceeds, the Company purchased higher yielding and shorter duration AFS investment securities totaling $28.3 million.

In 2022, the Company did not sell any investment securities except for its Class B common stock of Visa which is discussed later in this footnote.

In 2021, proceeds from the sale of AFS investment securities were $279.5 million and resulted in a net realized gain of $0.2 million. Gross realized gains and losses on the sale of AFS investment securities totaled $3.4 million and $3.2 million, respectively. In 2021, proceeds from the sale of equity investment securities were $1.7 million.

Investment securities of $990.4 million and $607.7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were pledged to secure public funds on deposit and other long-term and short-term borrowings.

There were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders' equity as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

There were a total of 208 and 243 AFS securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were a total of 82 and 83 HTM securities in an unrecognized loss position at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table summarizes AFS and HTM securities which were in an unrealized or unrecognized loss position at December 31, 2023 and 2022, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrealized or unrecognized loss position:

Investment securities in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position are evaluated on at least a quarterly basis, and include evaluating the changes in the investment securities' ratings issued by rating agencies and changes in the financial condition of the issuer. For mortgage-related securities, delinquency and loss information with respect to the underlying collateral, changes in levels of subordination for the Company's particular position within the repayment structure, and remaining credit enhancement as compared to projected credit losses of the security are also evaluated.

The Company has evaluated its HTM and AFS investment securities that are in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position and has determined that the unrecognized or unrealized losses on the Company's investment securities are unrelated to credit quality and are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and volatility in the financial markets since purchase. All of the investment securities in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position continue to be rated investment grade by one or more major rating agencies. Because we have no intent to sell securities in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell such securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company has not recorded an ACL on these securities and the unrecognized or unrealized losses on these securities have not been recognized into income as of December 31, 2023.

Visa Class B Common Stock

In 2022, the Company sold all of its 34,631 shares of Class B common stock of Visa, Inc. ("Visa") and received net proceeds of $8.5 million. The Company no longer holds any shares of Class B common stock of Visa.

The Company received these shares in 2008 as part of Visa's initial public offering ("IPO"). These shares were transferable only under limited circumstances until they could be converted into shares of the publicly traded Class A common stock. This conversion will not occur until the resolution of certain litigation, which is indemnified by Visa members. Since its IPO, Visa has funded a litigation reserve to settle these litigation claims. At its discretion, Visa may continue to increase the litigation reserve based upon a change in the conversion ratio of each member bank’s restricted Class B common stock to unrestricted Class A common stock.

Due to the transfer restriction and the uncertainty of the outcome of the Visa litigation, the Company determined that the Visa Class B common stock did not have a readily determinable fair value and chose to carry the shares on the Company's consolidated balance sheets at zero cost basis. As a result, the entire net proceeds of $8.5 million were recognized as a pre-tax gain and included in net gain on sales of investment securities in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

3. LOANS AND CREDIT QUALITY

Loans, net of deferred fees and costs as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

There are different types of risk characteristics for the loans in each portfolio segment. The construction and real estate segment's predominant risk characteristics are the collateral and the geographic location of the property collateralizing the loan, as well as the operating cash flow for the commercial real estate properties. The commercial and industrial segment's predominant risk characteristics are the cash flows of the business we lend to, the global cash flows and liquidity of the guarantors, as well as economic and market conditions. The consumer segment's predominant risk characteristics are employment and income levels as they relate to the consumer.

In 2023, the Company transferredone loan to the loans held for sale category. The loan did not have any credit concerns at the time of transfer and thus was transferred to loans held for sale at its amortized cost of $9.8 million. The loan was sold in 2023 for $9.6 million, or a loss of $0.2 million, which was recorded in other operating expense. The Company didnot transfer any other loans to the held-for-sale category during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company has purchased loan portfolios, none of which were credit deteriorated at the time of purchase.

The following table presents loan purchases by class for the periods presented:

In the normal course of business, the Bank makes loans to certain directors, executive officers and their affiliates. Related party loan balances were$33.7 million and $37.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Collateral-Dependent Loans

In accordance with ASC 326, a loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, and the related ACL allocated to these loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Foreclosure Proceedings

Residential mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that were in the process of foreclosure totaled $2.3 million and $0.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The residential mortgage loans that were in the process of foreclosure are well-collateralized with low loan-to-value ratios and no losses are expected upon foreclosure of the loans.

The Company didnot foreclose on any loans during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company did not sell any foreclosed properties during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans

For all loan types, the Company determines delinquency status by considering the number of days full payments required by the contractual terms of the loan are past due. The following tables present by class, the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The following tables also present the amortized cost of loans on nonaccrual status for which there was no related ACL as of the dates indicated:

Interest income totaling $0.1 million, $1.6 million, and $0.8 million was recognized on nonaccrual loans, including loans held for sale, in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Additional interest income of $0.3 million, $0.2 million, and $0.3 million would have been recognized in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, had these loans been accruing interest throughout those periods. Additionally, interest income recoveries of $0.4 million, $0.3 million, and $0.3 million was collectedon charged-off loans and recognized in other operating income in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Since the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 and during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company hasnot modified any material loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

Troubled Debt Restructurings Prior to the Adoption of ASU 2022-02

Prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02, the Company accounted for a modification to the contractual terms of a loan that resulted in granting a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties as a TDR.

