VISHAY INTERTECHNOLOGY INC

Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. (“Vishay” or the “Company”)manufactures one of the world’s largest portfolios of discrete semiconductors and passive electronic components that are essential to innovative designs in the automotive, industrial, military, aerospace, medical, power supplies, telecommunications, consumer products, and computing end markets. Semiconductors include MOSFETs, diodes, and optoelectronic components. Passive components include resistors, inductors, and capacitors.

Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Vishay and all of its subsidiaries in which a controlling financial interest is maintained. For those consolidated subsidiaries in which the Company’s ownership is less than 100 percent, the outside stockholders’ interests are shown as noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Investments in affiliates over which the Company has significant influence but not a controlling interest are carried on the equity basis. Investments in affiliates over which the Company does not have significant influence are accounted for by the cost method. All intercompany transactions, accounts, and profits are eliminated.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers when it satisfies the performance obligations within the contract. The Company has framework agreements with many of its customers that contain the terms and conditions of future sales, but do not create enforceable rights or obligations. For revenue recognition purposes, the Company considers the combined purchase orders and the terms and conditions contained within such framework agreements to be contracts.

Payment terms for the Company's sales are generally less than sixty days. Substantially all of the Company's receivables historically have been and are expected to continue to be collected within twelve months of the transfer of products to the customer and the Company expects this to continue going forward. Accordingly, the Company does not recognize a financing component of the transaction price.

Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in contracts with customers, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies its performance obligations. The Company analyzes its contracts to determine whether the promise in the contract to construct and transfer goods to the customer is a performance obligation that will be satisfied over time or at a point in time. When the Company's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the Company and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, the Company transfers control of a good or service over time and, therefore, satisfies a performance obligation and recognizes revenue over time. The Company has a limited number of contracts for custom products that meet the criteria to recognize revenue over time.

The Company's contracts containtwo performance obligations: delivery of products and warranty protection. The Company does not sell separate, enhanced, or extended warranty coverage, but through its customary business practices, the Company has created implied service-type warranties, which are accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is allocated between these two performance obligations and recognized as the obligations are satisfied. The allocation of revenue to warranty protection is based on an estimate of expected cost plus margin. The delivery of products performance obligation is satisfied and product sales revenue is recognized when the customer takes control of the products. Warranty revenue is deferred and the warranty protection performance obligation is satisfied and revenue is recognized over the warranty period, which is typically less than twenty four months from sale to end customer. The warranty deferred revenue liability is recorded within Other Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The deferred revenue balance associated with the service-type warranty performance obligations and the components that comprise the change in the deferred revenue balance are not significant.

The Company has a broad line of products that it sells to original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs"), electronic manufacturing services ("EMS") companies, which manufacture for OEMs on an outsourcing basis, and independent distributors that maintain large inventories of electronic components for resale to OEMs and EMS companies.

The Company recognizes revenue on sales to distributors when the distributor takes control of the products ("sold-to" model). The Company has agreements with distributors that allow distributors a limited credit for unsaleable products, which it terms a "scrap allowance." Consistent with industry practice, the Company also has a "stock, ship and debit" program whereby it considers requests by distributors for credits on previously purchased products that remain in distributors' inventory, to enable the distributors to offer more competitive pricing. In addition, the Company has contractual arrangements whereby it provides distributors with protection against price reductions initiated by the Company after product is sold by the Company to the distributor and prior to resale by the distributor.

The Company recognizes the estimated variable consideration to be received as revenue and records a related accrued expense for the consideration not expected to be received, based upon its estimate of product returns, scrap allowances, "stock, ship and debit" credits, and price protection credits that will be attributable to sales recorded through the end of the period. The Company makes these estimates based upon sales levels to its distributors during the period, inventory levels at the distributors, current and projected market conditions, and historical experience under the programs. The Company utilizes a number of different methodologies and considers several factors when estimating the accruals. Some of the factors considered include sales levels to distributors during the relevant period, inventory levels at the distributors, current and projected market trends and conditions, recent and historical activity under the relevant programs, changes in program policies, and open requests for credits. These procedures require the exercise of significant judgments. The Company believes that it has a reasonable basis to estimate future credits under the programs. See sales returns and allowances accrual activity in Note 9.

The Company pays commissions to external sales representatives on a per-sale basis. Accordingly, these commissions are expensed as incurred because the future amortization period of the asset that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. Internal staff are not paid commissions.

The Company has elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the product even if the shipping and handling activities are performed after the customer obtains control. The Company does not evaluate whether shipping and handling activities are promised services to its customers. If control transfers and revenue is recognized for the related products before the shipping and handling activities occur, the related costs of those shipping and handling activities is accrued. The Company applies this accounting policy election consistently to similar types of transactions.

See disaggregated revenue information in Note 15.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. The amount charged to expense for research and development (exclusive of purchased in-process research and development) aggregated $99,506, $81,182, and $77,377, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Company spends additional amounts for the development of machinery and equipment for new processes and for cost reduction measures.

The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. Valuation allowances have been established for deferred tax assets which the Company believes do not meet GAAP criteria of “more likely than not” to be realized. This criterion requires a level of judgment regarding future taxable income, which may be revised due to changes in market conditions, tax laws, or other factors. If the Company’s assumptions and estimates change in the future, valuation allowances established may be increased, resulting in increased tax expense. Conversely, if the Company is ultimately able to utilize all or a portion of the deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance has been established, then the related portion of the valuation allowance can be released, resulting in decreased tax expense.

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in evaluating the Company’s tax positions and determining its provision for income taxes. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The Company establishes reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves are established when the Company believes that certain positions might be challenged despite the Company’s belief that its tax return positions are fully supportable. The Company adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances and the provision for income taxes includes the impact of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate.

These accruals for tax-related uncertainties are based on management’s best estimate of potential tax exposures. When particular matters arise, a number of years may elapse before such matters are audited by tax authorities and finally resolved. Favorable resolution of such matters could be recognized as a reduction to the Company’s effective tax rate in the year of resolution. Unfavorable resolution of any particular issue could increase the effective tax rate and may require the use of cash in the year of resolution. The amount included in current liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets reflect only amounts expected to be settled in cash within one year.

See Note 5.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-Term Investments

Cash and cash equivalents includes demand deposits and highly liquid investments with maturities ofthree months or less when purchased. Highly liquid investments with original maturities greater than three months, but less than one year are classified as short-term investments. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s short-term investments were comprised of time deposits with financial institutions whose original maturity exceeds three months, but less than one year.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company estimates its credit losses on financial instruments using a current expected credit loss model. The Company maintains an allowance for accounts receivable credit losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. Payment terms for the Company's sales are generally less than ninety days. Substantially all of the Company's trade receivables are collected within twelve months of the transfer of products to the customer and the Company expects this to continue going forward. The credit loss allowance is determined through an analysis of the aging of accounts receivable and assessments of risk that are based on historical trends and an evaluation of the impact of current and projected economic conditions. Receivables from customers with deteriorating financial condition and those over 180 days past due are removed from the pool and evaluated separately. Net credit loss expense for accounts receivable was$369, $365, and $384 for the years ended December 31, 2023,2022, and 2021, respectively.

The Company’s cash equivalents, short-term investments, and restricted investments are accounted for as held-to-maturity debt instruments, at amortized cost. Interest income on these instruments is recorded as "Other income" on the consolidated statements of operations and interest receivable is recognized as a separate asset and recorded in "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has not experienced a credit loss on the principal or interest receivable of its cash equivalents, short-term investments, or restricted investments. The Company pools its cash equivalents, short-term investments, and restricted investments by credit rating of the issuing financial institution and estimates an allowance for credit losses based on the corporate bond default ratios, evaluation of the impact of current and projected economic conditions, and probability of credit loss. Net credit loss expense for cash equivalents, short-term investments, and restricted investments was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses on interest receivable. Any uncollectible interest receivable is recognized by reversing interest income within the fiscal quarter that the interest becomes uncollectible.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined by the first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value. Inventories are adjusted for estimated obsolescence and written down to net realizable value based upon estimates of future demand, technology developments, and market conditions.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is carried at cost and is depreciated principally by the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets. Machinery and equipment are being depreciated over useful lives ofseven years toten years. Buildings and building improvements are being depreciated over useful lives oftwenty years toforty years. Construction in progress is not depreciated until the assets are placed in service. The estimated cost to complete construction in progress at December 31, 2023 was approximately $502,500. Included in the estimated cost to complete the Itzehoe, Germany 12-inch wafer fab construction project are certain costs for which there are currently no contractual commitments to complete. Depreciation expense was $174,457, $155,864, and $159,247 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Gains and losses on the disposal of assets which do not qualify for presentation as discontinued operations are included in the determination of operating margin (within selling, general, and administrative expenses). Individually material gains and losses on disposal are separately disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Commitments and Contingencies

The Company has commitments for the purchase of assets to complete its construction in progress as disclosed above. The commitment period for substantially all of these purchase commitments is less than one year. The Company expects to have noncancellable purchase commitments with commitment periods in excess of one year associated with its significant facility expansion programs as the programs progress. As of December 31, 2023, there are no material noncancellable commitments associated with these programs.

