VSE CORP

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

March 31, 2025

(1)Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

Nature of Operations

VSE Corporation (collectively, with its consolidated subsidiaries), "VSE," or the "Company," is a leading provider of aviation aftermarket parts distribution and maintenance, repair and overhaul ("MRO") services for air transportation assets for commercial and government markets. VSE operates inone reportable segment aligned with the Company's operating segment: Aviation.

Basis of Presentation

The Company's accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to SEC Form 10-Q and Article 10 of SEC Regulation S-X. Therefore, such financial statements do not include all the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 ("2024 Form 10-K"). In the Company's opinion, all adjustments, including normal recurring items, considered necessary for a fair presentation of results for the interim periods have been included in the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025.

In February 2024, VSE entered intotwo separate agreements to sell substantially all of the Federal and Defense segment assets. See Note (3) "Discontinued Operations" for further information. The consolidated financial statements present the results of operations for the Federal and Defense segment as discontinued operations for all periods presented.

In February 2025, VSE signed a definitive agreement to sell all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of its Fleet segment. See Note (3) "Discontinued Operations" and Note (13) "Subsequent Events" for further information. The consolidated financial statements present the results of operations for the Fleet segment as discontinued operations, and the related assets and liabilities as held-for-sale, for all periods presented.

Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior period financial information to reflect discontinued operations classification. Unless otherwise noted, amounts and disclosures throughout these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements relate solely to continuing operations and exclude all discontinued operations.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates affecting the financial statements include fair value measurements, inventory provisions, collectability of receivables, valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, fair value of goodwill and other intangible assets and contingencies.

(2)Acquisitions

Turbine Controls, Inc. ("TCI")

On April 24, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of TCI for a total consideration of $122.4 million. The total consideration consisted of cash consideration of $112.4 million, net of $1.2 million cash acquired, and in-kind payment in the form of shares of the Company's common stock with a value equal to approximately $10.0 million. The purchase price of this acquisition was funded by borrowings under the Company's revolving credit facility. TCI is a leading provider of aftermarket MRO support services for complex engine components, as well as engine and airframe accessories, across commercial and military applications. The acquisition presents an opportunity for VSE's Aviation segment to accelerate its MRO strategy, including expanding the Company's repair capability offerings and adding several new original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") relationships.

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The final purchase price allocation is as follows (in thousands):

Goodwill resulting from the acquisition of TCI reflects the strategic advantage of expanding the Company's MRO services to new customers. The value attributed to goodwill and customer relationships is deductible for income tax purposes. The estimated value attributed to the customer relationship intangible assets is being amortized on a straight-line basis using a useful life of 10 years.

The Company incurred $1.6 million of acquisition-related expenses related to the TCI acquisition during the three months ended March 31, 2024, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents the combined results of operations for TCI and VSE Corporation for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. The unaudited consolidated pro forma results of operations are as follows (in thousands):

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information presented above has been prepared from historical financial statements that have been adjusted to give effect to the acquisition of TCI as though it had occurred on January 1, 2023 and includes adjustments for intangible asset amortization; interest expense and debt issuance costs on long term debt; and acquisition and other transaction costs. The unaudited pro forma financial information is not intended to reflect the actual results of operations that would have occurred if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2023, nor is it indicative of future operating results.

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Kellstrom Aerospace Group, Inc. ("Kellstrom Aerospace")

On December 3, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Kellstrom Aerospace for a total consideration of approximately $188.9 million, subject to post-closing adjustments, consisting of cash consideration of $168.6 million, net of $10.6 million cash acquired, and in-kind payment in the form of shares of the Company's common stock with a value equal to approximately $20.3 million. The purchase price of this acquisition was funded by the Company's October 2024 underwritten public offering and borrowings under the Company's revolving credit facility. Kellstrom Aerospace is a diversified global distributor and service provider supporting the commercial aerospace engine aftermarket. The acquisition provides an opportunity to improve the Company's position in the commercial aviation aftermarket by expanding product and capability offerings both domestically and internationally, including participation in aircraft engine maintenance events.

The purchase price for Kellstrom Aerospace was allocated on a preliminary basis, among assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, at fair value based on the best available information on the acquisition date, with the excess purchase price recorded as goodwill. The fair values of the non-financial assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, were determined based on preliminary estimates, assumptions, and other information compiled by management, including independent valuations utilizing established industry valuation techniques. The Company has not yet finalized the determination of the fair values allocated to various assets and liabilities, including, but not limited to, working capital and income taxes. Therefore, the allocation of the total consideration for the acquisition to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, is preliminary until the Company obtains final information regarding their fair values, which could potentially result in changes to the Kellstrom Aerospace opening balance sheet. Adjustments or changes to goodwill, assets or liabilities remain possible.