There were $2.1 million and $2.8 million of TDRs still accruing interest at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, none of which were more than 90 days delinquent. There were $0.9 million and $1.1 million of TDRs included in nonperforming assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans by credit risk. This analysis includes non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. The Company uses the following definitions for risk rating of loans:

Pass. Loans classified as pass are not adversely rated, are contractually current as to principal and interest, and are otherwise in compliance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement.

Special Mention. Loans classified as special mention, while still adequately protected by the borrower's capital adequacy and payment capability, exhibit distinct weakening trends and/or elevated levels of exposure to external conditions. If left unchecked or uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deteriorated prospects of repayment. These exposures require management's close attention so as to avoid becoming undue or unwarranted credit exposures.

Substandard. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the borrower's current financial condition and payment capability or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly repayment of debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or orderly repayment in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific factors that may work to the advantage and strengthening of the exposure, its classification as an estimate loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined.

Loss. Loans classified as loss are considered to be non-collectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This does not mean the loan has absolutely no recovery value, but rather it is neither practical nor desirable to defer writing off the loan, even though partial recovery may be obtained in the future. Losses are taken in the period in which they surface as uncollectible.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis, net of deferred (fees) costs of the Company's loans by class, credit quality indicator and origination year as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Revolving loans converted to term as of and during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were not material to the total loan portfolio.

The following table includes gross charge-offs of loans by origination year during the year ended December 31, 2023.

4. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AND RESERVE FOR OFF-BALANCE SHEET CREDIT EXPOSURES

The following tables present the activity in the ACL for loans by class for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

The following table presents the activity in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures, included in other liabilities, under ASC 326 during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

In accordance with GAAP, loans held for sale and other real estate assets are not included in our assessment of the ACL.

In determining the amount of our ACL, the Company relies on an analysis of its loan portfolio, experience and evaluation of general economic conditions, as well as regulatory requirements and input. If assumptions prove to be incorrect, the current ACL may not be sufficient to cover future credit losses and the Company may experience significant increases to the provision.

5. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

Premises and equipment consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment were charged to the following operating expenses during the periods presented:

6. INVESTMENTS IN UNCONSOLIDATED ENTITIES

Investments in unconsolidated entities consisted of the following components as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

The Company invests in low income housing tax credit ("LIHTC") partnerships. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $22.0 million and $23.6 million, respectively, in unfunded commitments related to the LIHTC partnerships, which is included in other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

The expected payments for the unfunded commitments related to the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:

The following table presents amortization expense and tax credits recognized associated with our investments in LIHTC partnerships for the periods presented:

In 2021, the Company committed $2.0 million in the JAM FINTOP Banktech Fund, L.P. The Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the JAM FINTOP Banktech Fund, L.P. and the investment does not have a readily determinable fair value. As a result, the Company determined that the cost method of accounting for the investment was appropriate. The investment is included in investment in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an unfunded commitment of $1.0 million related to the investment, which is expected to be paid in 2024. The unfunded commitment is included in other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company invested $2.0 million in Swell Financial, Inc. ("Swell"). The Company did not have the ability to exercise significant influence over Swell and the investment did not have a readily determinable fair value. As a result, the Company determined that the cost method of accounting for the investment was appropriate. The investment was included in investments in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022.

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company entered into a transaction with Swell whereby Swell repurchased the Company’s entire preferred and common stock equity investment in exchange for $0.5 million in cash and certain intangible assets. The intangible assets totaling $1.5 million are included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023.

7. MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS

Loans serviced for others totaled $1.22 billion and $1.28 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table presents changes in our mortgage servicing rights for the periods presented:

The gross carrying value, accumulated amortization, and net carrying value related to our mortgage servicing rights as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented below:

Based on our mortgage servicing rights held as of December 31, 2023, estimated amortization expense for the next five succeeding fiscal years and all years thereafter are as follows:

The Company utilizes the amortization method to measure our mortgage servicing rights. Under the amortization method, mortgage servicing rights are amortized in proportion to and over the period of net servicing income. Income generated as the result of new mortgage servicing rights is reported as a component of mortgage banking income and totaled $0.3 million, $0.6 million, and $1.3 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization of the servicing rights is reported as a component of mortgage banking income in the Company's consolidated statements of income. Ancillary income is recorded in other income. Mortgage servicing rights are recorded when loans are sold to third-parties with servicing of those loans retained, and are classified and pooled into buckets of homogeneous characteristics.

Initial fair value of the servicing right is calculated by a discounted cash flow model prepared by a third-party service provider based on market value assumptions at the time of origination. The servicing right is assessed for impairment using current market value assumptions at each reporting period. Critical assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model include mortgage prepayment speeds, discount rates, and servicing income and costs. Variations in our assumptions could materially affect the estimated fair values. Changes to our assumptions are made when current trends and market data indicate that new trends have developed. Current market value assumptions based on loan product types (fixed-rate, adjustable-rate and government FHA loans) include average discount rates, servicing costs and ancillary income. Many of these assumptions are subjective and require a high level of management judgment. The Company's mortgage servicing rights portfolio and valuation assumptions are periodically reviewed by management.

Prepayment speeds may be affected by economic factors such as home price appreciation, market interest rates, availability of other credit products to our borrowers and customer payment patterns. Prepayment speeds include the impact of all borrower prepayments, including full payoffs, additional principal payments and the impact of loans paid off due to foreclosure liquidations. As market interest rates decline, prepayment speeds will generally increase as customers refinance existing mortgages under more favorable interest rate terms. As prepayment speeds increase, anticipated cash flows will generally decline resulting in a potential reduction, or impairment, to the fair value of the capitalized mortgage servicing rights. Alternatively, an increase in market interest rates may cause a decrease in prepayment speeds and therefore an increase in fair value of mortgage servicing rights.