Liabilities for loss contingencies, including environmental remediation costs, arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated. The costs for a specific environmental remediation site are discounted if the aggregate amount of the obligation and the amount and timing of the cash payments for that site are fixed or reliably determinable based upon information derived from the remediation plan for that site. Accrued liabilities for environmental matters recorded at December 31, 2023 and 2022 do not include claims against third parties.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of a business acquired over the fair value of the related net assets at the date of acquisition. Certain intangible assets may be assigned indefinite useful lives. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but rather are tested for impairment at least annually. These tests are performed more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. The Company's business segments (see Note 15) represent its reporting units for goodwill impairment testing purposes. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, the Company hasno recorded indefinite-lived intangible assets.

Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Patents and acquired technology are being amortized over useful lives ofseven years totwenty-five years. Capitalized software is amortized over periods ofthree years toten years, primarily included in "Costs of products sold" on the consolidated statements of operations. Customer relationships are amortized over useful lives offive years totwenty years. Noncompete agreements are amortized over periods ofthree years toten years. The Company continually evaluates the reasonableness of the useful lives of these assets.

GAAP prescribes a quantitative method for determining goodwill impairment. The Company has the option of performing a qualitative assessment before performing the quantitative impairment test. If it is determined, on the basis of qualitative factors, that the fair value of the reporting unit is not more likely than not less than the carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is not required. If it is determined that the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not less than the carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is required.

The Company determines the fair value of the reporting unit and compares that fair value to the net book value of the reporting unit. The fair value of the reporting unit is determined using various valuation techniques, including a comparable companies market multiple approach and a discounted cash flow analysis (an income approach). If the net book value of the reporting unit were to exceed the fair value, the Company would recognize an impairment charge.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The carrying value of long-lived assets held-and-used, other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, is evaluated when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable or the useful life has changed. The carrying value of a long-lived asset group is considered impaired when the total projected undiscounted cash flows from such asset group are separately identifiable and are less than the carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair market value of the long-lived asset group. Fair market value is determined primarily using present value techniques based on projected cash flows from the asset group. Losses on long-lived assets held-for-sale, other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, are determined in a similar manner, except that fair market values are reduced for anticipated disposal costs.

Available-for-Sale Securities

Short-term investments and other assets reported on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets include time deposits with financial institutions whose original maturity exceeds three months, but less than one year that are classified as held-to-maturity instruments, and investments in marketable securities that are classified as available-for-sale instruments. The available-for-sale instruments include assets that are held in trust related to the Company’s non-qualified pension and deferred compensation plans (see Note 11) and assets that are intended to fund a portion of the Company’s other postretirement benefit obligations outside of the U.S. These assets are reported at fair value, based on quoted market prices as of the end of the reporting period. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as "Other income (expense)" on the consolidated statements of operations. At the time of sale, the assets that are held in trust related to the Company’s non-qualified pension and deferred compensation plans, any gains (losses) calculated by the specific identification method are recognized as a reduction (increase) to benefits expense, within "Selling, general, and administrative expenses" on the consolidated statements of operations.

Financial Instruments

The Company uses financial instruments in the normal course of its business, including from time to time, derivative financial instruments. Additionally, from time to time, the Company enters into contracts that are not considered derivative financial instruments in their entirety, but that include embedded derivative features.

Other financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, held-to-maturity short-term investments, accounts receivable, and notes payable. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments reported on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities.

The fair value measurement accounting guidance establishes a valuation hierarchy of the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The following is a brief description of those three levels:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions.

An asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation costs related to stock-based payment transactions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The amount of compensation cost is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity (or liability) instruments issued. The Company determines compensation cost for restricted stock units ("RSUs") and phantom stock units based on the grant-date fair value of the underlying common stock adjusted for expected dividends paid over the required vesting period for non-participating awards. Compensation cost is recognized over the period that an officer, employee, or non-employee director is required to provide service in exchange for the award. For RSUs with market conditions, the Company estimates the grant date fair value using a Monte Carlo valuation model and recognizes the expense for the awards over the period in which the condition is assessed regardless of whether the market condition is ultimately achieved. For awards subject to graded vesting, the Company recognizes expense over the service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in-substance, multiple awards. The Company recognizes compensation cost for RSUs that are expected to vest and records cumulative adjustments in the period that the expectation changes.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company has significant operations outside of the United States. The Company finances its operations in Europe and certain locations in Asia in local currencies, and accordingly, these subsidiaries utilize the local currency as their functional currency. The Company’s operations in Israel and most significant locations in Asia are largely financed in U.S. dollars, and accordingly, these subsidiaries utilize the U.S. dollar as their functional currency.

For those subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency, assets and liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets have been translated at the rate of exchange as of the balance sheet date. Translation adjustments do not impact the consolidated results of operations and are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate for the year. While the translation of revenues and expenses into U.S. dollars does not directly impact the statement of operations, the translation effectively increases or decreases the U.S. dollar equivalent of revenues generated and expenses incurred in those foreign currencies.

For those foreign subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, all foreign currency financial statement amounts are remeasured into U.S. dollars. Exchange gains and losses arising from remeasurement of foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are included in the consolidated results of operations.

Treasury Stock

The Company records treasury stock at cost, inclusive of fees, commissions and other expenses, when outstanding common shares are repurchased.

Self-Insurance Programs

The Company uses a combination of insurance and self-insurance mechanisms to provide for the potential liabilities for workers’ compensation, general liability, property damage, director and officers’ liability, and vehicle liability.

As part of its self-insurance program for certain risks, the Company created a wholly-owned captive insurance entity in 2007. At December 31, 2023, the captive insurance entity provides only property and general liability insurance, although it is licensed to also provide directors’ and officers’ insurance. The captive insurance entity hadno amounts accrued for outstanding claims at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Certain investments held by the captive insurance entity are restricted primarily for the purpose of potential insurance claims. Such amounts are recorded in other noncurrent assets, and total $10,571 and $9,352 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing required statutory reserves of the captive insurance entity.

Leases

The Company leases buildings and machinery and equipment used for manufacturing and/or sales and administrative purposes. The Company is also party to various service, warehousing, and other agreements that it evaluates for potential embedded leases. Substantially all of the Company’s leases are structured and classified as operating leases.

The Company leases assets in each region in which it operates. The Company’s leases are generally denominated in the currency of the leased assets' location, which may not be the functional currency of the subsidiary lessee. Accordingly, the Company remeasures its lease liability and recognizes a transactional gain/loss for leases denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the subsidiary lessee.

The Company recognizes right of use assets and lease liabilities for leases greater than twelve months in duration based on the contract consideration for lease components through the term of the lease and the applicable discount rate. Leases with a duration less than or equal to twelve months are considered short-term leases. The Company does not recognize right of use assets or lease liabilities for short-term leases and classifies the expense as short-term lease expense. Variable lease payments based on an index or rate are included in the right of use assets and lease liabilities based on the effective rates at lease commencement. Changes in the rates or indices do not impact the right of use asset or lease liability and are recognized as a component of lease expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Variable lease payments not based on an index or rate are not included in the initial right of use asset and lease liability and are recognized when incurred as a component of lease expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company has elected to not separate contract consideration for lease and non-lease components for its building leases. In addition to the noncancellable period of a lease, the Company includes periods covered by extension options it is reasonably certain to exercise, termination options that it is reasonably certain not to exercise, and extension and termination options controlled by the lessor in its determination of the lease term. The Company uses the rate implicit in the contract whenever possible when determining the applicable discount rate. When the implicit rate is not used, the Company employs a portfolio approach based on the duration of the lease. The portfolio lease rates are calculated monthly.

No individual lease is considered significant and there are no leases that have not yet commenced that are considered significant.

See Note 4 for additional information.

Restructuring and Severance Costs

Restructuring and severance costs reflect charges resulting from cost reduction programs implemented by the Company. Restructuring and severance costs include exit costs, severance benefits pursuant to an on-going arrangement, voluntary termination compensation under a defined program, and any related pension curtailment and settlement charges.

The Company recognizes expense for one-time benefits only after management has committed to a plan, the plan is sufficiently detailed to provide the number, classification, and location of employees to be terminated as well as the expected completion date, the plan has been sufficiently communicated to employees such that they are able to determine the type and amount of benefits they will receive if terminated, and it is unlikely that the plan will be significantly changed or withdrawn. If an employee is not required to render service beyond a minimum retention period, the Company recognizes expense once the aforementioned criteria have been met. If an employee is required to render service beyond a minimum retention period, the Company recognizes expense over the period that the employee is required to render future service.