During the first quarter of 2025, the purchase price allocation was adjusted as a result of working capital and measurement period adjustments. The adjustments were recorded as a result of new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. Such adjustments resulted in a $4.7 million decrease to goodwill, driven by a $2.3 million fair value step up to operating lease right-of-use assets, a $2.2 million working capital settlement which reduced net purchase consideration, and a $0.2 million decrease in deferred tax liabilities.

The adjusted preliminary purchase price is as follows (in thousands):

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Goodwill resulting from the Kellstrom Aerospace acquisition reflects the strategic advantage of growing the Company's distribution and MRO capabilities in the commercial aerospace aftermarket. The value attributed to goodwill and customer relationships is not deductible for income tax purposes. The estimated value attributed to the customer relationship intangible assets is being amortized on a straight-line basis using a useful life of 8 years.

Acquisition-related expenses related to the Kellstrom Aerospace acquisition totaled $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents the combined results of operations for Kellstrom Aerospace and VSE Corporation for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. The unaudited consolidated pro forma results of operations are as follows (in thousands):

(a) The after-tax impact of acquisition expenses incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025 were adjusted for in the current period.

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information presented above has been prepared from historical financial statements that have been adjusted to give effect to the acquisition of Kellstrom Aerospace as though it had occurred on January 1, 2023 and includes adjustments for intangible asset amortization; interest expense and debt issuance costs on long-term debt; and acquisition and other transaction costs. The unaudited pro forma financial information is not intended to reflect the actual results of operations that would have occurred if the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2023, nor is it indicative of future operating results.

(3)Discontinued Operations

Sale of Federal and Defense Segment

In February 2024, VSE entered intotwo separate agreements to sell substantially all the Federal and Defense segment's operational assets ("FDS Sale") for a cash consideration of $42.9 million. The FDS Sale is consistent with the Company's long-term strategic growth strategy focused on higher margin and higher growth aftermarket parts distribution and MRO businesses. The Company recorded a pre-tax loss on the FDS Sale of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 related to a settlement of net working capital and a pre-tax loss of $12.7 million and transaction fees of $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. All such losses and transaction fees are included in loss from discontinued operations, net of tax in the consolidated statements of operations.

In February 2025, VSE signed a definitive agreement to sell all issued and outstanding shares of common stock of its Fleet segment. As stated within Note (13) "Subsequent Events", the transaction was completed in April 2025 for a total consideration of up to $230 million (the “Fleet Sale”). This consideration is comprised of a $140 million cash payment at closing, a $25 million seller note, and an earn-out payment of up to $65 million, subject to the achievement of certain milestones. The Company recorded a pre-tax impairment loss on the Fleet assets held-for-sale of $33.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, which is included in loss from discontinued operations, net of tax in the consolidated statements of operations.

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The components of loss from discontinued operations, net of tax for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, consist of the following (in thousands):

The assets and liabilities reported as held-for-sale consist of the following (in thousands):

Selected financial information related to cash flows from discontinued operations is as follows (in thousands):

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(4)Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenues

The Company's revenues are derived from the delivery of products to its customers and from services performed for commercial and government customers.

A summary of revenues by customer for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

A summary of revenues by type for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows (in thousands):

Contract Balances

Contract balances were as follows (in thousands):

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized revenue that was previously included in the beginning balance of contract liabilities of $2.4 million and $1.4 million, respectively.

(5)Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following (in thousands):

As of March 31, 2025, the interest rate on the Company's outstanding term loan borrowings and weighted average interest rate on the Company's aggregate outstanding revolving facility was 6.67% each. The Company had letters of credit outstanding of $0.8 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

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The Company was in compliance with required ratios and other terms and conditions under its credit agreement as of March 31, 2025.

Subsequent Event

On May 2, 2025, the Company entered into a new credit agreement, which provides for a $300 million term loan facility and a $400 million revolving credit facility, both maturing on May 2, 2030. Borrowings under the new credit agreement will accrue interest at either the term SOFR or ABR, plus in each case an applicable margin (based on the Company's Total Net Leverage Ratio). The new credit agreement replaces the Company's existing term loan and revolving credit facility. The proceeds of the term loan were utilized to pay fees and expenses incurred in connection with the new agreement and to repay, in full, amounts outstanding under the previous credit agreement.

Future required payments on the new term loan, to be paid in quarterly installments beginning in September 2025, are as follows: $3.8 million for the remainder of 2025, $7.5 million in 2026, $11.3 million in 2027, $20.6 million in 2028, $22.5 million in 2029, and $234.3 million in 2030. The Company has classified the current portion of long-term debt in its consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2025 based on the payment terms of the new credit agreement.

(6)Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company'sderivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges as of March 31, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

The Company is party to fixed interest rate swap instruments that are designated and accounted for as cash flow hedges to manage risks associated with interest rate fluctuations on a portion of the Company's floating rate debt. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company reclassified $0.5 million from accumulated other comprehensive income to interest expense, net. The Company estimates that it will reclassify $1.1 million of unrealized gains from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings in the twelve months following March 31, 2025. See Note (11) "Fair Value Measurements" for the fair value of the interest rate swaps.