The following table presents the fair market value and key assumptions used in determining the fair market value of our mortgage servicing rights:

8. DERIVATIVES

The Company utilizes various designated and undesignated derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to movements in interest rates. All derivatives are measured at fair value on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. In each reporting period, we record the derivative instruments in other assets or other liabilities depending on whether the derivatives are in an asset or liability position. For derivative instruments that are designated as hedging instruments, the effective portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative are reported in AOCI, net of tax, until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows of the hedged transaction. The portion of the gain or loss in the fair value of the derivative that represents hedge ineffectiveness is immediately recognized in current period earnings. For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments, changes in the fair value of the derivative are included in current period earnings.

Derivative financial instruments are subject to credit and counterparty risk, which is defined as the risk of financial loss if a borrower or counterparty is either unable or unwilling to repay borrowings or settle transactions in accordance with the underlying contractual terms. Credit and counterparty risks associated with derivative financial instruments are similar to those relating to traditional financial instruments. The Company manages derivative credit and counterparty risk by evaluating the creditworthiness of each borrower or counterparty and requiring collateral where appropriate.

Interest Rate Lock and Forward Sale Commitments

The Company enters into interest rate lock commitments on certain mortgage loans that are intended to be sold. To manage interest rate risk on interest rate lock commitments, the Company also enters into forward loan sale commitments. The interest rate lock and forward loan sale commitments are accounted for as undesignated derivatives and are recorded at their respective fair values in other assets or other liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. These instruments serve to reduce our exposure to movements in interest rates. At December 31, 2023, the Company was not party to any forward sale commitments on mortgage loans. At December 31, 2022, the Company was party to forward sale commitments on $1.1 million of mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $1.8 million in interest rate lock commitments on mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2022, the Company didnot have any outstanding interest rate lock commitments on mortgage loans.

Risk Participation Agreements

From time to time, the Company may enter into credit risk participation agreements ("RPA") with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which the Company participates. The risk participation agreements entered into by the Company as a participant bank provide credit protection to the financial institution counterparties should the borrowers fail to perform on their interest rate derivative contracts with the financial institutions.

Back-to-Back Swap Agreements

The Company established a program whereby it originates a variable rate loan and enters into a variable-to-fixed interest rate swap with the customer. The Company also enters into an equal and offsetting swap with a highly rated third-party financial institution. These "back-to-back swap agreements" are intended to offset each other and allow the Company to originate a variable rate loan, while providing a contract for fixed interest payments for the customer. The net cash flow for the Company is equal to the interest income received from a variable rate loan originated with the customer. These back-to-back swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value in other assets or other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheet, with changes recorded in current period earnings.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has entered into swaps agreements with its borrowers with a total notional amount of $51.1 million and $32.3 million, respectively, offset by swap agreements with third-party financial institutions with a total notional amount of $51.1 million and $32.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company pledged $9.6 million and $10.0 million, respectively, in cash as collateral for the back-to-back swap agreements.

Interest Rate Swaps

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a forward starting interest rate swap, with an effective date of March 31, 2024. This transaction had a notional amount totaling $115.5 million as of December 31, 2023, and was designated as a fair value hedge of certain municipal debt securities. The Company will pay the counterparty a fixed rate of 2.095% and will receive a floating rate based on the Federal Funds effective rate. The fair value hedge has a maturity date of March 31, 2029. The interest rate swap is carried on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at its fair value in other assets (when the fair value is positive) or in other liabilities (when the fair value is negative). The changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are recorded in interest income. The unrealized gains or losses due to changes in fair value of the hedged debt securities due to changes in benchmark interest rates are recorded as an adjustment to the hedged debt securities and offset in the same interest income line item.

The following table presents the location of all assets and liabilities associated with our derivative instruments within the Company's consolidated balance sheet:

The following table presents the impact of derivative instruments and their location within the Company's consolidated statements of income for the periods presented:

9. DEPOSITS

The Company had $1.40 billion and $991.2 million of total time deposits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Contractual maturities of total time deposits as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 totaled $899.3 million and $678.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This includes $374.6 million and $290.1 million in government time deposits at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are fully collateralized.

Contractual maturities of time deposits of $250,000 or more as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:

Overdrawn deposit accounts totaling $0.7 million and $0.7 million have been reclassified as loans on the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

10. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS AND LONG-TERM DEBT

The Bank is a member of the FHLB and maintained a $1.93 billion line of credit, of which $1.81 billion remained available as of December 31, 2023. The FHLB advances available of $1.81 billion at December 31, 2023 was secured by certain real estate loans with a carrying value of $3.16 billion in accordance with the collateral provisions of the Advances, Pledge and Security Agreement with the FHLB. There wereno short-term borrowings outstanding under this arrangement at December 31, 2023. There were $5.0 million in short-term borrowings outstanding under this arrangement at December 31, 2022.

