UNIVEST FINANCIAL Corp

(All dollar amounts presented in tables are in thousands, except share and per share data. "N/M" equates to "not meaningful"; "-" equates to "zero" or "doesn't round to a reportable number"; and "N/A" equates to "not applicable".)

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

Univest Financial Corporation (the "Corporation") through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Univest Bank and Trust Co. (the "Bank"), is engaged in domestic banking services for individuals, businesses, municipalities and non-profit organizations. The Bank is the parent company of Girard Investment Services, LLC, a full-service registered introducing broker-dealer and a licensed insurance agency, Girard Advisory Services, LLC, a registered investment advisory firm, and Girard Pension Services, LLC, a registered investment advisor, which provides investment consulting and management services to municipal entities. The Bank is also the parent company of Univest Insurance, LLC, an independent insurance agency, and Univest Capital, Inc., an equipment financing business. The Bank's subsidiaries enhance the traditional banking services provided by the Bank.

The Bank serves 19 counties in the Southeastern, Central and Western regions of Pennsylvania, three counties in New Jersey and four counties in Maryland. Additionally, the Bank provides banking services to the residents and employees of 10 retirement communities.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including the Bank as the Corporation's primary subsidiary. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation. Assets held by the Corporation in a fiduciary or agency capacity for its customers are not included in the consolidated financial statements since such items are not assets of the Corporation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes include the fair value measurement of investment securities available-for-sale and the determination of the allowance for credit losses.

Earnings per Share

The Corporation uses the two-class method to calculate earnings per share as the unvested restricted stock awards outstanding under the Corporation's equity incentive plans are participating shares with nonforfeitable rights to dividends. Restricted stock awards granted prior to January 1, 2019 represent participating shares. Restricted stock units granted subsequent to January 1, 2019 do not contain nonforfeitable dividend rights and are therefore not participating shares. Under the two-class method, earnings per common share are computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. In applying the two-class method, undistributed earnings are allocated to both common shares and participating securities based on the number of weighted average shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares that may be issued by the Corporation relate to outstanding stock options and restricted stock units, and are determined using the treasury stock method. Diluted earnings per share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if options on common shares had been exercised and restricted stock units had vested and the hypothetical repurchases of shares to fund such restricted stock units, under the treasury stock method, is less than the average restricted stock units outstanding for the periods presented. The effects of options to issue common stock and unvested restricted stock units are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive. Antidilutive options are those options with weighted average exercise prices in excess of the weighted average market value. Antidilutive restricted stock units are those with hypothetical repurchases of shares, under the treasury stock method, exceeding the average restricted stock units outstanding for the periods presented.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Corporation has defined those items included in the caption "Cash and due from banks" and "Interest-earning deposits with other banks" as cash and cash equivalents. Interest-earning deposits with other banks consist of deposit accounts with other financial institutions. At times, such balances exceed the FDIC limits for insurance coverage.

Management determines the appropriate classification of debt securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date. Securities are classified as investment securities held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost if management has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Securities classified as available-for-sale are those securities that the Corporation intends to hold for an indefinite period of time but not necessarily to maturity. Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of estimated income taxes. Any decision to sell a security classified as available-for-sale would be based on various factors, including interest rates, changes in the maturity or mix of the Corporation's assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital considerations and other factors. Securities purchased with the intention of recognizing short-term profits are placed in a trading account and are carried at fair value. The Corporation did not have any trading account securities at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the expected life of the securities except for premiums on callable debt securities, which are amortized to the next call date. Due to volatility in the financial markets, there is the risk that any future fair value could vary from that disclosed in the accompanying financial statements. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investment securities are recorded on the trade date, determined using the specific identification method, and are included in the consolidated statements of income.

The Corporation measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities, which are comprised of residential mortgage-backed securities. The Corporation's residential mortgage-backed security holdings are issued by U.S. government entities and agencies and are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses.

Held-to-maturity debt securities are typically classified as nonaccrual when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about the further collectability of principal or interest. When held-to-maturity debt securities are placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed.

The Corporation measures expected credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities when the Corporation does not intend to sell, or when it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Corporation evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Corporation considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security or the issuer, among other factors. If this evaluation indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss equal to the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Economic forecast data is utilized to calculate the present value of expected cash flows. The Corporation obtains its forecast data through a subscription to a widely recognized and relied upon company that publishes various forecast scenarios. Management evaluates the various scenarios to determine a reasonable and supportable scenario, and utilizes a single scenario, or a combination of scenarios, in the model. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

The allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities is included within Investment securities available-for-sale on the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded within Provision for credit losses on the consolidated statement of income. Losses are charged against the allowance when the Corporation believes the collectability of an available-for-sale security is in jeopardy or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale debt securities totaled $1.1 million at December 31, 2023 and is included within Accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. This amount is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses. Available-for-sale debt securities are typically classified as nonaccrual when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about the further collectability of principal or interest. When available-for-sale debt securities are placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed.

Equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock, Federal Reserve Bank Stock and Certain Other Investments without Readily Determinable Fair Values

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank held $14.9 million in Federal Reserve Bank stock as required by the Federal Reserve Bank. The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"), and as such, is required to hold FHLB stock as a condition of membership as determined by the FHLB. The Bank is required to hold stock in the FHLB in relation to the level of outstanding borrowings. The Bank held $25.5 million and $18.8 million of FHLB stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Because ownership is restricted, the fair values of these investments are not readily determinable. As such, these investments are recorded at cost and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. The Corporation determined there wasno impairment of its investments in these stocks at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Loans Held for Sale

The Corporation may elect the fair value option for loans intended for sale in the secondary market. This election is made on a loan level basis at the time of origination. If the fair value option is not elected, loans held for sale were carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, loans held for sale were accounted for under the fair value option. Cash payments and cash receipts resulting from acquisitions and sales of loans are classified as operating cash flows if those loans are acquired specifically for resale. Cash receipts resulting from sales of loans that were not specifically acquired for resale are classified as investing cash inflows regardless of a change in the purpose for holding those loans.

Loans and Leases

Loans that the Corporation has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost, which is the principal amount, net of deferred fees and costs, and the allowance for credit losses. Lease financings are stated at net investment amount, consisting of the present value of lease payments and unguaranteed residual value, plus initial direct costs.

A loan or lease is typically classified as nonaccrual when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about the further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan or lease is currently performing. When a loan or lease is classified as nonaccrual, the accrual of interest on such a loan or lease is discontinued. A loan or lease may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. When a loan or lease is placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed and the amortization of the deferred fees and costs is suspended. Interest payments received on nonaccrual loans and leases are either applied against principal or reported as interest income, according to management's judgment as to the ultimate collectability of principal. Loans and leases are usually restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

A loan is classified as a modified loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty when a contractual loan modification in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay or a term extension (or a combination thereof) has been granted to an existing borrower experiencing financial difficulties. The goal when modifying a credit is to provide relief to customers experiencing cash flow difficulties. Accruing modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are primarily comprised of loans on which interest is being accrued under the modified terms, and the loans are current or less than 90 days past due.

Accrued interest receivable on loans and leases held for investment totaled $25.9 million at December 31, 2023 and was included within Accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. This amount is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses.

Overdraft deposits are reclassified as loans and are included in the total loans and leases on the balance sheet.

Loans and Leases - Prior to ASU No. 2022-02 Adoption

A loan or lease is classified as a troubled debt restructuring when a concession has been granted to an existing borrower experiencing financial difficulties. The Corporation grants concessions to existing borrowers primarily related to extensions of interest-only payment periods and, occasionally, payment modifications. These modifications typically are for up to one year. The goal when restructuring a credit is to provide relief to customers experiencing cash flow difficulties. Accruing troubled debt restructured loans are primarily comprised of loans on which interest is being accrued under the restructured terms, and the loans are current or less than 90 days past due.

Loan and Lease Fees

Fees collected upon loan or lease originations and certain direct costs of originating loans and leases are deferred and recognized over the contractual lives of the related loans and leases as yield adjustments using the interest method. Upon prepayment or other disposition of the underlying loans and leases before their contractual maturities, any associated unearned fees or unamortized costs are recognized. Initial direct costs, comprised of commissions paid that would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained, are deferred and amortized over the life of the contract, and are classified within net interest income.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases

The allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on loans and leases is a valuation account that is used to present the net amount expected to be collected on a loan or lease. The ACL on loans and leases is measured on a collective (pooled) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The ACL on loans and leases is adjusted through a provision for credit losses as a charge against, or credit to, earnings. Loans and leases deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the ACL on loans and leases, and any subsequent recoveries are credited to the ACL on loans and leases. Management evaluates the ACL on loans and leases on a quarterly basis and when changes in the reserve are necessary, an adjustment is made. The ACL on loans and leases is included within Allowance for credit losses, loans and leases on the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the ACL on loans and leases are recorded within Provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income.