The Company recognizes expense for on-going benefit arrangements when the liability is reasonably estimable and considered probable. The Company recognizes expense for voluntary separation / early retirement when the employee delivers an irrevocable voluntary termination notice pursuant to a defined Company program. The Company recognizes other exit costs as incurred.

The Company paid cash of $11,474 in the year ended December 31, 2021 due to a restructuring program announced in 2019. The program was substantially completed as of December 31, 2021.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU adds reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses, requires additional interim disclosures, and requires other segment-related disclosures. The ASU is effective for the Company for interim and annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024, with the ability to early adopt. The Company adopted the ASU effective January 1, 2024. The adoption of the ASU will not impact the Company's reportable segments' results of operations or cash flows, but will increase its segment disclosures.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with current year presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on reported net earnings attributable to Vishay stockholders, total assets, stockholders' equity, or the statements of cash flows.

Note 2 - Acquisition and Divestiture Activities

As part of its growth strategy, the Company seeks to expand through targeted acquisitions of other manufacturers of electronic components. These acquisition targets include businesses that have established positions in major markets, reputations for product quality and reliability, and product lines with which the Company has substantial marketing and technical expertise. It also includes certain businesses that possess technologies which the Company expects to further develop and commercialize.

Year ended December 31, 2023

Neptune 6 Limited

On November 8, 2023, Vishay and Nexperia BV announced that they have entered into an agreement whereby Vishay will acquire Nexperia’s wafer fabrication facility and operations located in Newport, South Wales, U.K. for approximately $177,000 in cash, subject to customary post-closing adjustments. On November 8, 2023, Vishay remitted $8,750 to an escrow account as a deposit for the acquisition. Such amount is included within "Purchase of and deposits for businesses, net of cash acquired" on the consolidated statement of cash flows.

To effect the transaction, Vishay will acquire a 100% interest in the legal entity Neptune 6 Limited, and its wholly-owned operating subsidiary, Nexperia Newport Limited, which owns and operates the Newport facility.

The closing of the transaction is subject to U.K. government review and customary closing conditions, and is expected to occur in the first quarter of 2024.

Centerline Technologies, LLC

On June 30, 2023, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Centerline Technologies, LLC ("Centerline"), a Massachusetts-based, privately held manufacturer of ceramic components used in many custom parts manufactured by certain of Vishay's Resistors businesses, for $5,003. Based on an estimate of fair values, the Company allocated $1,500 of the purchase price to definite-lived intangible assets. After allocating the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on an estimation of their fair values at the date of acquisition, the Company recorded goodwill of $2,213 related to this acquisition. The acquired business will be vertically integrated into the Company's Resistors segment, and the goodwill related to this acquisition is included in the Resistors reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing. The results and operations of this acquisition have been included in the Resistors segment since June 30, 2023.

Year ended December 31, 2022

On October 28, 2022, the Company acquired all of the outstanding equity interests of MaxPower Semiconductor, Inc., ("MaxPower"), a San Jose, California-based fabless power semiconductor provider dedicated to delivering innovative and cost-effective technologies that optimize power management solutions. The acquisition of MaxPower will enhance Vishay's current and future silicon carbide ("SiC") offerings for fast-growing markets such as electric vehicles.

The Company paid cash of $50,000, net of cash acquired, at closing. The transaction also included possible contingent payments of up to $57,500, which would be payable upon the achievement of certain technology milestones, upon favorable resolution of certain technology licensing matters with a third party, and upon the disposition of MaxPower's investment in an equity affiliate. The purchase price for U.S. GAAP purposes includes the fair value, as of the acquisition date, of certain future contingent payments to non-employee equity holders of MaxPower. The estimated fair value of this contingent consideration as of the acquisition date was $6,851. The contingent consideration liability is included in other accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying balance sheet and is remeasured each reporting period, with changes reported as "Selling, general, and administrative expenses" on the consolidated statements of operations.

A portion of contingent payments to be made to employee equity holders are deemed compensatory in nature. Such payments made to employee equity holders will be recognized as expense in future periods, and thus are not included in the U.S. GAAP purchase price.

One of the contingencies was resolved in the fourth quarter of 2023, which resulted in no additional payments to the former employees and stockholders of MaxPower. Significant developments occurred in another of the contingencies in January 2024. The Company's estimate of the maximum possible contingent payments is $17,500. See Note 18 for further discussion on the fair value measurement of the contingent consideration liability.

Based on an estimate of their fair values, the Company allocated $18,600 of the purchase price to definite-lived intangible assets. After allocating the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on an estimation of their fair values at the date of acquisition, the Company recorded goodwill of $34,246 related to this acquisition. The results and operation of this acquisition have been included in the MOSFETs segment since October 28, 2022. The goodwill related to this acquisition is included in the MOSFETs reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing.

Year ended December 31, 2021

On December 31, 2021, the Company acquired substantially all of the U.S. assets of Barry Industries, a Massachusetts-based, privately-held manufacturer of resistive components for $20,847. Based on an estimate of their fair values, the Company allocated $9,600 of the purchase price to definite-lived intangible assets. After allocating the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on an estimation of their fair values at the date of acquisition, the Company recorded goodwill of $7,813 related to this acquisition. The results and operations of this acquisition have been included in the Resistors segment since December 31, 2021. The goodwill related to this acquisition is included in the Resistors reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing.

Note 3 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment test as of the first day of the fiscal fourth quarter. No impairment was identified as a result of the Company's annual impairment tests for 2023, 2022, and 2021.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Other intangible assets are as follows:

Amortization expense (excluding capitalized software) was $9,916, $8,127, and $7,790, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Estimated annual amortization expense of intangible assets on the balance sheet at December 31, 2023 for each of the next five years is as follows:

Note 4 – Leases

The net right of use assets and lease liabilities recognized on the consolidated balance sheets for the Company's operating leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented below:

Lease expense is classified in the statements of operations based on asset use. Total lease cost recognized on the consolidated statements of operations is as follows:

The Company paid $28,164, $24,074, and $23,899 for its operating leases during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, which are included in operating cash flows on the consolidated statements of cash flows. The weighted-average remaining lease term for the Company's operating leases is 9.4 years and the weighted-average discount rate is 6.3% as of December 31, 2023.

The undiscounted future lease payments for the Company's operating lease liabilities are as follows:

The undiscounted future lease payments presented in the table above include payments through the term of the lease, which may include periods beyond the noncancellable term. The difference between the total payments above and the lease liability balance is due to the discount rate used to calculate lease liabilities.

Note 5 – Income Taxes

Changes in Tax Laws and Regulations

Israel

Effective November 15, 2021, Israel enacted changes in its tax laws. As a direct result of this change in tax law, the Company made the determination during the fourth fiscal quarter of 2021 that substantially all unremitted foreign earnings in Israel were no longer indefinitely reinvested. The Company recorded additional tax expense of $53,316 during the fourth fiscal quarter of 2021 to accrue the claw-back tax on applicable earnings and withholding taxes necessary to distribute these approximately $385,000 of accumulated earnings to the United States. The Company repatriated $81,243 to the United States in 2022 pursuant to this repatriation program. The Company paid withholding taxes, foreign taxes, and Israeli clawback taxes of $25,201 due to the repatriation.

United States

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "TCJA") was enacted in the United States. Under previous law, companies could indefinitely defer U.S. income taxation on unremitted foreign earnings. The TCJA imposed a one-time transition tax on deferred foreign earnings, payable in defined increments over eight years. Installments of $27,670 were paid in 2023 and $14,757 were paid in each of 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, and 2018.

The Company expects future installment payments as follows:

The U.S. Internal Revenue Service continues to issue regulations to address the provisions of the TCJA. During 2021, the Company amended tax returns for 2018 and 2019 and recognized tax benefits of $8,276 as a result of changes in tax regulations, by making an election regarding Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”). The Company has elected to account for GILTI tax in the period in which it is incurred and, therefore, does not provide any deferred taxes in the consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021.

Change in Indefinite Reversal Assertion

The Company made the determination during the fourth fiscal quarter of 2022 that substantially all unremitted earnings in Germany are no longer indefinitely reinvested. Additional tax expense was recorded during the fourth fiscal quarter of 2022 to accrue the $59,642 of withholding taxes necessary to distribute these approximately $360,000 of accumulated earnings to the United States.

These changes in this indefinite reinvestment assertion provide greater access to the Company's worldwide cash balances to fund its growth plan and its Stockholder Return Policy. While the change in assertion provides access to these balances, these amounts will be repatriated only as needed. The withholding taxes associated with any distribution to the United States is payable upon distribution. During the fourth fiscal quarter of 2023, the Company repatriated $325,000 of accumulated earnings to the United States and paid withholding taxes, in Germany and Israel, of $63,600.