The FHLB provides standby letters of credit on behalf of the Bank to secure certain public deposits. If the FHLB is required to make a payment on a standby letter of credit, the payment amount is converted to an advance at the FHLB. The standby letters of credit issued on our behalf by the FHLB totaled $72.0 million and $36.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Bank had additional unused borrowings available at the Federal Reserve discount window of $285.8 million and $75.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Certain commercial real estate and commercial loans with carrying values totaling $135.1 million and $125.0 million were pledged as collateral on our line of credit with the Federal Reserve discount window as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, investment securities with a par value of $196.7 million as of December 31, 2023, were pledged to the Federal Reserve in support of the line of credit. No investment securities were pledged to the Federal Reserve in support of the line of credit as of December 31, 2022. The Federal Reserve does not have the right to sell or repledge these loans and investment securities.

Interest expense on short-term borrowings totaled $1.1 million, $1.1 million and $2 thousand in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

A summary of the Bank's short-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

Long-term debt, which is based on original maturity, consisted of FHLB advances, subordinated notes and debentures totaling $156.1 million and $105.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

At December 31, 2023, future principal payments on long-term debt based on redemption date or final maturity are as follows:

FHLB Advances

The Bank had $50.0 million in FHLB long-term advances outstanding as of December 31, 2023. The Bank hadno FHLB long-term advances outstanding as of December 31, 2022. Interest expense on FHLB long-term advances was $1.9 million in 2023. The Bank didnot incur any interest expense on FHLB long-term advances in 2022 and 2021.

Subordinated Debentures

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had the following junior subordinated debentures outstanding:

In September 2004, the Company created a wholly-owned statutory trust, CPB Capital Trust IV ("Trust IV"). Trust IV issued $30.0 million in floating rate trust preferred securities which bore an interest rate ofthree-month LIBOR plus 2.45% and maturing on December 15, 2034. The principal assets of Trust IV are $30.9 million of the Company's junior subordinated debentures with an identical interest rate and maturity as the Trust IV trust preferred securities. Trust IV issued $0.9 million of common securities to the Company.

In December 2004, the Company created a wholly-owned statutory trust, CPB Statutory Trust V ("Trust V"). Trust V issued $20.0 million in floating rate trust preferred securities which bore an interest rate ofthree-month LIBOR plus 1.87% and maturing on December 15, 2034. The principal assets of Trust V are $20.6 million of the Company's junior subordinated debentures with an identical interest rate and maturity as the Trust V trust preferred securities. Trust V issued $0.6 million of common securities to the Company.

On July 3, 2023, after the cessation of the LIBOR benchmark rate on June 30, 2023, the Company amended its Trust IV and Trust V debt agreements to replace the LIBOR-based reference rate with an adjusted CME Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus a tenor spread adjustment. ASC 848 allows us to account for the modification as a continuation of the existing contract without additional analysis.

The Company is not considered the primary beneficiary of Trusts IV and V and the trusts are not consolidated in the Company's financial statements. The subordinated debentures are shown as a liability on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company's investment in the common securities of the trusts are included in investment in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

The floating rate trust preferred securities, the junior subordinated debentures that are the assets of Trusts IV and V and the common securities issued by Trusts IV and V are redeemable in whole or in part on any interest payment date on or after December 15, 2009 for Trust IV and V, or at any time in whole but not in part within 90 days following the occurrence of certain events. Our obligations with respect to the issuance of the trust preferred securities constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of each trust's obligations with respect to its trust preferred securities. Subject to certain exceptions and limitations, we may elect from time to time to defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures, which would result in a deferral of distribution payments on the related trust preferred securities, for up to 20 consecutive quarterly periods without default or penalty.

The subordinated debentures may be included in Tier 1 capital, with certain limitations applicable, under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations.

Subordinated Notes

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had the following subordinated notes outstanding:

On October 20, 2020, the Company completed a $55.0 million private placement often-year fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes. The Company exchanged the privately placed notes for registered notes with the same terms and in the same aggregate principal amount at the end of the fourth quarter of 2020. The Notes, which have been used to support regulatory capital ratios and for general corporate purposes, bear a fixed interest rate of 4.75% for the first five years through November 1, 2025 and will reset quarterly thereafter for the remaining five years to the then current three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus 456 basis points.

The subordinated notes may be included in Tier 2 capital, with certain limitations applicable, under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations. The subordinated notes had a carrying value of $54.6 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.4 million, at December 31, 2023.

11. EQUITY

As a Hawaii state-chartered bank, Central Pacific Bank may only pay dividends to the extent it has retained earnings as defined under Hawaii banking law ("Statutory Retained Earnings"), which differs from GAAP retained earnings. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank had Statutory Retained Earnings of $169.1 million and $145.7 million, respectively.

Dividends are payable at the discretion of the Board of Directors and are subject to restrictions under federal and Hawaii law, including restrictions imposed by the FRB and covenants set forth in various agreements we are a party to, including covenants set forth in our subordinated debentures. There can be no assurance that the Board of Directors will continue to pay dividends at the same rate, or at all, in the future.

We repurchase shares of our common stock when we believe such repurchases are in the best interests of the Company.

In January 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $25.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to a share repurchase program (the "2021 Repurchase Plan"). The 2021 Repurchase Plan replaced and superseded in its entirety the share repurchase program previously approved by the Company's Board of Directors, which had $26.6 million in remaining repurchase authority.

In January 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $30.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to a share repurchase program (the "2022 Repurchase Plan"). The 2022 Repurchase Plan replaced and superseded in its entirety the 2021 Repurchase Plan, which had $5.3 million in remaining repurchase authority. The Company's 2022 Repurchase Plan was subject to aone year expiration.