Management utilizes a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model to calculate the present value of the expected cash flows for pools of loans and leases that share similar risk characteristics and compares the results of this calculation to the amortized cost basis of such loans and leases to determine its allowance for credit loss balance.

Management uses relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts in calculating its ACL. Historical credit loss experience provides one of the bases for the estimation of expected credit losses. Management determines whether there is a need to make qualitative adjustments to historical loss information by monitoring certain factors including differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics as well as for changes in external or environmental conditions, or other relevant factors.

The contractual term used in projecting the cash flows of a loan is based on the maturity date of a loan, and is adjusted for prepayment or curtailment assumptions which may shorten that contractual time period. Options to extend are considered by management in determining the contractual term.

The key inputs to the DCF model are (1) probability of default, (2) loss given default, (3) prepayment and curtailment rates, (4) recovery delay, (5) reasonable and supportable economic forecasts, (6) forecast reversion period, (7) expected recoveries on charged off loans, and (8) discount rate.

Probability of Default ("PD")

In order to incorporate economic factors into forecasting within the DCF model, management uses the Loss Driver method to generate the PD rate inputs. The Loss Driver method analyzes how one or more economic factors change the default rate using a statistical regression analysis. Management selects economic factors for each loan pool that have strong correlations to historical default rates, and reviews the economic factors selected on an annual basis. For the period ended December 31, 2023, the factors management selected were unemployment rate, GDP, and the housing pricing index.

Loss Given Default ("LGD")

Management uses the Frye Jacobs parameter for determining the LGD input, which is an estimation technique that derives a LGD input from segment specific risk curves that correlates LGD with PD.

Prepayment and Curtailment rates

Prepayment Rates: Loan and lease level transaction data is used to calculate quarterly prepayment rates using available historical loan and lease level data. Those quarterly rates are annualized and the average of the annualized rates is used in the DCF calculation for fixed payment or term loans. Rates are calculated for each pool.

Curtailment Rates: Loan level transaction data is used to calculate annual curtailment rates using available historical loan level data. The average of the historical rates is used in the DCF model for interest only payment or line of credit type loans. Rates are calculated for each pool.

Recovery Delay

The recovery delay input within the DCF calculation represents an estimate of the period of time between when a modeled default occurs and the ultimate resolution of that default, specifically the portion of that default that does not result in a loss. Management analyzes historical recovery activity on previous default activity to subjectively determine an appropriate recovery delay for each pool.

Reasonable and Supportable Forecasts

The forecast data used in the DCF model is obtained via a subscription to a widely recognized and relied upon company that publishes various forecast scenarios. Management evaluates the various scenarios to determine a reasonable and supportable scenario and utilizes a single scenario, or a combination of scenarios, in the model.

Forecast Reversion Period

Management uses forecasts to predict how economic factors will perform and uses a four quarter forecast period as well as a four quarter straight-line reversion period to historical averages (also commonly referred to as the mean reversion period).

Expected Recoveries on Charged-off Loans

Management performs an analysis to estimate recoveries that could be reasonably expected based on historical experience in order to account for expected recoveries on loans that have already been fully charged-off and are not included in the ACL calculation.

Discount Rate

The effective interest rate of the underlying loans and leases of the Corporation serves as the discount rate applied to the expected periodic cash flows. Management adjusts the effective interest rate used to discount expected cash flows to incorporate expected prepayments which can be reasonably estimated for each pool.

Individual Evaluation

Management evaluates individual instruments for expected credit losses when those instruments do not share similar risk characteristics with instruments evaluated using a collective (pooled) basis. Instruments will not be included in both collective and individual analyses. Individual analysis will establish a specific reserve for instruments in scope. All loans on nonaccrual status are individually evaluated for a specific reserve.

Management considers a financial asset as collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral, based on management's assessment as of the reporting date.

Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The allowance for credit losses incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon asset origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Corporation uses either a discounted cash flow model or the fair value of collateral method to determine the allowance for credit losses on modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, depending on the accrual status of the account after modification. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification. Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification but will get assessed and updated each quarter as necessary.

Premises and Equipment

Land is stated at cost, and premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method and charged to operating expenses over the estimated useful lives of the assets or, for leasehold improvements, over the shorter of the expected life of the related lease or the remaining estimated useful life of the asset. The estimated useful life for new buildings constructed on land owned isforty years. Fornew buildings constructed on leased land or land improvements, the estimated useful life is the initial term. The useful life of purchased existing buildings is the estimated remaining useful life at the time of the purchase. Furniture, fixtures and equipment have estimated useful lives ranging from three toten years. When assets are retired, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The Corporation accounts for its acquisitions using the purchase accounting method. Purchase accounting requires the total purchase price to be allocated to the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain intangible assets that must be recognized. Typically, this allocation results in the purchase price exceeding the fair value of net assets acquired, which is recorded as goodwill. Core deposit intangibles are a measure of the value of checking, money market and savings deposits acquired in business combinations accounted for under the purchase method. Core deposit intangibles are amortized using the sum of the year's digits over their estimated useful lives of up tofifteen years. Customer-related intangibles are the value associated with the existing customer base acquired in business combinations accounted for under the purchase method. Customer-related intangibles are amortized over their estimated useful lives offive totwelve years. The Corporation performs an assessment of goodwill at least on an annual basis or more often if events and circumstances indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Corporation also completes an impairment test for other intangible assets on an annual basis or more often if events and circumstances indicate a possible impairment. The Corporation has selected October 31 st as the date to perform the annual impairment test.

Servicing rights are recognized as separate assets when loans are sold and the servicing rights are retained. Capitalized servicing rights are reported in other intangible assets on the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized into noninterest income in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing income on a basis similar to the interest method and an accelerated amortization method for loan payoffs. Servicing rights are evaluated for impairment, on a quarterly basis, based upon the estimated fair value of the rights as compared to their amortized cost. The Corporation estimates the fair value of servicing rights using discounted cash flow models that calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The model uses readily available prepayment speed assumptions for the portfolios serviced. The impairment test stratifies servicing assets based on predominant risk characteristics of the underlying financial assets such as the term and interest rate. In conjunction with the impairment test, the Corporation records a valuation allowance when the fair value of the stratified servicing asset is less than amortized cost. Subsequent changes in the valuation of the assets are recorded as either an increase or a reduction of the valuation allowance, however, if the fair value exceeds amortized cost, such excess will not be recognized.

Bank Owned Life Insurance

The Corporation has invested in bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI"). BOLI involves the purchasing of life insurance by the Corporation for certain employees. The Corporation is the owner and beneficiary of the policies, however certain policies include split-dollar endorsements. Under these endorsements, beneficiaries of the insured individuals are entitled to a portion of the proceeds from the policy upon death of the insured. The life insurance investment is carried at the net cash surrender value of the underlying policies. Changes in the net cash surrender value of these policies are reflected in noninterest income. Proceeds from and purchases of bank-owned life insurance are reflected on the consolidated statements of cash flows under investing activities. The Corporation recognizes a liability for the future death benefit for certain endorsement split-dollar life insurance arrangements that provide an employee with a death benefit in a postretirement period.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned ("OREO") represents properties that the Corporation has acquired through foreclosure by either accepting a deed in lieu of foreclosure, or by taking possession of assets that were used as loan collateral. The Corporation reports OREO at the lower of cost or fair value less cost to sell, adjusted periodically based on current appraisals, letters of intent, or agreements of sale. Capital improvement expenses associated with the construction or repair of the property are capitalized as part of the cost of the OREO asset. Write-downs and any gain or loss upon the sale of OREO is recorded in Other income. OREO is reported in Accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

Retirement Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits

Substantially all employees who were hired before December 8, 2009 are covered by a non-contributory retirement plan. Effective December 31, 2009, the benefits previously accrued under the non-contributory retirement plan were frozen and the plan was amended and converted to a cash balance plan, with participants not losing any pension benefits already earned in the plan. Prior to the cash balance plan conversion, the plan provided benefits based on a formula of each participant's final average pay. Future benefits under the cash balance plan accrue by crediting participants annually with an amount equal to a percentage of earnings in that year based on years of credited service as defined in the plan. Employees hired on or after December 8, 2009 are not eligible to participate in the non-contributory retirement plan.

The Corporation also maintains a non-qualified benefit plan that provides supplemental executive retirement benefits to certain former executives, a portion of which is in excess of limits imposed on qualified plans by federal tax law. This non-qualified benefit plan is not offered to new participants and all current participants are now retired. The Corporation provides certain postretirement healthcare and life insurance benefits for retired employees. The Corporation's measurement date for plan assets and obligations is fiscal year-end. The Corporation recognizes on its consolidated balance sheet the funded status of its defined pension plans and changes in the funded status of the plan in the year in which the changes occur. An under-funded position would create a liability and an over-funded position would create an asset, with a correlating deferred tax asset or liability. The net impact would be an adjustment to equity as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The Corporation recognizes as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, the actuarial gains and losses and the prior service costs and credits that arise during the period.