At December 31, 2023, approximately $218,000 of German earnings and approximately $380,000 of Israeli earnings are deemed not indefinitely reinvested. The aggregate tax liability recorded for unremitted earnings at December 31, 2023 is approximately $86,000, which includes amounts accrued subsequent to the changes in indefinite reinvestment determinations described above.

There are amounts of unremitted foreign earnings in countries other than Israel and Germany, which continue to be reinvested indefinitely, and the Company has made no provision for incremental foreign income taxes and withholding taxes payable to foreign jurisdictions related to these amounts. Determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred foreign tax liability for these amounts is not practicable because of the complexities associated with its hypothetical calculation.

Income before taxes consists of the following components:

Significant components of income taxes are as follows:

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

The Company makes significant judgments regarding the realizability of its deferred tax assets (principally net operating losses and tax credits). The carrying value of deferred tax assets is based on the Company’s assessment that it is more likely than not that the Company will realize these assets after consideration of all available positive and negative evidence.

A reconciliation of income tax expense at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to actual income tax provision is as follows:

Vishay operates in a global environment with significant operations in various locations outside the United States. Accordingly, the consolidated income tax rate is a composite rate reflecting our earnings and the applicable tax rates in the various locations where we operate. Part of Vishay's historical strategy has been to achieve cost savings through the transfer and expansion of manufacturing operations to countries where it can take advantage of lower labor costs and available tax and other government-sponsored incentives. With the reduction in the U.S. statutory rate to 21% beginning January 1, 2018, Vishay expects that its effective tax rate will be higher than the U.S. statutory rate, excluding unusual transactions. Historically, the effective tax rates were generally less than the U.S. statutory rate of 35% primarily because of earnings in foreign jurisdictions.

Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 includes certain discrete tax items for changes in uncertain tax positions, valuation allowances, tax rates, and other related items. These items total $20,032, and $39,326 in 2022 and 2021, respectively. There wereno unusual tax items for the year ended December 31, 2023.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the discrete items include tax expense of $59,642 due to the Company's change in its assertion that earnings of its subsidiaries in Germany are indefinitely reinvested, tax benefits of $5,941 for changes in uncertain tax positions following the resolution of a tax audit and a $33,669 tax benefit recognized upon the release of a valuation allowance.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the discrete items include $53,316 of tax expense recognized to accrue the claw-back and withholding taxes to repatriate unremitted foreign earnings from Israel, a $5,714 tax benefit recognized upon the release of a valuation allowance and $8,276 of tax benefits recognized due to changes in tax regulations.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had the following significant net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes:

At December 31, 2023, the Company had the following significant tax credit carryforwards available:

Net income taxes paid were $224,232, $134,199, and $79,106 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Net income taxes paid for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 include withholding taxes for repatriation activity. Net income taxes paid for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 also includes $27,670, $14,757, and $14,757, respectively, for the TCJA transition tax.

The following table summarizes changes in the liabilities associated with unrecognized tax benefits:

All of the unrecognized tax benefits of $12,857 and $18,429, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, would reduce the effective tax rate if recognized.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had accrued interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits of $1,947 and $2,587, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized $821, $376, and $591, respectively, in interest and penalties.

The Company and its subsidiaries file U.S. federal income tax returns, as well as tax returns in multiple states and foreign jurisdictions. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, certain tax examinations were concluded and certain statutes of limitations lapsed. The tax provision for those years includes adjustments related to the resolution of these matters, as reflected in the table above. During 2023, the Company settled an examination of its U.S. federal income tax returns for the years ended December 31, 2017 through 2019. The federal income tax returns for subsequent years remain subject to examination. The tax returns of significant non-U.S. subsidiaries currently under examination are located in the following jurisdictions: Israel (2021), Germany (2017 through 2021), India (2004 through 2021), and Philippines (2017 through 2022). The Company and its subsidiaries also file income tax returns in other taxing jurisdictions in the U.S. and around the world, many of which are still open to examination.

The timing of the resolution of income tax examinations is highly uncertain, as are the amounts and timing of tax payments that result from such examinations. These events could cause large fluctuations in the balance sheet classification of current and non-current unrecognized tax benefits. The Company believes that in the next 12 months it is reasonably possible that certain income tax examinations will conclude or the statutes of limitation on certain income tax periods open to examination will expire, or both. Given the uncertainties described above, the Company can only determine an estimate of potential decreases in unrecognized tax benefits ranging from $1,250 to $10,487.

Note 6 – Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following:

Credit Facility

The Company maintains a credit agreement with a consortium of banks led by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders (the "Credit Facility"). On May 8, 2023, the Company entered into an Amendment and Restatement Agreement, which provides an aggregate commitment of $750,000 of revolving loans available until May 8, 2028, replacing an agreement thatwas scheduled to mature on June 5, 2024. The maturity date of the Credit Facility will accelerate if within ninety-one days prior to the maturity of the Company's convertible senior notes due 2025, the outstanding principal amount of such notes exceed a defined liquidity measure as set forth in the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility also provides for the ability of Vishay to request up to $300,000 of incremental facilities, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, which could take the form of additional revolving commitments, incremental “term loan A” or “term loan B” facilities, or incremental equivalent debt.

U.S. Dollar borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus a credit spread and an interest margin. The Credit Facility also allows for borrowings in euro, British sterling, and Japanese yen, subject to a $250,000 limit. Borrowings in foreign currency bear interest at a local reference rate plus an interest margin. The applicable interest margin is based on the Company's total leverage ratio. Based on the Company's current total leverage ratio, borrowings bear interest at SOFR plus 1.60%, including the applicable credit spread. The Company also pays a commitment fee, also based on its total leverage ratio, on undrawn amounts. The undrawn commitment fee, based on the Company's total current leverage ratio, is 0.25% per annum.

The Credit Facility requires the maintenance of financial covenant ratios. For compliance purposes, pursuant to the Credit Facility, the leverage ratio is computed on a net basis, reducing the measure of outstanding debt by up to $250,000 of unrestricted cash. The Company must maintain a net leverage ratio of at least 3.25 to 1.00.

Borrowings under the Credit Facility are secured by a lien on substantially all assets, including accounts receivable, inventory, machinery and equipment, and general intangibles (but excluding real estate, intellectual property registered or licensed solely for use in, or arising solely under the laws of, any country other than the United States, assets located solely outside of the United States and deposit and securities accounts), of the Company and certain significant subsidiaries located in the United States, and pledges of stock in certain significant domestic and foreign subsidiaries; and are guaranteed by certain significant subsidiaries.

The Credit Facility limits or restricts the Company and its subsidiaries, from, among other things, incurring indebtedness, incurring liens on its respective assets, making investments and acquisitions (assuming the Company’s pro forma net leverage ratio is greater than 2.75 to 1.00), making asset sales, and paying cash dividends and making other restricted payments (assuming the Company's pro forma net leverage ratio is greater than 2.50 to 1.00), and requires the Company to comply with other covenants.

The Credit Facility also contains customary events of default, including, but not limited to, failure to pay principal or interest, failure to pay or default under other material debt, material misrepresentation or breach of warranty, violation of certain covenants, a change of control, the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, the insolvency of the Company or certain of its significant subsidiaries, and the rendering of a judgment in excess of $50,000 against the Company or its subsidiaries. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under the Credit Facility, the Company's obligations under the credit facility may be accelerated and the lending commitments under the credit facility may be terminated.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was $748,578 and $707,061, respectively, available under the Credit Facility. Letters of credit totaling $1,422 and $939 were outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 6 – Long-Term Debt (continued)

Convertible Debt Instruments

The following table summarizes some key facts and terms regarding the outstanding convertible senior notes as of December 31, 2023:

Convertible Senior Notes due 2030

In September 2023, the Company issued $750,000 aggregate principal amount of 2.25% convertible senior notes due 2030 (the “2030 Notes”) to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to an exemption from registration provided by Rule 144A under the Securities Act. The Company used the net proceeds from this offering to repurchase $370,242 principal amount of its outstanding 2.25% convertible senior notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) (as further described below), to reduce the outstanding balance of its Credit Facility, to enter into capped call transactions (as further described below), and for other general corporate purposes.

The 2030 Notes bear interest at a rate of 2.25% per year payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning March 15, 2024. The 2030 Notes mature on September 15, 2030, unless earlier repurchased or converted.