In January 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $25.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to a newly authorized share repurchase program (the "2023 Repurchase Plan"). The 2023 Repurchase Plan replaced and superseded in its entirety the 2022 Repurchase Plan, which had $9.3 million in remaining repurchase authority. The Company's 2023 Repurchase Plan is subject to aone-year expiration.

In the year ended December 31, 2023, a total of 130,010 shares of common stock, at a cost of $2.6 million, were repurchased under the Company's 2022 and 2023 Repurchase Plans. A total of $23.4 million remained available for repurchase under the Company's 2023 Repurchase Plan at December 31, 2023.

In the year ended December 31, 2022,868,613 shares of common stock, at a cost of $20.7 million, were repurchased under the Company's share repurchase programs.

12. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Revenue Recognition

ASC 606,"Revenue from Contracts with Customers", establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity's contracts to provide goods or services to its customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied.

The Company recognizes revenues as they are earned based on contractual terms, as transactions occur, or as services are provided and collectability is reasonably assured. Our principal source of revenue is derived from interest income on financial instruments, such as our loan and investment securities portfolios, as well as revenue related to our mortgage banking activities. These revenue-generating transactions are out of scope of ASC 606, but are subject to other GAAP and discussed elsewhere within our disclosures.

The Company also generates other revenue in connection with our broad range of banking products and financial services. Descriptions of our other revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606, which are presented in the Company's consolidated statements of income as components of other operating income are as follows:

Mortgage banking income

Loan placement fees, included in mortgage banking income, primarily represent revenues earned by the Company for loan placement and underwriting. Revenues for these services are recorded at a point-in-time, upon completion of a contractually identified transaction, or when an advisory opinion is provided.

Service charges on deposit accounts

Revenue from service charges on deposit accounts includes general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity- or transaction-based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed, which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed (such as stop payment fees). Payment for such performance obligations are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.

Other Service Charges and Fees

Revenue from other service charges and fees includes fees on foreign exchange, cards and payments income, safe deposit rental income and other service charges, commissions and fees.

The Company provides foreign currency exchange services to customers, whereby cash can be converted to different foreign currencies, and vice versa. As a result of the services, a gain or loss is recognized on foreign currency transactions, as well as income related to commissions and fees earned on each transaction. Revenue from the commissions and fees earned on the transactions fall within the scope of ASC 606, and is recorded in a manner that reflects the timing of when transactions occur, and as services are provided. Realized and unrealized gains or losses related to foreign currency are out of scope of ASC 606.

Cards and payments income includes interchange fees from debit cards processed through card association networks, merchant services, and other card related services. Interchange rates are generally set by the credit card associations and based on purchase volumes and other factors. Interchange fees are recognized as transactions occur. Interchange expenses related to cards and payments income are presented gross in other operating expense. Merchant services income represents account management fees and transaction fees charged to merchants for the processing of card association network transactions. Merchant services revenue is recognized as transactions occur, or as services are performed.

Other service charges, commissions and fees include automated teller machines ("ATM") surcharge and interchange fees, bill payment fees, cashier’s check and money order fees, wire transfer fees, loan brokerage fees, and commissions on sales of insurance, broker-dealer products, and letters of credit. Revenue from these fees and commissions is recorded in a manner that reflects the timing of when transactions occur, and as services are provided.

Based on the nature of the commission agreement with the broker-dealer and each insurance provider, we may recognize revenue from broker-dealer and insurance commissions over time or at a point-in-time as our performance obligation is satisfied.

Income from Fiduciary Activities

Income from fiduciary activities includes fees from wealth management, trust, custodial and escrow services provided to individual and institutional customers. Revenue is generally recognized monthly based on a minimum annual fee and/or the market value of assets in custody. Additional fees are recognized for transactional activity.

Revenue from trade execution and brokerage services is earned through commissions from trade execution on behalf of clients. Revenue from these transactions is recognized at the trade date. Any ongoing service fees are recognized on a monthly basis as services are performed.

Net Gain (Loss) on Sales of Foreclosed Assets

The Company records a gain or loss on the sale of a foreclosed property when control of the property transfers to the Company, which typically occurs at the time the deed is executed. The Company does not finance the sale of the foreclosed property.

The following presents the Company's other operating income, segregated by revenue streams that are in-scope and out-of-scope of ASC 606 for the periods presented:

13. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

In accordance with ASC 718, compensation expense is recognized only for those shares expected to vest, based on the Company's historical experience and future expectations. The following table summarizes the effects of share-based compensation for options and awards granted under the Company's equity incentive plans for each of the periods presented:

Upon exercise or vesting of a share-based award, if the tax deduction exceeds the compensation cost that was previously recorded for financial statement purposes, this will result in an excess tax benefit. The Company recognizes all excess tax benefits or tax deficiencies through the income statement as income tax expense/benefit. The Company recorded income tax benefit of$0.2 million,$0.1 million, and $0.2 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, as a result of restricted stock units vesting during the respective years.

The Company's share-based compensation arrangements are described below:

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company has adopted equity incentive plans for the purpose of granting options, restricted stock and other equity based awards for the Company's common stock to directors, officers and other key individuals. Option awards are generally granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company's common stock at the date of grant; those option awards generally vest based onthree orfive years of continuous service and have 10-year contractual terms. Certain option and share awards provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control (as defined in the stock option plans below). The Company has historically issued new shares of common stock upon exercises of stock options and purchases of restricted awards.