The Corporation sponsors a 401(k) deferred salary savings plan, which is a qualified defined contribution plan, and which covers all employees of the Corporation and its subsidiaries, and provides that the Corporation make matching contributions as defined by the plan.

The Corporation sponsors a Supplemental Non-Qualified Pension Plan, which was established in 1981 prior to the existence of 401(k) deferred salary savings, employee stock purchase and long-term incentive plans, and therefore is not offered to new participants. All current participants are now retired. This non-qualified plan is accounted for under guidance for deferred compensation arrangements.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Corporation recognizes all derivative financial instruments on its consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives that are not hedges must be adjusted to fair value through income. If a derivative is a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative are either offset against the change in fair value of the hedged assets, liabilities, or firm commitments through earnings, or recognized in other comprehensive income until the underlying transaction is recognized in earnings. To determine fair value, the Corporation uses third-party pricing models that incorporate assumptions about market conditions and risks that are current at the reporting date.

The Corporation may use interest-rate swap agreements to modify interest rate characteristics from variable to fixed or fixed to variable in order to reduce the impact of interest rate changes on future net interest income. The Corporation accounts for its interest-rate swap contracts in cash flow hedging relationships by establishing and documenting the effectiveness of the instrument in offsetting the change in cash flows of assets or liabilities that are being hedged. To determine effectiveness, the Corporation performs an analysis to identify if changes in fair value of the derivative correlate to the equivalent changes in the forecasted interest receipts related to a specified hedged item. Recorded amounts related to interest-rate swaps are included in other assets or liabilities. The entire change in the fair values of the derivative instruments designated as hedges of future cash flows are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income until the underlying forecasted transactions occur, at which time the deferred gains and losses are recognized in interest income. In a fair value hedge, the entire change in the fair values of the interest rate swap and hedged item included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness is recorded in interest income. The Corporation performs an assessment, both at the inception of the hedge and quarterly thereafter, to determine whether these derivatives are highly effective in offsetting changes in the value of the hedged items.

The Corporation has agreements with third-party financial institutions whereby the third-party financial institution enters into interest rate derivative contracts with loan customers referred to them by the Corporation. By the terms of the agreements, the third-party financial institution has recourse to the Corporation for any exposure created under each swap contract in the event the customer defaults on the swap agreement and the agreement is in a paying position to the third-party financial institution. The Corporation records the fair value of credit derivatives in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation recognizes changes in the fair value of credit derivatives, net of any fees received, in other noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income.

In connection with its mortgage banking activities, the Corporation enters into commitments to originate certain fixed-rate residential mortgage loans for customers, also referred to as interest rate locks. In addition, the Corporation enters into forward commitments for the future sale of mortgage loans to third-party investors to hedge the effect of changes in interest rates on the value of the interest rate locks. Forward loan sale commitments may also be in the form of commitments to sell individual mortgage loans at a fixed price at a future date. Both the interest rate locks and the forward loan sale commitments are accounted for as derivatives and carried at fair value. Gross derivative assets and liabilities are recorded within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, with changes in fair value during the period recorded within the net gain on mortgage banking activities on the consolidated statements of income.

Off-balance Sheet Commitments and Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

Commitments are made to accommodate the financial needs of customers. The Corporation uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet financial instruments. The Corporation maintains a reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures that are currently unfunded. Management calculates funding rates using historical loan level data at the portfolio level. The current quarter's funding rate is subtracted from the maximum historical funding rate which is then applied to each pool's total non-cancellable available line of credit. The applicable ACL pool level loss rates for the current quarter are then applied to calculate the reserve for unfunded commitments liability each period.

The reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures is included within Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures are recorded within Provision for credit losses on the consolidated statement of income.

Lease Liabilities and Right-of-Use Assets

The Corporation and its subsidiaries are obligated under non-cancelable operating leases for premises for certain financial centers and other office locations. The Corporation determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception by assessing whether a contract contains a right to control an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. For purposes of calculating operating lease liabilities, lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Corporation will exercise that option and begins when the Corporation has control and possession of the leased property, which may be before rental payments are due under the lease. Right-of use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments, discounted using the Corporation's incremental borrowing rate, over the lease term at the possession date. The Corporation determines its incremental borrowing rate using publicly available information available for debt issuers with similar credit ratings as the Bank, as the substantial majority of the Corporation's leases are related to properties of the Bank. The Corporation separately accounts for lease and non-lease components such as property taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs. Operating lease expense for the Corporation's leases, which generally have escalating rental payments over the term of the lease, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms generally containing one or more five-year renewal options. At December 31, 2023, the Corporation's leases have remaining terms of 17 months to 20 years.

Income Taxes

There are two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income taxes approximates cash to be paid or refunded for taxes for the applicable period. Deferred income taxes are provided for temporary differences between amounts reported for financial statement and tax purposes. Deferred income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method, such that deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial reporting amounts and the tax basis of existing assets and liabilities based on currently enacted tax laws and tax rates in effect for the periods in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are subject to management's judgment based upon available evidence that future taxes are "more likely than not" to be realized. If management determines that the Corporation is not more likely than not to realize some or all of the net deferred tax asset in the future, a charge to income tax expense may be required to reduce the value of the net deferred tax asset to the expected realizable value. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Penalties are recorded in noninterest expense in the year they are assessed and paid and are treated as a nondeductible expense for tax purposes. Interest is recorded in noninterest expense in the year it is assessed and paid and is treated as a deductible expense for tax purposes.

Stock-Based Compensation

The fair value of share-based awards is recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period, on a straight-line basis, based on the grant-date fair value of the awards.

The fair value of restricted stock is equivalent to the fair value of the Corporation's common stock on the date of grant. The Corporation grants performance-based and service-based restricted stock. The performance-based restricted stock vests based upon the Corporation's performance with respect to certain financial measures over athree-year period and based on the passage of time. The service-based restricted stock vests based on the passage of time. The fair value of restricted stock is recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period and for performance-based restricted stock is adjusted for a probability factor of achieving the performance goals.

Revenue Recognition

The Corporation's revenue is the sum of net interest income and noninterest income. Revenues are recognized when obligations under the terms of contracts with customers are satisfied, including the transfer of control of the promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Corporation expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Corporation provides services to customers which have related performance obligations that are completed to recognize revenue. The Corporation's revenues are generally recognized either immediately upon the completion of the services or over time as the services are performed. Any services performed over time generally require services to be rendered each period and therefore progress in completing these services is measured based upon the passage of time.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in 2023

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02,"Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures." The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted CECL and enhance the disclosure requirements for modifications of receivables made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments require disclosure of current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases in the existing vintage disclosures. This ASU became effective on January 1, 2023 for the Corporation. The adoption of this ASU resulted in updated disclosures within our financial statements but otherwise did not have a material impact on the Corporation's financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Yet to Be Adopted

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02, "Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force)". This ASU allows entities to elect the proportional amortization method, on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis, for all equity investments in tax credit programs meeting the eligibility criteria in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 323-740-25-1. While the ASU does not significantly alter the existing eligibility criteria, it does provide clarifications to address existing interpretive issues. It also prescribes specific information reporting entities must disclose about tax credit investments each period. This ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023, for public business entities, or January 1, 2024 for the Corporation. The Corporation does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Corporation's financial statements.

In July 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-03,"Presentation Of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities From Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), And Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718)". This ASU amends or supersedes various SEC paragraphs within the codification to conform to past SEC announcements and guidance issued by the SEC. The ASU does not provide new guidance and therefore there is no transition or effective date for implementation.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06,"Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative". This ASU amends the disclosure or presentation requirements related to various subtopics in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. The amendments in this ASU are expected to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of Codification Topics, allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC's existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the requirements, and align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC's regulations. For entities subject to the SEC's existing disclosure requirements and for entities required to file or furnish financial statements with or to the SEC in preparation for the sale of or for purposes of issuing securities that are not subject to contractual restrictions on transfer, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC removes that related disclosure from its rules. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later. However, if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the related disclosure from its regulations, the amendments will be removed from the Codification and not become effective for any entity.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07,"Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures". This ASU improves reportable segment disclosure requirements through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023, for public business entities, or January 1, 2024 for the Corporation. Early adoption is permitted. The Corporation does not expect the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on the Corporation's financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". This ASU enhances annual income tax disclosures to address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This ASU also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, for public business entities. For all other business entities, the amendments will be effective one year later. The Corporation does not expect the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on the Corporation's financial statements.