The 2030 Notes are convertible into shares of Vishay common stock at an initial conversion rate of 33.1609 shares of common stock per $1 principal amount of the notes, subject to adjustment. This initial conversion price represents a premium of 20% to the closing price of Vishay's common stock on September 7, 2023, which was $25.13 per share. This represents an initial effective conversion price of approximately $30.16 per share. The conversion rate of the 2030 Notes is not adjusted for quarterly cash dividends equal to or less than $0.10 per share of common stock. Pursuant to the indenture governing the 2030 Notes, the Company is required to satisfy its conversion obligations by paying cash equal to the principal amount of notes and settle any additional value in cash and/or shares at its discretion. Vishay must provide additional shares upon conversion if there is a "fundamental change" in the business as defined in the indenture governing the notes.

The Company may not redeem the 2030 Notes prior to September 20, 2027. The Company may redeem for cash all or part of the 2030 Notes, at its option, on or after September 20, 2027, if the sale price of Vishay’s common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price for a specified period at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest. If the Company elects to redeem fewer than all of the outstanding 2030 Notes, at least $100,000 aggregate principal amount of 2030 Notes must be outstanding and not subject to redemption.

Prior to March 15, 2030, the holders of the 2030 Notes may convert their notes only under the following conditions: (1) the sale price of Vishay common stock reaches 130% of the applicable conversion price for a specified period during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on December 31, 2023; (2) the trading price of the notes falls below 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of Vishay’s common stock and the conversion rate for a specified period; (3) the Company calls any or all of the 2030 Notes for redemption; or (4) upon the occurrence of specified corporate transactions.

Capped Call Transactions

In September 2023, in connection with the pricing and initial purchasers’ exercise in full of their option to purchase additional 2030 Notes, the Company entered into separate base and additional privately negotiated capped call transactions with an affiliate of an initial purchaser and certain other financial institutions. The capped call will initially cover, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, the aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock that initially underlie the 2030 Notes. The Company used $94,200 of the net proceeds from the 2030 Notes to pay the cost of the capped call transactions. The cap price of the capped call will initially be $43.98 per share, which represents a premium of approximately 75% over the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock on September 7, 2023, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call.

The capped call transactions are separate transactions entered into by the Company with each of the capped call counterparties, are not part of the terms of the 2030 Notes, and do not affect any holder’s rights under the 2030 Notes. Holders of the 2030 Notes do not have any rights with respect to the capped call. The capped call is classified within stockholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheet.

Note 6 – Long-Term Debt (continued)

Convertible Senior Notes due 2025

The Company used $386,745 of the net proceeds from the offering of the 2030 Notes to repurchase $370,242 principal amount of its outstanding 2025 Notes. As a result, the Company recognized a loss on early extinguishment of the 2025 Notes of $18,874, including the write-off of a portion of unamortized debt issuance costs.

Prior to December 15, 2024, the holders of the convertible senior notes due 2025 may convert their notes only under the following circumstances: (1) the sale price of Vishay common stock reaches 130% of the conversion price for a specified period; (2) the trading price of the notes falls below 98% of the product of the sale price of Vishay's common stock and the conversion rate for a specified period; or (3) upon the occurrence of specified corporate transactions. The convertible senior notes due 2025 are not currently convertible.

Upon conversion of the convertible senior notes due 2025, Vishay will satisfy its conversion obligations by paying $1 cash per $1 principal amount of converted notes and settle any additional amounts due in common stock.

The quarterly cash dividend program of the Company results in adjustments to the conversion rate and effective conversion price for the convertible senior notes due 2025 effective as of the ex-dividend date of each cash dividend. The conversion rate and effective conversion price for the convertible senior notes due 2025 is adjusted for quarterly cash dividends to the extent such dividends exceed $0.085 per share of common stock.

Other Borrowings Information

The Credit Facility, of which no amount was drawn as of December 31, 2023, expires in 2028. The convertible senior notes mature in 2025 and 2030, respectively.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had committed and uncommitted credit lines with various foreign banks aggregating approximately $34,000 and $1,000, respectively, with substantially no amounts borrowed.

Interest paid was $17,242, $13,739, and $14,177 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Deferred financing costs are recognized as non-cash interest expense. Non-cash interest expense was $3,735, $3,272, and $3,272 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

See Note 18 for further discussion on the fair value of the Company’s long-term debt.

Note 7 – Stockholders’ Equity

The Company’s Class B common stock carries 10 votes per share while the common stock carries 1 vote per share. Class B shares are transferable only to certain permitted transferees while the common stock is freely transferable. Class B shares are convertible on aone-for-one basis at any time into shares of common stock. Transfers of Class B shares other than to permitted transferees result in the automatic conversion of the Class B shares into common stock.

The Board of Directors may only declare dividends or other distributions with respect to the common stock or the Class B common stock if it grants such dividends or distributions in the same amount per share with respect to the other class of stock. Stock dividends or distributions on any class of stock are payable only in shares of stock of that class. Shares of either common stock or Class B common stock cannot be split, divided, or combined unless the other is also split, divided, or combined equally. Cash dividends were paid quarterly in 2023 and 2022.

The Credit Facility also allows an unlimited amount of defined "Restricted Payments," which include cash dividends and share repurchases, provided the Company's pro forma net leverage ratio is equal to or less than 2.50 to 1.00. If the Company's pro forma net leverage ratio is greater than 2.50 to 1.00, the Credit Facility allows such payments up to $100,000 per annum (subject to a cap of $300,000 for the term of the facility, with up to $25,000 of any unused amount of the $100,000 per annum base available for use in the next succeeding calendar year).

At December 31, 2023, the Company had reserved shares of common stock for future issuance as follows:

In 2022, the Company's Board of Directors adopted a Stockholder Return Policy that will remain in effect until such time as the Board votes to amend or rescind the policy. The Stockholder Return Policy calls for the Company to return a prescribed amount of cash flows on an annual basis. The Company intends to return such amounts directly, in the form of dividends, or indirectly, in the form of stock repurchases.

The following table summarizes activity pursuant to this policy:

The repurchased shares are being held as treasury stock. The number of shares of common stock being held as treasury stock was 7,535,881 and 4,240,573 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 8 – Details of Expenses

The caption “Other” on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations consists of the following:

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Company's operations were impacted by the "COVID-19" pandemic, particularly in 2020 and again in 2022 when operations in the People's Republic of China were impacted by government-mandated shut-downs. The Company incurred incremental costs separable from normal operations that are directly related to the pandemic containment efforts, primarily wages paid to manufacturing employees during government-mandated shut-downs, additional wages and hardship allowances for working during lockdown periods, additional costs of cleaning and disinfecting facilities, costs of additional safety equipment for employees, and temporary housing for employees due to travel restrictions, which were partially offset by government subsidies. Since 2021, certain costs directly attributable to the pandemic, such as additional costs of cleaning and disinfecting facility and costs of additional safety equipment for employees, are no longer incremental and are considered normal operating costs. The net impact of the costs and subsidies are reported as "Cost of products sold" of $6,661 and "Selling, general, and administrative expenses" of $546 based on employee function on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Note 9 – Other Accrued Expenses

Other accrued expenses consist of the following:

Sales returns and allowances accrual activity is shown below:

Note 10 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The cumulative balance of each component of other comprehensive income (loss) and the income tax effects allocated to each component are as follows:

Other comprehensive income (loss) includes Vishay's proportionate share of other comprehensive income (loss) of nonconsolidated subsidiaries accounted for under the equity method.

Note 11 – Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits

The Company maintains various retirement benefit plans. GAAP requires employers to recognize the funded status of a benefit plan, measured as the difference between plan assets at fair value and the benefit obligation, in its balance sheet. The recognition of the funded status on the balance sheet requires employers to recognize actuarial items (such as actuarial gains and losses, prior service costs, and transition obligations) as a component of other comprehensive income, net of tax.

The following table summarizes amounts recorded on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets associated with these various retirement benefit plans:

• -Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive loss are presented in this table pre-tax

Defined Benefit Pension Plans

U.S. Pension Plans

The Company maintained several defined benefit pension plans which covered most full-time U.S. employees. These included pension plans which are “qualified” under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) and the Internal Revenue Code, and “non-qualified” pension plans which provide defined benefits primarily to U.S. employees whose benefits under the qualified pension plan would be limited by ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code. The Company’s principal qualified U.S. pension plan (the Vishay Retirement Plan) was frozen effective January 1, 2009 and terminated in 2016.

The Company’s principal non-qualified U.S. pension plan (the Vishay Non-qualified Retirement Plan) was a contributory pension plan designed to provide similar defined benefits to covered U.S. employees whose benefits under the Vishay Retirement Plan were limited by the Internal Revenue Code. The Vishay Non-qualified Retirement Plan was similar in construction to the Vishay Retirement Plan, except that the plan is not qualified under the Internal Revenue Code.