In January 2023, the Company adopted and shareholders approved the 2023 Stock Compensation Plan ("2023 Plan") making available 1,140,000 shares for grants to employees and directors. Upon adoption of the 2023 Plan, all unissued shares from the previous plan were frozen andno new grants were granted under the previous plan. Shares may continue to be settled under the previous plan pursuant to previously outstanding awards. New shares are issued from the 2023 Plan.

A total of 1,108,639 shares were available for future grants under our 2023 Plan as of December 31, 2023, and 747,332 and 843,469 shares were previously available for future grants under our previous stock compensation plan as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Stock Options

There wereno stock options that were granted or vested in 2023, 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2023, all shares have been vested and exercised.

There wereno options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2021. There were 47,440 options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2022. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised in 2022 under our stock compensation plans determined as of the date of exercise was $0.7 million.

As of December 31, 2023, all compensation costs related to stock options granted to employees under our stock option plans have been recognized.

Restricted and Performance Stock Units

Under the 2023 Plan, the Company awarded restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") to non-officer directors and certain senior management personnel. The awards typically vest over atwo, three orfive year period from the date of grant and are subject to forfeiture until performance and employment targets are achieved. Compensation expense is typically measured as the market price of the stock awards on the grant date, and is recognized over the specified vesting periods.

As of December 31, 2023, there was $2.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs and PSUs that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

The table below presents the activity of RSUs and PSUs for each of the periods presented:

14. RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Defined Benefit Retirement Plan

The Bank had a defined benefit retirement plan that covered substantially all of its employees who were employed during the period that the plan was in effect. Effective December 31, 2002, the Bank curtailed its defined benefit retirement plan, and accordingly, plan benefits were fixed as of that date.

In January 2021, the Board of Directors approved termination of, and authorized Company management to commence taking action to terminate, the defined benefit retirement plan. The Company received a favorable determination letter from the IRS and no objection from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation on the Form 500 standard termination notice in January 2022. The Company completed the termination and settlement of the plan in the second quarter of 2022. Upon final plan termination and settlement, the Company recognized a one-time noncash settlement expense of $4.9 million, which was recorded in other operating expense.

With the termination of the defined benefit retirement plan in the second quarter of 2022, there were no plan assets, further defined benefit retirement plan liability or ongoing pension expense recognition remaining as of December 31, 2022 and no activity in 2023.

The following tables set forth information pertaining to the defined benefit retirement plan for the periods presented:

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the long-term rate of return on plan assets reflected the weighted-average long-term rates of return for the various categories of investments held in the plan.

Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans

In 1995, 2001, 2004 and 2006, our Bank established Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans ("SERP") that provide certain current and former officers of the Company with supplemental retirement benefits. On December 31, 2002, the 1995 and 2001 SERP were curtailed. In conjunction with the September 2004 merger with CB Bancshares, Inc. ("CBBI"), we assumed CBBI's SERP obligation. The SERP holds no plan assets other than employer contributions that are paid as benefits during the year.

The following tables set forth information pertaining to the SERP for the periods presented:

Estimated future benefit payments reflecting expected future service for the SERP in each of the next five years and thereafter are as follows:

401(k) Retirement Savings Plan

The Company maintains a 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan ("Retirement Savings Plan"), a defined contribution plan, that covers substantially all employees of the Company. The Retirement Savings Plan allows employees to direct their own investments among a selection of investment alternatives and is funded by employee elective deferrals, employer matching contributions and employer discretionary contributions.

The Company has the option of making regular matching contributions on employee's elective deferrals. The Company has sole discretion in determining the percentage to be matched, subject to limitations of the Internal Revenue Code.

From July 1, 2020 through June 30, 2021, matching contributions were suspended due to economic uncertainty in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Effective July 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021, the Company matched 100% of an employees effective deferrals, up to 2% of the employee's pay each pay period. Effective January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2023, the Company matched 100% of an employees effective deferrals, up to 4% of the employee's pay each pay period.

The Company also has the option of making discretionary contributions into the Retirement Savings Plan and has sole discretion in determining the discretionary contribution, subject to limitations of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company did not make any discretionary contributions in 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Total contributions to the Retirement Savings Plan totaled $2.4 million, $2.4 million and $0.5 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

15. OPERATING LEASES

The Company leases certain property and equipment with lease terms expiring through 2045. In some instances, a lease may contain renewal options for periods ranging from five tofifteen years. All renewal options are likely to be exercised and therefore have been recognized as part of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities in accordance with ASC 842,"Leases". Certain leases also contain variable payments that are primarily determined based on common area maintenance costs and Hawaii state tax rates. All leases are operating leases and any short-term leases are not included in the calculation of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The most significant assumption related to the Company’s application of ASC 842 was the discount rate assumption. As most of the Company’s lease agreements do not provide for an implicit interest rate, the Company uses the collateralized interest rate that the Company would have to pay to borrow over a similar term to estimate the Company’s lease liability.