Note 2. Earnings per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

Note 3. Restrictions on Cash and Due from Banks and Interest-earning Deposit Accounts

The average balances of cash on deposit at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia were $115.3 million and $317.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There wereno reserve requirements at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

The Corporation maintains interest-earning deposit accounts at other financial institutions that may present collateral requirements for credit derivatives and interest rate swap agreements. The Corporation pledged $5.8 million and $8.6 million of cash to secure the $250 million cash flow hedge at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the Corporation had $2.5 million cash pledged for credit derivatives. See Note 18, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" for additional information.

Note 4. Investment Securities

The following tables show the amortized cost, the estimated fair value and the allowance for credit losses of the held-to-maturity securities and available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2023 and 2022, by contractual maturity within each type:

Gross unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and changes in the allowance for credit loss are recorded in provision for credit loss expense. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because debt issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without call or prepayment penalties and mortgage-backed securities typically prepay at a rate faster than contractually due.

Securities with a carrying value of $464.0 million and $429.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were pledged to secure public funds deposits and contingency funding. There were no pledged securities to secure credit derivatives and interest rate swaps at December 31, 2023 and 2022. See Note 18, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" for additional information.

The following table presents information related to sales of securities available-for-sale during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there wereno reportable investments in any single issuer representing more than 10% of shareholders' equity.

The following table shows the fair value of securities that were in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at December 31, 2023 and 2022, by the length of time those securities were in a continuous loss position.

At December 31, 2023, the fair value of held-to-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded was $128.3 million, including unrealized losses of $17.5 million. These holdings were comprised of 88 federal agency mortgage-backed securities, which are U.S. government entities and agencies and are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. The Corporation did not recognize any credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities for the year ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.

At December 31, 2023, the fair value of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded was $258.9 million, including unrealized losses of $35.6 million. These holdings were comprised of (1) 111 federal agency mortgage-backed securities, which are U.S. government entities and agencies and are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses, (2) two investment grade corporate bonds, (3) two collateralized mortgage obligation bonds and (4) one state and political subdivision bond. The Corporation does not intend to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position and is unlikely to be required to sell these securities before a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity. The Corporation concluded that the decline in fair value of these securities was not indicative of a credit loss. Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale debt securities totaled $1.1 million at December 31, 2023 and was included within Accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. This amount was excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses.

The table below presents a rollforward by major security type for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 of the allowance for credit losses on securities available-for-sale.

At December 31, 2023, the fair value of available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has been recorded was $83.3 million, including unrealized losses of $8.7 million, and allowance for credit losses of $731 thousand. These holdings were comprised of 36 investment grade corporate bonds andone municipal bond which fluctuate in value based on changes in market conditions. For these securities, fluctuations were primarily due to changes in the interest rate environment. The Corporation does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is not likely that it will be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery. The underlying issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments on the securities.

The Corporation recognized a $17 thousand and a $198 thousand net loss on equity securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, in other noninterest income. There wereno sales of equity securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Note 5. Loans and Leases

Summary of Major Loan and Lease Categories

Age Analysis of Past Due Loans and Leases

The following presents, by class of loans and leases held for investment, an aging of past due loans and leases, loans and leases which are current and nonaccrual loans and leases at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Nonperforming Loans and Leases

The following presents, by class of loans and leases, nonperforming loans and leases at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans and leases held for investment on nonaccrual status and loans and leases held for investment 90 days or more past due and still accruing as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, $84 thousand of interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans and leases.

The following table presents, by class of loans and leases, the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent nonaccrual loans and leases and type of collateral as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(1) Collateral consists of business assets, including accounts receivable, personal property and equipment.

(2) Loans fully guaranteed by the SBA or fully reserved given lack of collateral.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Corporation categorizes risk based on relevant information about the ability of the borrower to service their debt. Loans with a relationship balance of less than $1 million are reviewed when necessary based on their performance, primarily when such loans are delinquent. Commercial, financial and agricultural loans, real estate-commercial loans, real estate-construction loans and real estate-residential secured for a business purpose loans with relationships greater than $1 million are reviewed at least annually. Loan relationships with a higher risk profile or classified as special mention or substandard are reviewed at least quarterly. The Corporation reviews credit quality key risk indicators on at least an annual basis and last completed this review in conjunction with the period ended December 31, 2023. The following is a description of the internal risk ratings and the likelihood of loss related to the credit quality of commercial, financial and agricultural loans, real estate-commercial loans, real estate-construction loans and real estate-residential secured for a business purpose loans.

1. Pass—Loans considered satisfactory with no indications of deterioration

2. Special Mention—Potential weakness that deserves management's close attention

3. Substandard—Well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt

4. Doubtful—Collection or liquidation in-full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the following table presents the recorded investment in loans and leases held for investment for commercial, financial and agricultural loans, real estate-commercial loans, real estate-construction loans and real estate-residential secured for a business purpose loans by credit quality indicator at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Corporation had no loans with a risk rating of Doubtful included within recorded investment in loans and leases held for investment at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

The Corporation monitors the credit risk profile by payment activity for the following classifications of loans and leases: real estate-residential secured for personal purpose loans, real estate-home equity secured for personal purpose loans, loans to individuals and lease financings. The Corporation reviews credit quality indicators on at least an annual basis and last completed this review in conjunction with the period ended December 31, 2023. Loans and leases past due 90 days or more and loans and leases on nonaccrual status are considered nonperforming. Nonperforming loans and leases are reviewed monthly. Performing loans and leases are reviewed only if the loan becomes 60 days or more past due.

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the following table presents the recorded investment in loans and leases held for investment for real estate-residential secured for personal purpose loans, real estate-home equity secured for personal purpose loans, loans to individuals and lease financings by credit quality indicator at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Corporation had no revolving loans which were converted to term loans included within recorded investment in loans and leases held for investment at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loan and Leases and Recorded Investment in Loans and Leases

The following presents, by portfolio segment, a summary of the activity in the allowance for credit losses, loans and leases, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. There were no changes to the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the reversion period, or any significant methodology changes during the year ended December 31, 2023.

N/A – Not applicable

The following presents, by portfolio segment, the balance in the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases disaggregated on the basis of whether the loan or lease was measured for credit loss as a pooled loan or lease or if it was individually analyzed for a reserve at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

N/A – Not applicable

Modified Loans to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The following presents, by class of loans, information regarding accruing and nonaccrual modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2023:

*Amortized cost excludes $15 thousand of accrued interest receivable on modified loans.

The following presents, by class of loans, information regarding the financial effect on accruing and nonaccrual modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2023:

The following presents, by class of loan, accruing or nonaccrual modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for which there were payment defaults within twelve months of the modification date for the year ended December 31, 2023:

The following presents, by class of loans, the amortized cost and performance status of accruing and nonaccrual modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that have been modified in the last 12 months.

As of December 31, 2023, the Bank had commitments to extend credit to borrowers in the above table.

The following presents the amount of consumer mortgages collateralized by residential real estate property that were in the process of foreclosure at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

The following presents foreclosed residential real estate property included in other real estate owned at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Lease Financings

The following presents the schedule of minimum lease payments receivable:

Note 6. Premises and Equipment

The following table reflects the components of premises, equipment and computer software:

Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The Corporation has goodwill from acquisitions which is deemed to be an indefinite intangible asset and is not amortized. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Corporation performs an annual test of goodwill for impairment during the fourth quarter of each year. The Corporation concluded there wasno impairment of goodwill during 2021 through 2023.

Changes in the carrying amount of the Corporation's goodwill by business segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

The Corporation also has core deposit and customer-related intangibles, which are not deemed to have an indefinite life and therefore will continue to be amortized over their useful life using the present value of projected cash flows. The Corporation also performs an annual test of core deposit and customer-related intangibles for impairment during the fourth quarter of each year. The Corporation concluded there wasno impairment of core deposit and customer-related intangibles during 2021 through 2023.

The amortization of core deposit and customer-related intangibles for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $845 thousand, $1.2 million and $965 thousand, respectively.

The following table reflects the components of intangible assets at the dates indicated:

(1) Included within accumulated amortization is a valuation allowance of $98 thousand and $5 thousand on servicing rights at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The estimated aggregate amortization expense for core deposit and customer-related intangibles for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter follows:

The aggregate fair value of servicing rights was $17.7 million and $16.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The fair value of these rights was determined using a discount rate of 12.3% at December 31, 2023 and a range of 10.1% to 12.0% at December 31, 2022.

Changes in the servicing rights balance are summarized as follows:

Activity in the valuation allowance for servicing rights are summarized as follows:

The estimated amortization expense of servicing rights for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter is as follows:

Note 8. Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets

The following table provides the details of accrued interest receivable and other assets:

Note 9. Deposits

Deposits and their respective weighted average interest rate at December 31, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

Deposits are insured up to applicable limits set by the Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC, which is currently $250 thousand per account owner. The aggregate amount of time deposits in denominations over $250 thousand was $187.0 million at December 31, 2023 and $95.0 million at December 31, 2022.