The Vishay Non-qualified Retirement Plan, like all non-qualified plans, is considered to be unfunded. The Company maintains a non-qualified trust, referred to as a “rabbi” trust, to fund benefit payments under this plan. Rabbi trust assets are subject to creditor claims under certain conditions and are not the property of employees. Therefore, they are accounted for as other noncurrent assets. Assets held in trust related to the non-qualified pension plan were $21,095 and $20,615 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

In 2008, the Company adopted amendments to the Vishay Non-Qualified Retirement Plan such that effective January 1, 2009, the plan was frozen. Pursuant to these amendments, no new employees may participate in the plans, no further participant contributions were required or permitted, and no further benefits shall accrue after December 31, 2008. Benefits accumulated as of December 31, 2008 will be paid to employees upon or following retirement, and the Company will likely need to make additional cash contributions to the rabbi trust to fund this accumulated benefit obligation.

The Company also maintains other pension plans which provide supplemental defined benefits primarily to former U.S. employees whose benefits under qualified pension plans were limited by the Internal Revenue Code. These non-qualified plans are all non-contributory plans, and are considered to be unfunded.

In 2004, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Felix Zandman, its Executive Chairman and then-Chief Executive Officer. Pursuant to this agreement, the Company is providing an annual retirement benefit of approximately $614 to his surviving spouse. The Company maintains a non-qualified trust, referred to as a “rabbi” trust, to fund benefit payments under this plan. Rabbi trust assets are subject to creditor claims under certain conditions and are not the property of employees. Therefore, they are accounted for as other noncurrent assets. Assets held in trust related to this non-qualified pension plan were $445 and $1,023 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Non-U.S. Pension Plans

The Company provides pension and similar benefits to employees of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries consistent with local practices. Pension benefits earned are generally based on years of service and compensation during active employment.

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the benefit obligation, plan assets, and funded status related to U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans:

The plan assets are stated at fair value. See Note 18 for further discussion of the valuation of the plan assets.

Amounts recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets consist of the following:

Actuarial items consist of the following:

The following table sets forth additional information regarding the projected and accumulated benefit obligations:

The following table sets forth the components of net periodic pension cost:

See Note 10 for the pretax, tax effect and after tax amounts included in other comprehensive income during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. The estimated actuarial items for the defined benefit pensions plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic pension cost during 2024 are not material.

The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 of the respective years:

The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine the net periodic pension costs:

The plans’ expected return on assets is based on management’s expectations of long-term average rates of return to be achieved by the underlying investment portfolios. In establishing this assumption, management considers historical and expected returns for the asset classes in which the plans are invested, advice from pension consultants and investment advisors, and current economic and capital market conditions.

The investment mix between equity securities and fixed income securities is based upon achieving a desired return, balancing higher return, more volatile equity securities, and lower return, less volatile fixed income securities and is adjusted for the expected duration of the obligation and the funded status of the plan. Investment allocations are made across a range of securities, maturities and credit quality. The Company’s non-U.S. defined benefit plan investments are based on local laws and customs. Most plans invest in cash and local government fixed income securities, although plans in certain countries have investments in equity securities. The plans do not invest in securities of Vishay or its subsidiaries. Negative investment returns could ultimately affect the funded status of the plans, requiring additional cash contributions. See Note 18 for further information on the fair value of the plan assets by asset category.

Estimated future benefit payments are as follows:

The Company’s anticipated 2024 contributions for defined benefit pension plans will approximate the expected benefit payments disclosed above.

Other Postretirement Benefits

In the U.S., the Company maintains unfunded non-pension postretirement plans, including medical benefits for certain executives and their surviving spouses, which are funded as costs are incurred. The Company also maintainstwo unfunded non-pension postretirement plans attwo European subsidiaries.

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the benefit obligation, plan assets, and accrued benefit cost related to U.S. and non-U.S. non-pension defined benefit postretirement plans:

Amounts recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets consist of the following:

Actuarial items consist of the following:

The following table sets forth the components of net periodic benefit cost:

The estimated actuarial items for the other postretirement benefit plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost during 2024 are not material.

The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 of the respective years:

The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine the net periodic benefit costs:

The impact of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates on the net periodic benefit cost and postretirement benefit obligation is not material.

Estimated future benefit payments are as follows:

As the plans are unfunded, the Company’s anticipated contributions for 2024 are equal to its estimated benefits payments.

Other Retirement Obligations

The Company participates in various other defined contribution and government-mandated retirement plans based on local law or custom. The Company periodically makes required contributions for certain of these plans, whereas other plans are unfunded retirement bonus plans which will be paid at the employee's retirement date. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets include $11,087 and $10,560, respectively, within accrued pension and other postretirement costs related to these plans.

The Company’s U.S. employees are eligible to participate in a 401(k) savings plan, which provides for Company matching contributions. The Company’s matching expense for the plans was $7,641, $7,083, and $6,557 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. No material amounts are included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 related to unfunded 401(k) contributions.

Certain key employees participate in a deferred compensation plan. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, these employees could defer a portion of their compensation until retirement, or elect shorter deferral periods. The Company maintains a liability within other noncurrent liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets related to these deferrals. The Company maintains a non-qualified trust, referred to as a “rabbi” trust, to fund payments under this plan. Rabbi trust assets are subject to creditor claims under certain conditions and are not the property of employees. Therefore, they are accounted for as other noncurrent assets. Assets held in trust related to the deferred compensation plan at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $28,838 and $28,535, respectively.

Note 12 – Stock-Based Compensation

2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan

The Company implemented the Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. 2023 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "2023 Plan") after receiving stockholder approval at its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders on May 23, 2023. The 2023 Plan allows the Company to grant up to 6,000,000 shares (subject to certain adjustments described in the 2023 Plan) of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, other stock-based awards, phantom stock units, and other cash-based awards to employees, directors, consultants, and other service providers of the Company and its affiliates. Such instruments are available for grant until March 24, 2033. The Company has granted approximately 761,000 time-vested restricted stock units to employees pursuant to the 2023 Plan. At December 31, 2023, the Company has reserved 5,250,847 shares of common stock for future grants of equity awards pursuant to the 2023 Plan.

2007 Stock Incentive Program

Under the Company's 2007 Stock Incentive Program (the "2007 Program"), as amended and restated, certain executive officers and board members of the Company were granted restricted stock units. No further awards will be granted pursuant to the 2007 Program. Pursuant to the terms of the 2023 Plan, any shares of common stock that are subject to outstanding awards granted pursuant to the 2007 Program that subsequently cease to be subject to such awards as a result of the termination, expiration, cancellation, or forfeiture of such awards and any shares of common stock withheld in settlement of tax withholding obligations associated with outstanding awards granted pursuant to the 2007 Program may become available for issuance under the 2023 Plan. A total of 1,294,546 shares of common stock were subject to awards granted pursuant to the 2007 Program as of May 23, 2023.

All RSUs granted pursuant to the 2007 Program and the 2023 Plan contain service vesting conditions. Certain RSUs also contain performance or market vesting conditions. The Company recognizes compensation cost for RSUs that are expected to vest and records cumulative adjustments in the period that the expectation changes.

The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense recognized:

The following table summarizes unrecognized compensation cost and the weighted average remaining amortization periods at December 31, 2023(amortization periods in years):

The Company currently expects all performance-based RSUs to vest and all of the associated unrecognized compensation cost for performance-based RSUs presented in the table above to be recognized.

Note 12 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

Restricted Stock Units

Each RSU entitles the recipient to receive a share of common stock when the RSU vests.

RSU activity is presented below(number of RSUs in thousands):

*Employees in certain countries are granted equity-linked awards that will be settled in cash and are accounted for as liability awards. The liability awards are not material. The number of RSUs granted excludes these awards.

** The number of RSUs vested includes shares that the Company withheld on behalf of employees to satisfy the statutory tax withholding requirements.

The number of performance-based RSUs that are scheduled to vest increases ratably based on the achievement of defined performance and market criteria between the established target and maximum levels. RSUs with performance-based and market-based vesting criteria are expected to vest as follows(number of RSUs in thousands):

***The performance vesting criteria for the performance-based RSUs with a vesting date of January 1, 2024 were achieved.

In the event of (i) any termination (other than for cause) after attaining retirement age (as defined in the respective executive's employment arrangement), the executive's outstanding RSUs shall immediately vest and the outstanding performance-based RSUs shall vest on their normal vesting date to the extent applicable performance criteria are realized; (ii) a change of control of Vishay in which the executive's RSUs and performance-based RSUs are not assumed or continued, all of such executive’s outstanding RSUs and performance-based RSUs shall immediately vest; (iii) a change of control of Vishay in which the executive's RSUs and performance-based RSUs are assumed or continued, upon termination without cause or good reason the executive's outstanding RSUs and performance-based RSUs. In the event of voluntary termination by the executive prior to attaining retirement age or termination for cause, the executive’s outstanding RSUs and performance-based RSUs will be forfeited.