Total lease cost, cash flow information, weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate is summarized below for the periods presented:

The following is a schedule of annual undiscounted cash flows for our operating leases and a reconciliation of those cash flows to the operating lease liabilities for the next five succeeding fiscal years and all years thereafter:

In addition, the Company leases certain properties that it owns as lessor. All of these leases are operating leases. The following represents lease income related to these leases that was recognized for the periods presented:

Based on the Company's leases as lessor as of December 31, 2023, estimated lease payments for the next five succeeding fiscal years and all years thereafter are as follows:

16. INCOME TAXES

Components of income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Income tax expense (benefit) for the periods presented differed from the "expected" tax expense (computed by applying the U.S. federal corporate tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, to income before income taxes) for the following reasons:

The tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities were as follows:

In assessing the realizability of our net DTA, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the DTA will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the reversal of deferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carryback and carryforward periods), projected future taxable income and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment.

As of December 31, 2023, the valuation allowance on our net DTA totaled $4.4 million, which related to our DTA from net apportioned net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards for California state income tax purposes as the Company does not expect to generate sufficient income in California to utilize the DTA. The net change in the valuation allowance was an increase of $1.0 million in 2023, compared to an increase of $39 thousand in 2022.

Net of this valuation allowance, the Company's net DTA totaled $29.5 million as of December 31, 2023, compared to a net DTA of $48.5 million as of December 31, 2022, and is included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had NOL carryforwards for U.S. Federal income tax purposes of $7.8 million and state income tax purposes of $83.5 million, which are available to offset future taxable income. The U.S. Federal NOL carryforwards can be carried forward indefinitely to offset future federal taxable income. The Hawaii NOL carryforwards can also be carried forward indefinitely, while the other state NOL carryforwards will begin to expire if not utilized beginning in 2028. In addition, the Company has low-income housing tax credit carryforwards of approximately $0.7 million and $1.9 million for U.S. Federal and Hawaii state income tax purposes, respectively. If not utilized, the U.S. Federal tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2042. The Hawaii state credit can be carried forward indefinitely.

Utilization of the NOL carryforwards and credits may be subject to annual limitations due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state provisions. The annual limitations may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before they are able to be utilized. The Company does not expect any previous ownership changes, as defined under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, to result in an ultimate limitation that will materially reduce the total amount of net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized.

At December 31, 2023, the Company didnot have any material unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized would favorably affect the effective income tax rate in future periods. The Company does not expect our unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months.

The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s federal tax returns for 2016 and earlier, as well as 2019, were no longer subject to examination by the taxing authorities. The state tax returns for 2019 and earlier were no longer subject to examination by the taxing authorities. However, tax periods closed in a prior period may be subject to audit and re-examination by tax authorities for which tax carryforwards are utilized in subsequent years.

17. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, by component:

The following table presents the changes in each component of AOCI, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

(1)These accumulated other comprehensive income components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost (see Note 14 - Retirement Benefits for additional details).

18. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The table below presents the information used to compute basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

19. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND OTHER COMMITMENTS

The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, believes the ultimate disposition of those matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In the normal course of business there are outstanding contingent liabilities and other commitments such as unused letters of credit and items held for collections, which are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Management does not anticipate any material losses as a result of these transactions.

20. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written, forward foreign exchange contracts, interest rate contracts, risk participation agreements, and back-to-back swap agreements. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit, interest rate and foreign exchange risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement we have in particular classes of financial instruments.

Exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counter-party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. For forward foreign exchange contracts and interest rate contracts, the contract amounts do not represent exposure to credit loss. The Company controls the credit risk of these contracts through credit approvals, limits and monitoring procedures. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on management's credit evaluation of the counter-party. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income-producing commercial properties.

Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written are conditional commitments issued by us to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third-party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company holds collateral for those commitments in which collateral is deemed necessary.

Interest rate options issued on residential mortgage loans expose us to interest rate risk, which is economically hedged with forward interest rate contracts. These derivatives are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking income in other operating income in the consolidated statements of income. The amount of interest rate options fluctuates based on residential mortgage volume.

Forward interest rate contracts represent commitments to purchase or sell loans at a future date at a specified price. The Company enters into forward interest rate contracts on our residential mortgage held for sale loans. These derivatives are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as a component of mortgage banking income in other operating income in the consolidated statements of income. Risks arise from the possible inability of counter-parties to meet the terms of their contracts and from movements in market rates. Management reviews and approves the creditworthiness of the counter-parties to its forward interest rate contracts.

Risk participation agreements represent agreements with a financial institution counterparty for interest rate swaps related to loans in which we participate. These derivatives are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as a component of other service charges and fees. The risk participation agreements entered into by us as a participant bank provide credit protection to the financial institution counterparty should the borrowers fail to perform on their interest rate derivative contracts with that financial institution.

The Company established a program whereby it originates a variable rate loan and enters into a variable-to-fixed interest rate swap with the customer. The Company also enters into an equal and offsetting swap with a highly rated third-party financial institution. These "back-to-back swap agreements" are intended to offset each other and allows the Company to originate a variable rate loan, while providing a contract for fixed interest payments for the customer. The net cash flow for the Company is equal to the interest income received from a variable rate loan originated with the customer. These back-to-back swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value on the Company's consolidated balance sheet in other assets or other liabilities, and changes to the fair value recorded in other service charges and fees on the consolidated statement of income.

Forward foreign exchange contracts represent commitments to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date at a specified price. These derivatives are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as a component of other operating income in the consolidated statements of income. Risks arise from the possible inability of counter-parties to meet the terms of their contracts and from movements in foreign currency exchange rates. Management reviews and approves the creditworthiness of its forward foreign exchange counter-parties. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any forward foreign exchange contracts.