At December 31, 2023, the scheduled maturities of time deposits were as follows:

Note 10. Borrowings

The following is a summary of borrowings by type. Short-term borrowings consist of overnight borrowings and term borrowings with an original maturity of one year or less.

The Corporation, through the Bank, has a credit facility with the FHLB with a maximum borrowing capacity of approximately $3.2 billion and $2.9 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. All borrowings and letters of credit from the FHLB are secured by qualifying commercial real estate and residential mortgage loans, investments and other assets. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank had outstanding short-term letters of credit with the FHLB totaling $1.1 billion and $690.5 million, respectively, which were utilized to collateralize public fund deposits and other secured deposits. The maximum borrowing capacity with the FHLB changes as a function of the Bank's qualifying collateral assets as well as the FHLB's internal credit rating of the Bank. The available borrowing capacity from the FHLB totaled $1.7 billion and $1.9 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Corporation, through the Bank, holds collateral at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia to provide access to the Discount Window Lending program. The collateral, consisting of investment securities, was valued at $183.3 million and $98.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Corporation hadno outstanding borrowings under the Discount Window Lending program.

The Corporation has a $10.0 million committed line of credit with a correspondent bank. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Corporation hadno outstanding borrowings under this line.

The Corporation and the Bank had $3.4 billion and $3.0 billion of total committed borrowing capacity at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of which $1.9 billion and $2.1 billion was available as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Corporation, through the Bank, also maintained unused uncommitted funding sources from correspondent banks of $369.0 million and $410.0 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of which $369.0 million and $350.0 million were unused as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Future availability under these lines is subject to the prerogatives of the granting banks and may be withdrawn at will.

Long-term advances with the FHLB of Pittsburgh mature as follows:

Subordinated Notes

On August 5, 2020, the Corporation issued $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.00% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2030 (the "2020 Notes") in an underwritten public offering. The net proceeds of the offering approximated $98.4 million. The 2020 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 5.00%, payable semi-annually in arrears. The last interest payment date for the fixed rate period will be August 15, 2025. From and including August 15, 2025 to, but excluding, August 15, 2030 or the date of earlier redemption, the Notes will bear interest at an annual floating rate of interest equivalent to the expected Benchmark rate, which is expected to be the Three-Month Term SOFR, plus 495.2 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears, commencing on November 15, 2025. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Benchmark rate is less than zero, the Benchmark rate will be deemed to be zero. The Corporation may redeem the 2020 Notes (i) in whole or in part beginning with the interest payment date of August 15, 2025, and on any interest payment date thereafter or (ii) in whole, but not in part, at any time within 90 days upon the occurrence of certain tax, regulatory capital and Investment Company Act of 1940 events. The redemption price for any redemption is 100% of the principal amount of the subordinated notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but excluding, the date of redemption. Any redemption of the subordinated notes will be subject to the receipt of the approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to the extent then required under applicable laws or regulations.

On November 15, 2022, the Corporation issued $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.25% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2032 (the "2022 Notes") in an underwritten public offering. The net proceeds of the offering approximated $49.0 million. The 2022 Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears. The last interest payment date for the fixed rate period will be November 15, 2027. From and including November 15, 2027 to, but excluding, November 15, 2032 or the date of earlier redemption, the Notes will bear interest at an annual floating rate of interest equivalent to the expected Benchmark rate, which is expected to be the Three-Month Term SOFR, plus 309.8 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears, commencing on February 15, 2028. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Benchmark rate is less than zero, the Benchmark rate will be deemed to be zero. The Corporation may redeem the 2022 Notes (i) in whole or in part beginning with the interest payment date of November 15, 2027, and on any interest payment date thereafter or (ii) in whole, but not in part, at any time within 90 days upon the occurrence of certain tax, regulatory capital and Investment Company Act of 1940 events. The redemption price for any redemption is 100% of the principal amount of the subordinated notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but excluding, the date of redemption. Any redemption of the subordinated notes will be subject to the receipt of the approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to the extent then required under applicable laws or regulations.

Subordinated notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes for the first five years of the notes' terms. The Tier 2 capital benefit is phased out at 20% per year after the fifth year (from years six to ten) and have no benefit in the tenth year.

Note 11. Accrued Interest Payable and Other Liabilities

The following table provides the details of accrued interest payable and other liabilities:

Note 12. Income Taxes

The provision for federal and state income taxes included in the accompanying consolidated statement of income consists of the following:

The provision for income taxes differs from the expected statutory provision as follows:

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (the "IRA") was signed into law. The IRA included climate and energy provisions, introduced a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") on corporations whose average annual adjusted financial statement income exceeds $1 billion, and a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases made by publicly traded US corporations. Most provisions above are effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. The Corporation has concluded its analysis of these provisions as of December 31, 2022 and determined they did not have a material impact of the Corporation's income taxes for 2022.

On July 8, 2022, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania enacted a corporate income tax rate reduction. Beginning January 1, 2023, the corporate income tax rate decreases 1% for 2023 and will decrease 0.5% each year until it reaches 4.99% in 2031. As such, the Corporation revalued the deferred tax assets associated with the Commonwealth and adjusted the associated valuation allowance established against those deferred tax assets.

Retained earnings included $6.0 million at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, which was originally generated by Fox Chase Bank (acquired in 2016), for which no provision for federal income tax has been made. This amount represents deductions for bad debt reserves for tax purposes, which were only allowed to savings institutions that met certain criteria prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 eliminated the special bad debt deduction granted solely to thrifts. Under the terms of the Small Business Job Protection Act, there would be no recapture of the pre-1988 (base year) reserves. However, these pre-1988 reserves would be subject to recapture under the rules of the Internal Revenue Code if the Corporation pays a cash dividend in excess of cumulative retained earnings or liquidates.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Corporation hadno material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties recorded. The Corporation does not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase within the next twelve months. Interest and penalties are recorded in noninterest expense in the year they are assessed. For tax purposes, interest is treated as a deductible expense and penalties are treated as a non-deductible expense.

The Corporation and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax, as well as income tax of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and various other state and local jurisdictions. The Corporation and its subsidiaries are generally no longer subject to examination by federal, state and local taxing authorities for years prior to December 31,2020. As of December 31, 2023, the Corporation is no longer under examination by the state of Wisconsin for the tax years ended December 31, 2017 through 2020 and no material adjustments were issued as the result of the audit.

Deferred income taxes reflect the tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred state taxes are combined with federal deferred taxes (net of the impact of deferred state tax on the deferred federal tax) and are shown in the table below by major category.

The Corporation has a state net operating loss carry-forward of $95.8 million which will begin to expire in 2024 if not utilized. A valuation allowance at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was attributable to deferred tax assets generated in certain state jurisdictions for which management believes it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized. Other than the valuation allowance on certain state deferred tax assets, management has determined that no additional valuation allowance is necessary for deferred tax assets because it is more likely than not that these assets will be realized through future reversals of existing temporary differences and through future taxable income. The Corporation will continue to review the criteria related to the recognition of deferred tax assets on a regular basis.

The assets and liabilities giving rise to the Corporation's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

*Represents the amount of deferred taxes recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Note 13. Retirement Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits

Information with respect to the Retirement Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits follows:

The net actuarial loss (gain) for December 31, 2023 and 2022 was the result of changes in the discount rate, interest crediting rate, cash balance conversion rate and driven by mortality gains on inactive lives.

Components of net periodic benefit cost (income) were as follows:

The components of net periodic benefit cost, other than the service cost component, are included in other noninterest expense in the consolidated statement of income.

During 2024, the Corporation expects to contribute approximately $156 thousand to the Retirement Plans and approximately $112 thousand to Other Postretirement Benefit Plans.

The following benefits payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid:

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

The benefit obligation for all plans at December 31, 2023 was based on the Pri-2012 White Collar Dataset Mortality Table with scale MP-2021 fully generational published by the Society of Actuaries. The discount rate is based on matching the Plan's projected cash flows to the spot rates in FTSE Pension Above Median Double-A Curve as of the disclosure date. The assumed salary increase considers available service years from the valuation date through the participant's normal retirement date.

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

The net periodic costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was based on the Pri-2012 White Collar Mortality Table with scale MP-2021 fully generational published by the Society of Actuaries. The discount rate was based on matching the Plan's projected cash flows to the spot rates in FTSE Pension Above Median Double-A Curve as of the disclosure date. Historical investment returns is the basis used to determine the overall expected long-term rate of return on assets. The assumed salary increase considers available service years from the valuation date through the participant's normal retirement date.

The Corporation's pension plan asset allocation at December 31, 2023 and 2022, by asset category was as follows:

Plan assets include marketable equity securities, corporate and government debt securities, and certificates of deposit. The investment strategy is to keep a 60% equity to 40% fixed income mix to achieve the overall expected long-term rate of return of 6.5%. Equity securities do not include any common stock of the Corporation.