Note 12 – Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

Phantom Stock Units

Each phantom stock unit entitles the recipient to receive a share of common stock at the individual's termination of employment or any other future date specified in the applicable employment agreement. Phantom stock units participate in dividend distribution on the same basis as the Company's common stock and Class B common stock. Dividend equivalents are issued in the form of additional units of phantom stock. The phantom stock units are fully vested at all times.

The following table summarizes the Company’s phantom stock units activity(number of phantom stock units in thousands):

• The number of phantom stock units redeemed for common stock includes shares that the Company withheld on behalf of employees to satisfy the statutory tax withholding requirements.

Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies

Environmental Matters

The Company is subject to various federal, state, local, and foreign laws and regulations governing environmental matters, including the use, discharge, and disposal of hazardous materials. The Company’s manufacturing facilities are believed to be in substantial compliance with current laws and regulations. Complying with current laws and regulations has not had a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition.

The Company has engaged environmental consultants and attorneys to assist management in evaluating potential liabilities related to environmental matters. Management assesses the input from these consultants along with other information known to the Company in its effort to continually monitor these potential liabilities. Management assesses its environmental exposure on a site-by-site basis, including those sites where the Company has been named as a “potentially responsible party.” Such assessments include the Company’s share of remediation costs, information known to the Company concerning the size of the hazardous waste sites, their years of operation, and the number of past users and their financial viability.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has accrued environmental liabilities of $12,430, of which $2,936 is included inother accrued liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet, and $9,494 is included inother noncurrent liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

While the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be determined, management does not believe that the final disposition of these matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. The Company’s present and past facilities have been in operation for many years. These facilities have used substances and have generated and disposed of wastes which are or might be considered hazardous. Therefore, it is possible that additional environmental issues may arise in the future, which the Company cannot now predict.

Litigation

The Company is a party to various claims and lawsuits arising in the normal course of business. The Company is of the opinion that these litigations or claims will not have a material negative effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Long-Term Purchase Agreements

The Company maintains long-term purchase agreements with subcontractors, suppliers, and other business partners to ensure access to external capacity and supply. The Company has minimum purchase commitments pursuant to certain of its long-term arrangements with its subcontractors and other suppliers and business partners of $57,824 and $29,109 for the years 2024 through 2025, respectively. Certain minimum purchase commitments are based on an 18-month rolling forecast and, accordingly, the 2025 minimum purchase commitments will likely increase. The Company has the option to purchase amounts in addition to the minimum commitment and, accordingly, actual purchases may be different than the amounts disclosed above. The Company exceeded its minimum purchase commitments in 2023.

Product Quality Claims

The Company is a party to various product quality claims in the normal course of business. See Note 1 for further information on the Company's warranty obligations.

Executive Employment Agreements

The Company has employment agreements with certain of its senior executives. These employment agreements provide incremental compensation in the event of termination. The Company does not provide any severance or other benefits specifically upon a change in control.

Note 14 – Current Vulnerability Due to Certain Concentrations

Market Concentrations

No customer represented greater than 10% of consolidated net revenue in 2023 or 2022.

A material portion of the Company's revenues are derived from the worldwide industrial, automotive, telecommunications, and computing markets. These markets have historically experienced wide variations in demand for end products. If demand for these end products should decrease, the producers thereof could reduce their purchases of the Company's products, which could have an adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial position.

Certain subsidiaries and product lines have customers which comprise greater than 10% of the subsidiary's or product line's net revenues. The loss of one of these customers could have a material effect on the results of operations of the subsidiary or product line and financial position of the subsidiary, which could result in an impairment charge which could be material to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Credit Risk Concentrations

Financial instruments with potential credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, and notes receivable. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to receivables are generally limited due to the Company’s large number of customers and their dispersion across many countries and industries. As of December 31, 2023, one customer comprised 12.4% of the Company's accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2022, one customer comprised 10.2% of the Company's accounts receivable balance. The Company continually monitors the credit risks associated with its accounts receivable and adjusts the allowance for uncollectible accounts accordingly. The credit risk exposure associated with the accounts receivable is limited by the allowance and is not considered material to the financial statements.

The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments with various major financial institutions. The Company is exposed to credit risk related to the potential inability to access liquidity in financial institutions where its cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments are concentrated. As of December 31, 2023, the following financial institutions held over 10% of the Company’s combined cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments balance:

*Participant in Credit Facility

Sources of Supplies

The production and sale of the Company’s products is reliant on a complex global interconnected supply chain of vendors, manufacturing facilities, third-party foundries and subcontractors, shipping partners, distributors, and end market customers. Disruption in one part of the supply chain could cause disruption in all other parts of the supply chain. Global shipping impacts several parts of the supply chain and the disruption experienced in recent years has, at times, negatively impacted the Company’s ability to manufacture products and to deliver them to customers.

Although most materials incorporated into the Company's products are available from a number of sources, certain materials, including plastics and metals, are produced in only a limited number of regions around the world or are available from only a limited number of suppliers. Suppliers periodically extend lead times, face capacity constraints, limit supplies, increase prices, experience quality issues, or encounter cybersecurity or other issues that can interrupt or increase the cost of our supply. The unavailability or reduced availability of these materials could require the Company to temporarily cease or reduce production or incur additional costs.

Customer requirements and certain laws pertaining to the responsible sourcing of materials, including tantalum, tungsten, tin, gold, and cobalt, all of which are used in the Company’s products, are increasing and becoming more stringent. Responsible sourcing efforts may result in increased prices and decreased availability of these materials.

Many of the metals used in the manufacture of the Company’s products, including gold, copper, and palladium, are traded on active markets and can be subject to significant price volatility. To ensure adequate supply and to provide cost certainty, the Company’s policy is to enter into short-term commitments to purchase defined portions of annual consumption of the raw materials utilized if market prices decline below budget. If after entering into these commitments, the market prices for these raw materials decline, losses are recognized on these adverse purchase commitments.

Note 14 – Current Vulnerability Due to Certain Concentrations (continued)

The Company's production can be disrupted by the unavailability of resources, such as water, energy, and gases. The unavailability or reduced availability of these resources could require the Company to reduce production or incur additional costs.

The Company uses third-party foundries and subcontractors for certain of its manufacturing activities, primarily wafer fabrication and the assembly and testing of finished goods. Establishing third-party contract manufacturer relationships can be time consuming and costly, and the number of qualified providers is limited. The Company's agreements with these manufacturers typically require it to commit to purchase services based on forecasted product needs, which may be inaccurate, and, in some cases, require the recognition of losses on these adverse purchase commitments. The Company's agreements may limit its ability to increase production, particularly during periods of growing demand for our products.

Geographic Concentration

The Company has operations outside the United States, and approximately 74% of revenues earned during 2023 were derived from sales to customers outside the United States. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, $660,258 of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments were held by subsidiaries outside of the United States. Some of the Company’s products are produced and cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments are held in countries which are subject to risks of political, economic, and military instability. This instability could result in wars, riots, nationalization of industry, currency fluctuations, and labor unrest. These conditions could have an adverse impact on the Company’s ability to operate in these regions and, depending on the extent and severity of these conditions, could materially and adversely affect the Company’s overall financial condition, operating results, and ability to access its liquidity when needed.

As of December 31, 2023 the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments were concentrated in the following countries:

Certain of the Company's non-U.S. subsidiaries have cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments deposited in U.S. financial institutions.

Vishay has been in operation in Israel for 53 years. The Company has never experienced any material interruption in its operations attributable to these factors, in spite of several Middle East crises, including wars.

Note 15 – Segment and Geographic Data

Vishay is a global manufacturer and supplier of electronic components. Vishay operates, and its chief operating decision maker makes strategic and operating decisions with regards to assessing performance and allocating resources based on, six reporting segments: MOSFETs, Diodes, Optoelectronic Components, Resistors, Inductors, and Capacitors. These segments represent groupings of product lines based on their functionality:

Vishay's reporting segments generate substantially all of their revenue from product sales to the industrial, automotive, telecommunications, computing, consumer products, power supplies, military and aerospace, and medical end markets. An immaterial portion of revenues are from royalties.

The Company’s chief operating decision maker uses operating income, exclusive of certain items ("segment operating income") to make decisions, allocate resources, and assess performance, and the Company thus considers segment operating income to be its measure of segment profit or loss. Only dedicated, direct selling, general, and administrative expenses of the segments are included in the calculation of segment operating income. The Company's calculation of segment operating income excludes selling, general, and administrative costs of its global operations, sales and marketing, information systems, finance, and administration groups, as well as restructuring and severance costs, the direct impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and other items affecting comparability. Management believes that evaluating segment performance excluding such items is meaningful because it provides insight with respect to intrinsic operating results of the Company. These items represent reconciling items between segment operating income and consolidated operating income. Business segment assets are the owned or allocated assets used by each business.