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a forward starting interest rate swap, with an effective date of March 31, 2024. This transaction had a notional amount totaling $115.5 million as of December 31, 2023, and was designated as a fair value hedge of certain municipal debt securities. The Company will pay the counterparty a fixed rate of 2.095% and will receive a floating rate based on the Federal Funds effective rate. The fair value hedge has a maturity date of March 31, 2029. The interest rate swap is carried on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at its fair value in other assets (when the fair value is positive) or in other liabilities (when the fair value is negative). The changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are recorded in interest income. The unrealized gains or losses due to changes in fair value of the hedged debt securities due to changes in benchmark interest rates are recorded as an adjustment to the hedged debt securities and offset in the same interest income line item.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk were as follows:

21. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL LIABILITIES

Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value estimates, methods and assumptions are set forth below for our financial instruments.

Short-Term Financial Instruments

The carrying values of short-term financial instruments are deemed to approximate fair values. Such instruments are considered readily convertible to cash and include cash and due from financial institutions, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, accrued interest receivable, the majority of FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings, and accrued interest payable.

Investment Securities

The fair value of investment securities is based on market price quotations received from third-party pricing services. The third-party pricing services utilize pricing models supported with timely market data information. Where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable securities.

Loans

Fair values of loans are estimated based on discounted cash flows of portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics including the type of loan, interest terms and repayment history. Fair values are calculated by discounting scheduled cash flows through estimated maturities using estimated market discount rates. Estimated market discount rates are reflective of credit and interest rate risks inherent in the Company’s various loan types and are derived from available market information, as well as specific borrower information. The weighted-average discount rate used in the valuation of loans was 6.86% and 7.44% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In accordance with ASU 2016-01, the fair value of loans are based on the notion of exit price as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Loans Held for Sale

The fair value of loans classified as held for sale are generally based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, acceptance of firm offer letters with agreed upon purchase prices, discounted cash flow models that take into account market observable assumptions, or independent appraisals of the underlying collateral securing the loans. The fair values of Hawaii and U.S. Mainland construction and commercial real estate loans, if any, are reported net of applicable selling costs on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

Deposit Liabilities

The fair values of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest-bearing demand deposits and interest-bearing demand and savings accounts, are equal to the amount payable on demand. The fair value of time deposits is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses. The fair value of time deposits is estimated by discounting future cash flows using rates currently offered for FHLB advances of similar remaining maturities. The weighted-average discount rate used in the valuation of time deposits was 5.48% and 4.96% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Long-Term Debt

The fair value of our long-term debt is estimated by discounting scheduled cash flows over the contractual borrowing period at the estimated market rate for similar borrowing arrangements. The weighted-average discount rate used in the valuation of long-term debt was 6.83% and 7.28% as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Derivatives

The fair values of derivative financial instruments are based upon current market values, if available. If there are no relevant comparables, fair values are based on pricing models using current assumptions for interest rate swaps and options.

Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

The fair values of off-balance sheet financial instruments are estimated based on the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties, current settlement values or quoted market prices of comparable instruments.

Limitations

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time our entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of our financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For example, significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial assets or liabilities include deferred tax assets and liabilities and premises and equipment.

Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and liabilities are grouped at fair value into three levels based on the markets in which the financial assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value as follows:

•Level 1 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available.

•Level 2 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

•Level 3 — Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of discounted cash flow models and similar techniques that require the use of significant judgment or estimation.

Fair values are based on the price that the Company would expect to receive if an asset were sold or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When developing fair value measurements, the use of observable inputs are maximized and the use of unobservable inputs are minimized.

Fair value measurements are used to record adjustments to certain financial assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Available-for-sale investment securities and derivatives are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. From time to time, the Company may be required to record other financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis such as loans held for sale, collateral dependent loans and mortgage servicing rights. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of the lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

There wereno transfers of financials assets and liabilities into and out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table below presents the fair value of assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis:

The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized as follows:

Within the state and political subdivisions debt securities category, the Company holdstwo mortgage revenue bonds issued by the City and County of Honolulu with an aggregate fair value of $6.4 million and $6.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Within the residential non-government agency available-for-sale debt securities category, the Company holdstwo mortgage backed bonds issued by Habitat for Humanity with an aggregate fair value of $0.7 million and $0.7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company estimates the aggregate fair value of $7.2 million by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future principal and interest payments.

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s mortgage revenue bonds and Habitat for Humanity mortgage backed bonds is the weighted-average discount rate. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted-average discount rate utilized was 6.12% and 6.41%, respectively, which was derived by incorporating a credit spread over the FHLB Fixed-Rate Advance curve. Significant increases (decreases) in the weighted-average discount rate could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.

22. PARENT COMPANY AND REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS

The retained earnings of the parent company, Central Pacific Financial Corp., included $316.0 million and $339.4 million of equity in undistributed losses of Central Pacific Bank as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, under-capitalized, significantly under-capitalized, and critically under-capitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If under-capitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. The Bank was categorized as "well-capitalized" and maintained the required capital conservation buffer under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. There are no conditions or events since then that management believes have changed the institution’s category.

The following table sets forth actual and required capital and capital ratios for the Company and the Bank, as well as the minimum capital adequacy requirements applicable generally to all financial institutions as of the dates indicated.

Condensed financial statements of the parent company are as follows:

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

23. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

In January 2024, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $20.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to a newly authorized share repurchase program. The share repurchase program replaced and superseded in its entirety the 2023 Repurchase Plan.