The major categories of assets in the Corporation's pension plan at year-end are presented in the following table. Assets are segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy described in Note 19, "Fair Value Disclosures."

The Corporation sponsors a 401(k) deferred salary savings plan, which is a qualified defined contribution plan, and which covers all employees of the Corporation and its subsidiaries, and provides that the Corporation makes matching contributions as defined by the plan. Expense recorded by the Corporation for the 401(k) deferred salary savings plan was $2.2 million, $2.1 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Corporation sponsors a Supplemental Non-Qualified Pension Plan ("SNQPP"), which was established in 1981 prior to the existence of the 401(k) deferred salary savings plan, employee stock purchase plan and long-term incentive plans and therefore is not offered to new participants. All current participants are now retired. The Corporation recorded income of $15 thousand for the SNQPP for the year ended December 31, 2023 and expense of $174 thousand and $112 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Note 14. Stock-Based Incentive Plan

On April 26, 2023, the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Plan") was approved by shareholders at the Corporation's annual meeting. This Plan replaced the Amended and Restated Univest 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan, which expired in April 2023.

Under the Plan, the Corporation may grant up to 1,200,000 options and restricted stock awards and units to employees and non-employee directors, subject to adjustment, as described in the Plan. The Plan provides for the issuance of options to purchase common shares at prices not less than 100 percent of the fair market value on the date of option grant and have a contractual term often years. There were 1,195,500 shares available for future grants at December 31, 2023 under the Plan. At December 31, 2023, there were 269,914 options to purchase common stock and 392,548 unvested restricted stock units outstanding under the Plan.

The following is a summary of the Corporation's stock option activity and related information for the year ended December 31, 2023:

The Corporation did not issue stock options during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021.

The following is a summary of nonvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2023 including changes during the year:

Certain information regarding restricted stock awards and units is summarized below for the periods indicated:

The total unrecognized compensation expense and the weighted average period over which unrecognized compensation expense is expected to be recognized related to nonvested restricted stock units at December 31, 2023 is presented below:

The following table presents information related to the Corporation's compensation expense related to stock incentive plans recognized for the periods indicated:

There were no significant modifications or accelerations to options, restricted stock awards or restricted stock units during the period 2021 through 2023.

Note 15. Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income

The following table shows the components of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net of taxes, for the periods presented:

Note 16. Leases

The following table provides information with respect to the Corporation's operating leases:

At December 31, 2023, maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:

Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies

Lending Operations

Commitments to extend credit, performance letters of credit, standby letters of credit, and other letters of credit are financial instruments issued by the Corporation to accommodate the financial needs of customers. The Corporation uses the same credit policies in issuing these financial instruments as it does for on-balance sheet financial instruments, including obtaining collateral when management's credit assessment of the customer deems it necessary. These financial instruments generally have fixed expiration dates and historically most of these financial instruments expire without being drawn upon. The Corporation maintains a reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures that are currently unfunded.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer if there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. The Corporation's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments.

Performance letters of credit and standby letters of credit commit the Bank to make payments on behalf of customers when certain specified future events occur. The Corporation's exposure to credit loss is essentially the same as the risk involved in extending loans to customers. At December 31, 2023, the maximum potential amount of future payments under letters of credit was $67.2 million. The carrying amount of the contingent obligation at December 31, 2023 was $310 thousand.

The following schedule summarizes the Corporation's off-balance sheet financial instruments at December 31, 2023:

The Bank maintains a reserve in other liabilities for estimated losses associated with sold mortgages that may be repurchased. At December 31, 2023, the reserve for sold mortgages was $341 thousand.

The Corporation is periodically subject to various pending and threatened legal actions, that involve claims for monetary relief. Based upon information presently available to the Corporation, it is the Corporation's opinion that any legal and financial responsibility arising from such claims will not have a material adverse effect on the Corporation's results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Note 18. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Interest Rate Swaps

The Corporation periodically uses interest rate swap agreements to modify interest rate characteristics from variable to fixed or fixed to variable in order to reduce the impact of interest rate changes on future net interest income. The Corporation's credit exposure on interest rate swaps includes changes in fair value and any collateral that is held by a third party.

In May 2022, the Corporation entered into an interest rate swap classified as a cash flow hedge with a notional amount of $250.0 million to hedge the interest payments received on a pool of variable rate loans. Under the terms of the swap agreement, the Corporation pays a variable rate equal to the Prime Rate and receives a fixed rate of 5.99%. The swap matures in May 2026. The Corporation performed an assessment of the hedge for effectiveness at the inception of the hedge and performs an assessment on a recurring basis and determined that the derivative currently is and is expected to be highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged item. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the notional amount of the interest rate swap was $250.0 million and the fair value was a liability of $5.8 million and $8.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately $3.7 million and $4.0 million, net of tax, which is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, is expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next twelve months, respectively. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations and the addition of other hedges subsequent to December 31, 2023.

Credit Derivatives

The Corporation has agreements with third-party financial institutions whereby the third-party financial institution enters into interest rate derivative contracts with loan customers referred to them by the Corporation. By the terms of the agreements, the third-party financial institution has recourse to the Corporation for any exposure created under each swap contract in the event the customer defaults on the swap agreement and the agreement is in a paying position to the third-party financial institution. These transactions represent credit derivatives and are a customary arrangement that allows the Corporation to provide access to interest rate swap transactions for customers without issuing the swap.

At December 31, 2023, the Corporation had exposure to 133 variable-rate to fixed-rate interest rate swap transactions between the third-party financial institution and customers with a current notional amount of $862.8 million and remaining maturities ranging from 4 months to 11 years. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Corporation's interest rate swap credit derivatives was a liability of $186 thousand. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of the swaps to the customers was a net gain of $56.3 million. At December 31, 2023, the Corporation's credit exposure related to the customer totaled $2.2 million.

The maximum potential payments by the Corporation to the third-party financial institution under these credit derivatives are not estimable as they are contingent on future interest rates and the agreement does not provide for a limitation of the maximum potential payment amount.

Mortgage Banking Derivatives

Derivative loan commitments represent agreements for delayed delivery of financial instruments in which the buyer agrees to purchase and the seller agrees to deliver, at a specified future date, a specified instrument at a specified price or yield. The Corporation's derivative loan commitments are commitments to sell loans secured by 1- to 4-family residential properties whose predominant risk characteristic is interest rate risk.

Derivatives Tables

The following table presents the notional amounts and fair values of derivatives designated as hedging instruments recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Corporation pledges cash or securities to cover the negative fair value of derivative instruments. Cash collateral associated with derivative instruments are not added to or netted against the fair value amounts.

The following table presents the notional amounts and fair values of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

The following table presents amounts included in the consolidated statements of income for derivatives designated as hedging instruments for the periods indicated:

The following table presents amounts included in the consolidated statements of income for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments for the periods indicated:

The following table presents amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income for derivatives designated as hedging instruments at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Note 19. Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Corporation determines the fair value of financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy. The Corporation maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Corporation. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Corporation's assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances, including assumptions about risk. Three levels of inputs are used to measure fair value. A financial instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input significant to the fair value measurement. Transfers between levels are recognized at the end of the reporting periods.

Level 1: Valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Corporation can access at the measurement date. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment.

Level 2: Valuations are based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Valuations are based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Assets and liabilities utilizing Level 3 inputs include: financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash-flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the fair value calculation requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Where quoted prices are available in an active market for identical instruments, investment securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 investment securities include U.S. Treasury securities, most equity securities and money market mutual funds. Mutual funds are registered investment companies which are valued at net asset value of shares on a market exchange at the end of each trading day. Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy includes securities issued by U.S. Government sponsored enterprises, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, corporate and municipal bonds and certain equity securities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or discounted cash flows. In cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, investment securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Fair values for securities are determined using independent pricing services and market-participating brokers. The Corporation's independent pricing service utilizes evaluated pricing models that vary by asset class and incorporate available trade, bid and other market information for structured securities, cash flow and, when available, loan performance data. Because many fixed income securities do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing service's evaluated pricing applications apply information as applicable through processes, such as benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing, to prepare evaluations. If at any time, the pricing service determines that it does not have sufficient verifiable information to value a particular security, the Corporation will utilize valuations from another pricing service. Management has a sufficient understanding of the third-party service's valuation models, assumptions and inputs used in determining the fair value of securities to enable management to maintain an appropriate system of internal control.

On a quarterly basis, the Corporation reviews changes, as submitted by the pricing service, in the market value of its security portfolio. Individual changes in valuations are reviewed for consistency with general interest rate movements and any known credit concerns for specific securities. If, upon the Corporation's review or in comparing with another service, a material difference between pricing evaluations were to exist, the Corporation may submit an inquiry to the current pricing service regarding the data used to determine the valuation of a particular security. If the Corporation determines there is market information that would support a different valuation than from the current pricing service's evaluation, the Corporation may utilize and change the security's valuation. There were no material differences in valuations noted at December 31, 2023.