Note 15 – Segment and Geographic Data (continued)

The following tables set forth business segment information:

The Company has a broad line of products that it sells to OEMs, EMS companies, and independent distributors. The distribution of sales by customer type is shown below:

Note 15 – Segment and Geographic Data (continued)

Net revenues were attributable to customers in the following regions:

The Company generates substantially all of its revenue from product sales to end customers in the industrial, automotive, military and aerospace, medical, power supplies, telecommunications, consumer products, and computing end markets. Sales by end market are presented below:

*Power supplies, telecommunications, consumer products, and computing

The following table summarizes net revenues based on revenues generated by subsidiaries located within the identified geographic area:

The following table summarizes property and equipment based on physical location:

Note 16 – Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the periods presented. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted to include the potentially dilutive effect of restricted stock units (see Note 12), convertible debt instruments (see Note 6), and other potentially dilutive securities.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to Vishay stockholders(shares in thousands):

Diluted earnings per share for the years presented do not reflect the following weighted average potential common shares, as the effect would be antidilutive(in thousands):

If the average market price of Vishay common stock is less than the effective conversion prices of the convertible senior notes due 2025 and due 2030, respectively, no shares are included in the diluted earnings per share computation for the convertible senior notes due 2025 and due 2030. Upon Vishay exercising its existing right to legally amend the indenture governing the convertible senior notes due 2025, Vishay will satisfy its conversion obligations by paying $1 cash per $1 principal amount of converted notes and settle any additional amounts due in common stock. Pursuant to the indenture governing the convertible senior notes due 2030, Vishay will satisfy its conversion obligations by paying $1 cash per $1 principal amount of converted notes and settle any additional amounts due in cash and/or common stock. Accordingly, the convertible senior notes due 2025 and due 2030 are not anti-dilutive when the average market price of Vishay common stock is less than the respective effective conversion prices of the convertible senior notes due 2025 and due 2030.

In connection with the issuance of the convertible senior notes due 2030, the Company entered into capped call transactions (see Note 6), which were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. The capped calls are intended to reduce the potential dilution to the Company's common stock in the event that at the time of conversion of the convertible senior notes due 2030 the Company's common stock price exceeds the conversion price of the convertible senior notes due 2030.

Note 17 – Additional Cash Flow Information

Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of businesses acquired, consist of the following:

Note 18 – Fair Value Measurements

The following table provides the financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis:

There have been no changes in the classification of any financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy in the periods presented.

The Company maintains non-qualified trusts, referred to as “rabbi” trusts, to fund payments under deferred compensation and non-qualified pension plans. Rabbi trust assets consist primarily of marketable securities, classified as available-for-sale, and company-owned life insurance assets. The marketable securities held in the rabbi trusts are valued using quoted market prices on the last business day of the year. The company-owned life insurance assets are valued in consultation with the Company’s insurance brokers using the value of underlying assets of the insurance contracts. The fair value measurement of the marketable securities held in the rabbi trust is considered a Level 1 measurement and the measurement of the company-owned life insurance assets is considered a Level 2 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.

The Company maintains defined benefit retirement plans in certain of its non-U.S. subsidiaries. The assets of the plans are measured at fair value.

Equity securities held by the non-U.S. defined benefit retirement plans consist of equity securities that are valued based on quoted market prices on the last business day of the year. The fair value measurement of the equity securities is considered a Level 1 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.

Fixed income securities held by the non-U.S. defined benefit retirement plans consist of government bonds in the Philippines and India and corporate notes that are valued based on quoted market prices on the last business day of the year. The fair value measurement of the fixed income securities is considered a Level 1 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.

Cash held by the non-U.S. defined benefit retirement plans consists of demand deposits on account in various financial institutions to fund current benefit payments. The carrying amount of the cash approximates its fair value.

The Company holds investments in debt securities that are intended to fund a portion of its pension and other postretirement benefit obligations outside of the U.S. The investments are valued based on quoted market prices on the last business day of the year. The fair value measurement of the investments is considered a Level 1 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.

Note 18 – Fair Value Measurements (continued)

From time to time, the Company purchases precious metals bullion in excess of its immediate manufacturing needs to mitigate the risk of supply shortages or volatile price fluctuations. The metals are valued based on quoted market prices on the last business day of the period. The fair value measurement of the metals are considered a Level 1 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. The inventory of precious metals bullion in excess of its immediate manufacturing needs was not material at December 31, 2023.

The Company may be required to make certain contingent consideration payments to non-employee equity holders of MaxPower pursuant to the acquisition agreement, which would be payable upon the achievement of certain technology milestones, upon favorable resolution of certain technology licensing matters with a third party, and upon the disposition of MaxPower's investment in an equity affiliate. One of the contingencies was resolved in the fourth quarter of 2023, which resulted in no additional payments to the former employees and equity holders of MaxPower. The fair value of these contingent payments is determined by estimating the net present value of the expected cash flows based on the probability of expected payments. The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration payments is considered a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value of the long-term debt, excluding the deferred financing costs, at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is approximately $836,200 and $491,100, respectively, compared to its carrying value, excluding the deferred financing costs, of $845,102 and $507,344, respectively. The Company estimates the fair value of its long-term debt using a combination of quoted market prices for similar financing arrangements and expected future payments discounted at risk-adjusted rates, which are considered level 2 inputs.

At 2023 and 2022, the Company’s short-term investments were comprised of time deposits with financial institutions that have maturities that exceed 90 days from the date of acquisition; however they all mature within one year from the respective balance sheet dates. The Company's short-term investments are accounted for as held-to-maturity debt instruments, at amortized cost, which approximates their fair value. The investments are funded with excess cash not expected to be needed for operations prior to maturity; therefore, the Company believes it has the intent and ability to hold the short-term investments until maturity. At each reporting date, the Company performs an evaluation to determine if any unrealized losses are other-than-temporary. No other-than-temporary impairments have been recognized on these securities, and there areno unrecognized holding gains or losses for these securities during the periods presented. There have beenno transfers to or from the held-to-maturity classification. All decreases in the account balance are due to returns of principal at the securities’ maturity dates. Interest on the securities is recognized as interest income when earned.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were comprised of demand deposits, time deposits with maturities of three months or less when purchased, and money market funds. The Company estimates the fair value of its cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments using level 2 inputs. Based on the current interest rates for similar investments with comparable credit risk and time to maturity, the fair value of the Company's cash, cash equivalents, and held-to-maturity short-term investments approximate the carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s financial instruments also include accounts receivable and accounts payable. The carrying amounts for these financial instruments reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets approximate their fair values.

Note 19 – Related Party Transactions

Vishay Precision Group, Inc.

On July 6, 2010, Vishay completed the spin-off of its measurements and foil resistors businesses into an independent, publicly-traded company, Vishay Precision Group, Inc. Vishay’s common stockholders received 1 share of VPG common stock for every 14 shares of Vishay common stock they held on the record date, June 25, 2010, and Vishay’s Class B common stockholders received 1 share of VPG Class B common stock for every 14 shares of Vishay Class B common stock they held on the record date.

Following the spin-off, VPG is an independent company and Vishay retains no ownership interest.

Relationship with VPG after Spin-off

Following the spin-off, VPG and Vishay operate separately, each as independent public companies. Vishay has no ownership interest in VPG. However, Ruta Zandman solely or on a shared basis with Marc Zandman and Ziv Shoshani, all of whom are members of Vishay's Board of Directors, control a large portion of the voting power of both Vishay and VPG. Marc Zandman, Vishay’s Executive Chairman of the Board and an executive officer of Vishay, serves on the Board of Directors of VPG. Ziv Shoshani, CEO of VPG, serves as a director of Vishay. Additionally, Timothy V. Talbert, a member of Vishay’s Board of Directors is also a member of the Board of Directors of VPG.

In connection with the completion of the spin-off, Vishay and its subsidiaries entered into several agreements with VPG and its subsidiaries that govern the relationship of the parties following the spin-off. Among the agreements entered into with VPG and its subsidiaries were a transition services agreement, several lease agreements, and supply agreements. None of the agreements have had nor are expected to have a material impact on Vishay’s financial position, results of operations, or liquidity. Some of these agreements have expired and have not been renewed.

Vishay also entered into a trademark license agreement with VPG pursuant to which Vishay granted VPG the license to use certain trademarks, service marks, logos, trade names, entity names, and domain names which include the term “Vishay.” The license granted VPG the limited, exclusive, royalty-free right and license to use certain marks and names incorporating the term “Vishay” in connection with the design, development, manufacture, marketing, provision and performance of certain VPG products that do not compete with any products within Vishay’s product range as constituted immediately following the separation and certain services provided in connection with the products. The license cannot be terminated except as a result of willful misconduct or liquidation bankruptcy of VPG.