TELOS CORP

Non-GAAP Measures

In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe the non-GAAP financial measures of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Net Loss, Adjusted Earnings Per Share ("EPS"), Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, Cash Gross Profit, Cash Gross Margin and Free Cash Flow are useful in evaluating our operating and cash flow performance. We believe that this non-GAAP financial information, when taken collectively with our GAAP results, may be helpful to readers of our financial statements because it provides consistency and comparability with past financial performance and assists in comparisons with other companies, some of which use similar non-GAAP financial information to supplement their GAAP results. The non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from similarly-titled non-GAAP measures used by other companies. A reconciliation is provided below for each of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP.

We believe these non-GAAP financial measures facilitate comparison of our operating and cash performance on a consistent basis between periods by excluding certain items that may, or could, have a disproportionately positive or negative impact on our results of operations in any particular period. When viewed in combination with our results prepared in accordance with GAAP, these non-GAAP financial measures help provide a broader picture of factors and trends affecting our results of operations.

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin and Adjusted EBITDA Margin are supplemental measures of operating and cash flow performance that are not made under GAAP and do not represent, and should not be considered as an alternative to net (loss) income as determined by GAAP. We define EBITDA as net (loss) income, adjusted for non-operating (income) expense, interest expense, provision for (benefit from) income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA, adjusted for stock-based compensation expense, impairment loss on intangible assets, and restructuring expenses (adjustments). We define EBITDA Margin as EBITDA as a percentage of total revenue. We define Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenue.

We believe that EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin provide the Board of Directors, management and investors with clear representation of our core operating performance and trends, provide greater visibility into the long-term financial performance of the Company, and eliminate the impact of items that do not relate to the ongoing operating performance of the business. Further, Adjusted EBITDA is used by the Board of Directors and management to prepare and approve our annual budget, and from time to time, to evaluate the performance of certain management personnel when determining incentive compensation.

(1) The stock-based compensation adjustment to EBITDA is made up of stock-based compensation expense for the awarded service-based restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance-based restricted stock units ("PSUs"), stock options, and other sources. Stock-based compensation expense for the awarded RSUs, PSUs and stock options was $19.4 million and $22.9 million for fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense from other sources was $2.1 million and $1.5 million for the fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively. The other source of stock-based compensation consists of accrued compensation, which the Company intends to settle in shares of the Company's common stock. However, it is the Company's discretion whether this compensation will ultimately be paid in stock or cash. The Company has the right to dictate the form of these payments up until the date at which they are paid. Any change to the expected payment form would result in a change in estimate that would add back to Adjusted EBITDA.

(2) Due to its immaterial amount, the impairment loss on intangible assets of $0.5 million for fiscal year 2023 was reported as part of depreciation and amortization in 2023.

(3) The restructuring expenses include severance and other related benefit costs (including outplacement services and continuing health insurance coverage), external consulting and advisory fees related to implementing the restructuring plan.

Adjusted Net Loss and Adjusted EPS

Adjusted Net (Loss) Income and Adjusted EPS are supplemental measures of operating and cash flow performance that are not made under GAAP and do not represent, and should not be considered as alternatives to, net (loss) income and earnings per share as determined by GAAP. We define Adjusted Net (Loss) Income as net (loss) income, adjusted for non-operating (income) expense, stock-based compensation expense, impairment loss on intangible assets, and restructuring expenses (adjustments). We define Adjusted EPS as Adjusted Net (Loss) Income divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period.

Adjusted Net (Loss) Income and Adjusted EPS provide the Board of Directors, management and investors with clear representation of our core operating performance and trends, provide greater visibility into the long-term financial performance of the Company, and eliminate the impact of items that do not relate to the ongoing operating performance of the business.

(1) The stock-based compensation adjustment to EBITDA is made up of stock-based compensation expense for the awarded service-based RSUs, PSUs, stock options, and other sources. Stock-based compensation expense for the awarded RSUs, PSUs and stock options was $19.4 million and $22.9 million for fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense from other sources was $2.1 million and $1.5 million for the fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively. The other source of stock-based compensation consists of accrued compensation, which the Company intends to settle in shares of the Company's common stock. However, it is the Company's discretion whether this compensation will ultimately be paid in stock or cash. The Company has the right to dictate the form of these payments up until the date at which they are paid. Any change to the expected payment form would result in a change in estimate that would add back to Adjusted Net Loss.

(2) Due to its immaterial amount, the impairment loss on intangible assets of $0.5 million for fiscal year 2023 was reported as part of depreciation and amortization in 2023.

(3) The restructuring expenses include severance and other related benefit costs (including outplacement services and continuing health insurance coverage), external consulting and advisory fees related to implementing the restructuring plan.

Adjusted Gross Profit, Cash Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Cash Gross Margin

Adjusted Gross Profit, Cash Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Cash Gross Margin are supplemental measures of operating and cash flow performance that are not made under GAAP and do not represent, and should not be considered as alternatives to gross profit and gross margin as determined by GAAP. We define Adjusted Gross Profit as gross profit, plus stock-based compensation expense, impairment loss on intangible assets, and restructuring expenses charged under cost of sales. We define Adjusted Gross Margin as Adjusted Gross Profit as a percentage of total revenue. We define Cash Gross Profit as Adjusted Gross Profit, plus depreciation and amortization. We define Cash Gross Margin as Cash Gross Profit as a percentage of total revenue.

Adjusted Gross Profit, Cash Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin and Cash Gross Margin provide management and investors with a clear representation of the core economics of gross profit and gross margin without the impact of non-cash expenses and sunk costs expended.

Free Cash Flow

Free Cash Flow is a supplemental measure of operating and cash flow performance that is not made under GAAP and does not represent, and should not be considered as an alternative to, net cash flow (used in) provided by operating activities, as determined by GAAP. We define Free Cash Flow as net cash (used in) provided by operating activities, less net purchases of property and equipment, and capitalized software development costs.

We use Free Cash Flow to understand the cash flows that directly correspond with our operations and the investments we must make in those operations, using a methodology that combines operating cash flows and capital expenditures. Further, Free Cash Flow may be useful to management and investors in evaluating the Company's operating and cash flow performance and liquidity, and to evaluate the performance of certain management personnel when determining incentive compensation.

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Net Loss, Adjusted EPS, Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, Cash Gross Profit, Cash Gross Margin and Free Cash Flow each have limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider any of them in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Among other limitations, each of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Net Loss, Adjusted EPS, Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, Cash Gross Profit, Cash Gross Margin and Free Cash Flow does not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual commitments, does not reflect the impact of certain cash and non-cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations, and does not reflect income tax expense or benefit. Other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Net Loss, Adjusted EPS, Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, Cash Gross Profit, Cash Gross Margin and Free Cash Flow differently than we do, which limits their usefulness as comparative measures. Because of these limitations, neither EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Adjusted Net Loss, Adjusted EPS, Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Gross Margin, Cash Gross Profit, Cash Gross Margin nor Free Cash Flow should be considered as a replacement for gross profit, gross margin, net (loss) income, earnings per share or net cash flows (used in) provided by operating activities, as determined by GAAP, or as a measure of our profitability. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using non-GAAP measures only for supplemental purposes.