Loans Held for Sale

The fair value of our mortgage loans held for sale is based on estimates using Level 2 inputs. These inputs are based on pricing information obtained from wholesale mortgage banks and brokers and applied to loans with similar interest rates and maturities.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The fair values of derivative financial instruments are based upon the estimated amount the Corporation would receive or pay to terminate the contracts or agreements, taking into account current interest rates and, when appropriate, the current creditworthiness of the counterparties. Interest rate swaps and mortgage banking derivative financial instruments are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Credit derivatives are valued based on credit worthiness of the underlying borrower which is a significant unobservable input and therefore classified in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Contingent Consideration Liability

The Corporation estimates the fair value of the contingent consideration liability by using a discounted cash flow model of future contingent payments based on projected revenue related to the acquired business. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration liability is reviewed on a quarterly basis and any valuation adjustments resulting from a change of estimated future contingent payments based on projected revenue of the acquired business affecting the contingent consideration liability will be recorded through noninterest expense. Due to the significant unobservable input related to the projected revenue, the contingent consideration liability is classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. An increase in the projected revenue may result in a higher fair value of the contingent consideration liability. Alternatively, a decrease in the projected revenue may result in a lower estimated fair value of the contingent consideration liability.

The following table presents the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023 and 2022, classified using the fair value hierarchy:

*Such financial instruments are recorded at fair value as further described in Note 18, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities."

The $186 thousand of credit derivatives liability represents the Credit Valuation Adjustment ("CVA"), which is obtained from real-time financial market data, of 133 interest rate swaps with a current notional amount of $862.8 million. The December 31, 2023 CVA is calculated using a 40% loss given default rate on the most recent investment grade credit curve.

The contingent consideration liability resulting from the Sheaffer acquisition was calculated using a discount rate of 8.3% on the acquisition date. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Corporation paid $635 thousand in contingent consideration related to this acquisition. The contingent consideration liability was $1.2 million at December 31, 2023. The remaining potential cash payments that could result from the contingent consideration arrangement for the Sheaffer acquisition range from $0 to a maximum of $1.3 million through the period ending November 30, 2024.

*Such financial instruments are recorded at fair value as further described in Note 18, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities."

The $360 thousand of credit derivatives liability represents the CVA, which is obtained from real-time financial market data, of 127 interest rate swaps with a current notional amount of $815.5 million. The December 31, 2022 CVA assumes a zero-deal recovery percentage based on the most recent index credit curve.

The contingent consideration liability resulting from the acquisition was $1.6 million, which was calculated using a discount rate of 8.3%. The potential cash payments that could result from the contingent consideration arrangement for the Sheaffer acquisition range from $0 to a maximum of $1.9 million over thethree-year period ending November 30, 2024.

The following table includes a rollforward of loans and credit derivatives for which the Corporation utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table presents the change in the balance of the contingent consideration liability related to acquisitions for which the Corporation utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

The Corporation may be required to periodically measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or market accounting or changes in the value of loans held for investment analyzed on an individual basis. The following table represents assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

The following table presents assets and liabilities not measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis in the Corporation's consolidated balance sheet but for which the fair value is required to be disclosed at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The disclosed fair values are classified using the fair value hierarchy.

The following valuation methods and assumptions were used by the Corporation in estimating the fair value for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis in the Corporation's consolidated balance sheets but for which the fair value is required to be disclosed:

Cash and short-term interest-earning assets: The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and due from banks, interest-earning deposits with other banks and other short-term investments is their stated value. Cash and short-term interest-earning assets are classified within Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

Held-to-maturity securities: Fair values for the held-to-maturity investment securities are estimated by using pricing models or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics and are classified in Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank and other stock: It is not practical to determine the fair values of Federal

Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank and other stock, due to restrictions placed on their transferability.

Loans held for sale: Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. The fair value of the Corporation's mortgage loans held for sale are generally determined using a pricing model based on current market information obtained from external sources, including interest rates, bids or indications provided by market participants on specific loans that are actively marketed for sale. These loans are primarily residential mortgage loans and are generally classified in Level 2 due to the observable pricing data.

Loans and leases held for investment: The fair values for loans and leases held for investment are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using a discount rate based on current interest rates at which similar loans with similar terms would be made to borrowers, adjusted as appropriate to consider credit, liquidity and marketability factors to arrive at a fair value that represents the Corporation's exit price at which these instruments would be sold or transferred. Loans and leases are classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy since credit risk is not an observable input.

Individually analyzed loans and leases held for investment: For individually analyzed loans and leases, the Corporation uses a variety of techniques to measure fair value, such as using the current appraised value of the collateral, agreements of sale, discounting the contractual cash flows, and analyzing market data that the Corporation may adjust due to specific characteristics of the loan/lease or collateral. At December 31, 2023, individually analyzed loans held for investment had a carrying amount of $20.7 million with a valuation allowance of $1.8 million. At December 31, 2022, individually analyzed loans held for investment had a carrying amount of $13.4 million with a valuation allowance of $2.8 million. The Corporation hadno individually analyzed leases at December 31, 2023 or 2022.

Servicing rights: The Corporation estimates the fair value of servicing rights using discounted cash flow models that calculate the present value of estimated future net servicing income. The model uses readily available prepayment speed assumptions for the interest rates of the portfolios serviced. Servicing rights are classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy based upon management's assessment of the inputs. The Corporation reviews the servicing rights portfolio on a quarterly basis for impairment and the servicing rights are carried at the lower of amortized cost or estimated fair value. At December 31, 2023, servicing rights had a net carrying amount of $9.1 million, which included a valuation allowance of $98 thousand. At December 31, 2022, servicing rights had a net carrying amount of $8.6 million, which included a valuation allowance of $5 thousand.

Goodwill and other identifiable assets: Certain non-financial assets subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis include goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Corporation performed its annual test of goodwill for impairment during the fourth quarter of 2023 and concluded there wasno impairment of goodwill. There wasno impairment of goodwill recorded during 2021 through 2022. The Corporation also completed an impairment test for other intangible assets during the fourth quarter of 2023 and concluded there wasno impairment of other intangible assets. There wasno impairment of other identifiable intangible assets recorded during 2021 through 2022.

Other real estate owned: Other real estate owned ("OREO") represents properties that the Corporation has acquired through foreclosure by either accepting a deed in lieu of foreclosure, or by taking possession of assets that were used as loan collateral. The Corporation reports OREO at the lower of cost or fair value less cost to sell, adjusted periodically based on a current appraisal or an executed agreement of sale. Capital improvement expenses associated with the construction or repair of the property are capitalized as part of the cost of the OREO asset. Write-downs and any gain or loss upon the sale of OREO is recorded in other noninterest income. OREO is reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, OREO had a carrying amount of $19.0 million and $19.3 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, one property was transferred to OREO with a carrying value of $79 thousand and a commercial real estate property with a carrying value of $257 thousand was sold. Other real estate owned is classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy based on appraisals, letters of intent or agreement of sale received from third parties.

Deposit liabilities: The fair values for demand and savings accounts, with no stated maturities, is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (carrying value) and are classified within Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair values for time deposits with fixed maturities are estimated by discounting the final maturity using interest rates currently offered for deposits with similar remaining maturities. Time deposits are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Short-term borrowings: The fair value of short-term borrowings are estimated using current market rates for similar borrowings and are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Long-term debt: The fair value of long-term debt is estimated by using discounted cash flow analysis, based on current market rates for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. Long-term debt is classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Subordinated notes: The fair value of the subordinated notes are estimated by discounting the principal balance using the treasury yield curve for the term to the call date as the Corporation has the option to call the subordinated notes. The subordinated notes are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Note 20. Share Repurchase Plan

The Corporation may repurchase shares of its common stock from time to time through open market purchases, tender offers, privately negotiated purchases or other means based on general market conditions, the trading price of the Corporation's common stock, tax considerations, alternative uses of capital and the Corporation's results of operation. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Corporation to acquire any particular amount of common stock. The program has no scheduled expiration date and the Board of Directors has the right to suspend or discontinue the program at any time. On October 26, 2022, the Corporation's Board of Directors approved the repurchase of 1,000,000 shares, or approximately 3.4% of the Corporation's common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2022. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Corporation repurchased 26,485 and 450,000 shares, respectively, of common stock at a cost of $462 thousand and $11.4 million, respectively, under the Corporation's share repurchase program. During the year ended December 31, 2021, there wereno repurchases of common stock under the Corporation's share repurchase program. At December 31, 2023, there were 1,229,174 shares available to be repurchased under the program.

Note 21. Regulatory Matters

The Corporation and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Corporation's and the Bank's financial statements. Capital adequacy guidelines, and additionally for the Bank, the prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Corporation and the Bank to maintain minimum capital amounts and ratios are set forth in the following table. To comply with the regulatory definition of well capitalized, a depository institution must maintain minimum capital amounts and ratios as set forth in the following table.