(7)Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Shares issued during the period are weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding. The calculation of diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effects for the assumed vesting of outstanding stock-based awards. The antidilutive common stock equivalents excluded from the diluted per share calculation are not material.

The weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute basic and diluted EPS were as follows:

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(8)Commitments and Contingencies

Contingencies

The Company may have certain claims in the normal course of business, including legal proceedings, against it and against other parties. In the Company's opinion, the resolution of these claims will not have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

Further, from time-to-time, government agencies audit or investigate whether the Company's operations are being conducted in accordance with applicable contractual and regulatory requirements. Government audits or investigations of the Company, whether relating to government contracts or conducted for other reasons, could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities, including repayments, fines or penalties being imposed, which could lead to suspension or debarment from future government contracting. Government investigations often take years to complete and many result in no adverse action against the Company. The Company believes, based upon current information, that the outcome of any such government disputes, audits and investigations will not have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

(9)Business Segment

The sale of the Company's Fleet and Federal and Defense segments allows VSE to focus on a long-term strategic growth strategy focused on higher margin and higher growth aftermarket parts distribution and MRO businesses. Following the sale of the Fleet Federal and Defense segments, management of the Company's business operations is conducted under a single reportable operating segment: Aviation. The Company's Aviation segment provides aftermarket MRO and distribution services to commercial, business and general aviation, cargo, military and defense, and rotorcraft customers globally. Core services include parts distribution, MRO services including engine components and accessories, fuel controls, avionics, pneumatics, hydraulics, wheel and brake, and rotable exchange and supply chain services.

The operating segment reported below is the only segment for which separate financial information is available and for which segment results are evaluated regularly by the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer, who is the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"), in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. As the Company operates under a single reportable operating segment, the CODM evaluates segment performance based on net income (loss) and considers budget-to-actual, sequential period and prior period variances on a monthly basis when making decisions about allocating capital and personnel. The expenses listed below are viewed as significant segment expenses as part of the CODM’s evaluation.

Net sales of the Company exclude intercompany sales as these activities are eliminated in consolidation. Corporate costs are primarily selling, general and administrative expenses not allocated to the Aviation segment.

The Company's segment information is as follows (in thousands):

(a) Segment costs consist of material, labor, overhead, and selling, general, and administrative costs attributable to the Aviation segment.

(b) This line item includes only depreciation and amortization attributable to the Aviation segment.

(c) Primarily includes costs for information technology, human resources, accounting, and legal support services allocated to the Aviation segment.

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The Company's total assets are as follows (in thousands):

(10)Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

Goodwill decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2025 in connection with measurement period adjustments for the Kellstrom Aerospace acquisition discussed in Note (2) "Acquisitions."

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

Intangible assets with a cost of $8.5 million were fully amortized as of December 31, 2024 and are no longer reflected in the intangible asset values as of March 31, 2025.

As of March 31, 2025, the estimated future annual amortization expense related to intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

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(11)Fair Value Measurements

The following table summarizes the financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level they fall within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and amounts included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and accrued expenses and other current liabilities that meet the definition of a financial instrument approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturity. The carrying value of the Company's outstanding debt obligations approximates its fair value. The fair value of long-term debt is calculated using Level 2 inputs based on interest rates available for debt with terms and maturities similar to the Company's existing debt arrangements.

(12)Income Taxes

Income tax expense during interim periods is based on the estimated annual effective income tax rate plus any discrete items that are recorded in the period in which they occur. The Company's tax rate is affected by discrete items that may occur in any given year but may not be consistent from year to year.

The Company's effective tax rate for continuing operations was 15.7% and 14.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The effective tax rate was higher for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the same period of the prior year primarily due to a lower impact from the excess stock compensation deduction on the current year's rate.

(13)Subsequent Events

In April 2025, the Company completed the previously announced sale of its Fleet segment under the stock purchase agreement dated February 17, 2025. The total consideration is approximately $230 million, consisting of $140 million in cash, a $25 million seller note, and up to $65 million in a contingent earn-out payment, subject to certain post-closing and working capital adjustments. The Company used the initial cash proceeds to repay outstanding borrowings under its revolving credit facility.

Acquisition of Turbine Weld Industries, LLC

On May 1, 2025, the Company acquired Turbine Weld Industries, LLC, a specialized MRO provider of complex technical and proprietary engine components for business and general aviation ("BG&A") platforms. VSE acquired Turbine Weld Industries, LLC for a total consideration of approximately $50 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments. The cash consideration was funded through additional borrowings under the revolving facility under the Company's credit agreement. It is not practical to disclose the preliminary purchase price allocation given the short period of time between the acquisition date and the issuance of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we incurred $0.5 million of acquisition-related expenses, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Credit Agreement Refinancing

On May 2, 2025, the Company entered into a new credit agreement, which provides for a $300 million term loan facility and a $400 million revolving credit facility, both maturing on May 2, 2030. See Note (5) "Debt" for further information.

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