Under current rules, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions (including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers), a banking organization must hold a capital conservation buffer comprised of common equity Tier 1 capital above its minimum risk-based capital requirements in an amount greater than 2.50% of total risk-weighted assets. The Corporation's and Bank's intent is to maintain capital levels in excess of the capital conservation buffer, which requires Tier 1 Capital to Risk Weighted Assets to exceed 8.50% and Total Capital to Risk Weighted Assets to exceed 10.50%. The Corporation and the Bank were in compliance with these requirements for 2023.

The Corporation's and Bank's actual and required capital ratios as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 under regulatory capital rules were as follows.

At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, management believes that the Corporation and the Bank continued to meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. At December 31, 2023, the Bank was categorized as "well capitalized" under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that management believes have changed the Bank's category.

In December 2018, the Federal Reserve announced that a banking organization that experiences a reduction in retained earnings due to the CECL adoption as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which CECL was adopted may elect to phase in the regulatory capital impact of adopting CECL. Transitional amounts are calculated for the following items: retained earnings, temporary difference deferred tax assets and credit loss allowances eligible for inclusion in regulatory capital. When calculating regulatory capital ratios, 25% of the transitional amounts are phased in during the first year. An additional 25% of the transitional amounts are phased in over each of the next two years and at the beginning of the fourth year, the day-one effects of CECL are completely reflected in regulatory capital.

Additionally, in March 2020, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation announced the 2020 CECL interim final rule ("IFR") designed to allow eligible firms to better focus on supporting lending to creditworthy households and businesses in light of the then-recent strains on the U.S. economy as a result of the coronavirus ("COVID-19"). The 2020 CECL IFR allows corporations that adopt CECL before December 31, 2020 to defer 100 percent of the day-one transitional amounts described above through December 31, 2021 for regulatory capital purposes. Additionally, the 2020 CECL IFR allows electing firms to defer through December 31, 2021 the approximate portion of the post day-one allowance attributable to CECL relative to the incurred loss methodology. This is calculated by applying a 25% scaling factor to the CECL provision.

The Corporation adopted the transition guidance and the 2020 CECL IFR relief and applied these effects to regulatory capital.

Dividends and Other Restrictions

The primary sources of the Corporation's dividends paid to its shareholders is from cash held at the Corporation and the earnings of the Bank paid to the Corporation in the form of dividends.

The approval of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors is required for a state bank member in the Federal Reserve system to pay dividends if the total of all dividends declared in any calendar year exceeds the Bank's net profits (as defined) for that year combined with its retained net profits for the preceding two calendar years. Under this formula, the Bank can declare dividends in 2024 without approval of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors of approximately $130.7 million plus an additional amount equal to the Bank's net profits for 2024 up to the date of any such dividend declaration.

Federal Reserve Board policy applicable to the holding company also provides that, as a general matter, a bank holding company should inform the Federal Reserve and should eliminate, defer or significantly reduce the holding company's dividends if the holding company's net income for the preceding four quarters, net of dividends paid during the period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends, the holding company's prospective rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with its capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition, or the holding company will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios. Federal Reserve Board policy also provides that a bank holding company should inform the Federal Reserve reasonably in advance of declaring or paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period or that could result in a material adverse change to the organization's capital structure.

The Federal Reserve Act requires that the extension of credit by the Bank to certain affiliates, including the Corporation (parent), be secured by readily marketable securities, that the extension of credit to any one affiliate be limited to 10% of the Bank's capital and surplus (as defined), and that extensions of credit to all such affiliates be limited to 20% of the Bank's capital and surplus.

Note 22. Related Party Transactions

In the ordinary course of business, the Corporation has made loans and commitments to extend credit to certain directors and executive officers of the Corporation and companies in which directors have an interest ("Related Parties"). These loans and commitments have been made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral requirements, as those prevailing at the same time for comparable transactions with customers not related to the lender and did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable terms.

The following table provides a summary of activity for loans to Related Parties during the year ended December 31, 2023:

The following table provides additional information regarding transactions with Related Parties:

During 2023, the Corporation paid $150 thousand and $692 thousand in capital contributions to NewSpring Mezzanine Capital IV, LP and NewSpring Mezzanine Capital V, LP, respectively, in the normal course of business in substantially the same terms as available for others. Anne Vazquez, an alternate director of the Corporation, is a General Partner of NewSpring Capital, LLC and NewSpring Mezzanine Capital.

Note 23. Segment Reporting

At December 31, 2023, the Corporation hadthree reportable business segments: Banking, Wealth Management and Insurance. The Corporation determines the segments based primarily upon product and service offerings, through the types of income generated and the regulatory environment. This is strategically how the Corporation operates and has positioned itself in the marketplace. Accordingly, significant operating decisions are based upon analysis of each of these segments. The parent holding company and intercompany eliminations are included in the "Other" segment.

Each segment generates revenue from a variety of products and services it provides. Examples of products and services provided for each reportable segment are indicated as follows:

The following tables provide reportable segment-specific information and reconciliations to consolidated financial information for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

*Includes an allocation of general and administrative expenses from both the parent holding company and the Bank. These expenses are generally allocated based upon number of employees and square footage utilized.

Note 24. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The following tables disaggregate the Corporation's revenue by major source and reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

(1)Net interest income as well as many other revenues for financial assets and liabilities including loans, leases, securities, and derivatives are excluded from the scope of FASB ASC 606 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("FASB ASC 606"). Noninterest income streams that are out of scope of FASB ASC 606 include bank owned life insurance income, sales of investment securities and mortgage banking activities.

(2)Other service fee income and other income include certain items that are in scope and certain items that are out of scope of FASB ASC 606 as described further in the following paragraphs.

Banking Segment

Service charges on deposit accountsare generally earned on depository accounts for commercial and consumer customers and primarily includes fees for account services, overdraft and non-sufficient funds services, and cash management services for commercial customers. Account services include fees for event-driven services such as ATM transactions and fees for periodic account maintenance activities. Cash management services for commercial customers include fees for event-driven services such as lockbox processing and line sweep services and fees for periodic account maintenance activities. The Corporation's obligation for event-driven services is satisfied at the time of the event when the service is delivered, while the obligation for periodic services is satisfied over the course of each month. Obligations for overdraft services are satisfied at the time of the overdraft.

Other service fee incomeis earned from commercial and consumer customers and primarily includes credit and debit card interchange and merchant revenues, mortgage servicing income, which is out of scope of FASB ASC 606, and other deposit related service fee income such as wire transfers, check services and safe deposit boxes. Interchange and merchant revenues are recognized concurrently with the delivery of services on a monthly basis. Other deposit related service fee income include fees for event-driven services, such as wire transfers and check services, and fees for periodic services such as safe deposit box services. The obligation for event-driven services is satisfied at the time of the event when the service is delivered, while the obligation for periodic services is satisfied over the course of each month.

Other income primarily includes net gains or losses from the sales of loans and leases, net gains or losses from the sales or disposition of fixed assets and net gains or losses on interest rate swaps, all of which are out of scope of FASB ASC 606, and net gains or losses on sales and write-downs of other real estate owned. Net gains or losses on sales of other real estate owned are recognized at the point in time in which control of the other real estate owned is transferred.

Wealth Management Segment

Trust fee incomeis earned for providing trust, investment management and other related services. Obligations for trust and other related services are generally satisfied over time but may be satisfied at points in time for certain activities that are transactional in nature and obligations for investment management services are generally performed over time. Fees for trust fee income are typically based on a tiered scale relative to the market value of assets under management and are recognized in conjunction with the delivery of services.

Investment advisory commission and fee income include fees for financial planning, guardian and custodian of employee benefits, investment advisory, and brokerage services. Obligations for financial planning, guardian and custodian of employee benefits, and investment advisory services are generally satisfied over time and fees, typically based on a tiered scale relative to the market value of assets under management, are recognized in conjunction with the delivery of services. Brokerage services are typically event driven and are based on the size and number of transactions executed at the client's direction and recognized on the trade date.

Insurance Segment

Insurance commission and fee incomeis derived primarily from commissions from the sale of insurance policies, which are generally calculated as a percentage of the policy premium, and contingent income, which is calculated based on the performance of the policies held by each carrier. Obligations for the sale of insurance policies are generally satisfied at the point in time which the policy is executed and are recognized at the point in time in which the amounts are known and collection is reasonably assured. Obligations for contingent income are generally satisfied over time and are recognized at the point in time in which the amounts are known and collection is reasonably assured.

Other service fee incomeis earned from payroll and human resources consulting services. These obligations are generally satisfied over time and are recognized on a periodic basis.

Note 25. Condensed Financial Information - Parent Company Only

Condensed financial statements of the Corporation, parent company only, follow: