STATE STREET CORP

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

Form 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

OR

For the transition period from to

Commission File No.001-07511

(Exact name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No☒

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of April 30, 2024 was 301,258,872.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED

March 31, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

We use acronyms and other defined terms for certain business terms and abbreviations, as defined in the acronyms list and glossary following the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

GENERAL

State Street Corporation is one of the world’s largest providers of financial services to institutional investors. Our clients - asset managers and owners, insurance companies, official institutions, and central banks - rely on us to deliver solutions that support their goals across the investment life cycle.

State Street Corporation, referred to as the Parent Company, is a financial holding company organized in 1969 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Parent Company is a source of financial and managerial strength to our subsidiaries. Through our subsidiaries, including our principal banking subsidiary, State Street Bank and Trust Company, referred to as State Street Bank, we operate in more than 100 geographic markets worldwide, including in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. We provide a broad range of financial products and services to institutional investors worldwide, with $43.91 trillion of AUC/A and $4.34 trillion of AUM as of March 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2024, we had consolidated total assets of $338.00 billion, consolidated total deposits of $251.88 billion, consolidated total shareholders' equity of $24.43 billion and approximately 46,000 employees.

Our operations are organized into two lines of business, Investment Servicing and Investment Management, which are defined based on products and services provided.

Additional information about our lines of business is provided in Line of Business Information in this Management's Discussion and Analysis and Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 (Form 10-Q).

Our executive offices are located at One Congress Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 (telephone (617) 786-3000). For purposes of this Form 10-Q, unless the context requires otherwise, references to "State Street," "we," "us," "our" or similar terms mean State Street Corporation and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

This Management's Discussion and Analysis is part of this Form 10-Q and updates the Management's Discussion and Analysis in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 previously filed with the SEC (2023 Form 10-K). The financial information contained in this Management's Discussion and Analysis and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the financial and other

information contained in our 2023 Form 10-K. Certain previously reported amounts presented in this Form 10-Q have been reclassified to conform to current-period presentation.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions in its application of certain accounting policies that materially affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses.

The significant accounting policies that require us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that are difficult, subjective or complex, about matters that are uncertain and may change in subsequent periods include:

•Recurring fair value measurements;

•Allowance for credit losses;

•Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets; and

•Contingencies.

These significant accounting policies require the most subjective or complex judgments, and underlying estimates and assumptions could be subject to revision as new information becomes available. For additional information about these significant accounting policies refer to pages 122 to 124, “Significant Accounting Estimates” included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in our 2023 Form 10-K. We did not change these significant accounting policies in the first three months of 2024.

Certain financial information provided in this Form 10-Q, including this Management's Discussion and Analysis, is presented using both a U.S. GAAP, or reported basis, and a non-GAAP basis, including certain non-GAAP measures used in the calculation of identified regulatory ratios. We measure and compare certain financial information on a non-GAAP basis, including information that management uses in evaluating our business and activities. Non-GAAP financial information should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or as superior to, financial information prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Any non-GAAP financial information presented in this Form 10-Q, including this Management’s Discussion and Analysis, is reconciled to its most directly comparable currently applicable regulatory ratio or U.S. GAAP-basis measure. As part of our non-GAAP-basis measures, we present a fully taxable-equivalent NII that reports non-taxable revenue, such as interest income associated with tax-exempt investment securities, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, which we believe facilitates an investor's understanding and analysis of our underlying financial performance and trends.

We provide additional disclosures required by applicable bank regulatory standards, including supplemental qualitative and quantitative information with respect to regulatory capital (including market risk associated with our trading activities), the LCR and NSFR, summary results of annual State Street-run stress tests which we conduct under the Dodd-Frank Act, and recovery and resolution plan disclosures. These additional disclosures are accessible on the "Filings & reports" tab of our website atinvestors.statestreet.com.

We have included our website address in this report as an inactive textual reference only. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-Q.

We use acronyms and other defined terms for certain business terms and abbreviations, as defined in the acronyms list and glossary following the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-Q, as well as other reports and proxy materials submitted by us under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, registration statements filed by us under the Securities Act of 1933, our annual report to shareholders and other public statements we may make, may contain statements (including statements in our Management's Discussion and Analysis included in such reports, as applicable) that are considered “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of U.S. securities laws, including statements about our goals and expectations regarding our business, financial and capital condition, results of operations, strategies, cost savings and transformation initiatives, investment portfolio performance, climate, dividend and stock purchase programs, acquisitions, outcomes of legal proceedings, market growth, joint ventures and divestitures, client growth, new technologies, services and opportunities, sustainability and impact, human capital, as well as industry, governmental, regulatory, economic and market trends, initiatives and developments, the business environment and other matters that do not relate strictly to historical facts.

Terminology such as “expect,” “outlook,” “will,” “goal,” “target,” “strategy,” “may,” “estimate,” “plan,” “intend,” “objective,” “forecast,” “believe,” “priority,” “anticipate,” “seek,” and “trend,” or similar statements or variations of such terms, are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such terms.

Forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, which change over time, are based on management's expectations and assumptions at the time the statements are made and are not guarantees of future results. Management's expectations and assumptions, and the continued validity of the forward-looking statements, are subject to change due to a broad range of factors affecting the U.S. and global economies, regulatory environment and the equity, debt, currency and other financial markets, as well as factors specific to State Street and its subsidiaries, including State Street Bank. Factors that could cause changes in the expectations or assumptions on which forward-looking statements are based cannot be foreseen with certainty and include, but are not limited to:

Strategic Risks

•We are subject to intense competition, which could negatively affect our profitability;

•We are subject to significant pricing pressure and variability in our financial results and our AUC/A and AUM;

•Our development and completion of new products and services, including State Street Alpha®and those related to digital assets and artificial intelligence, may impose costs on us, involve dependencies on third parties and may expose us to increased operational, model and other risks;

•Acquisitions, strategic alliances, joint ventures and divestitures, and the integration, retention and development of the benefits of these transactions, including the consolidation of our operations joint ventures in India, pose risks for our business; and

•Competition for qualified members of our workforce is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain the highly skilled people we need to support our business.

Financial Market Risks

•We could be adversely affected by political, geopolitical, economic and market conditions, including, for example, as a result of liquidity or capital deficiencies (actual or perceived) by other financial institutions and related market and government actions, the Israel-Hamas war and hostilities between Iran and Israel, ongoing war in Ukraine, major political elections globally, actions taken by central banks to address inflationary and growth pressures, monetary policy tightening, periods of significant volatility in valuations and liquidity or other disruptions in the markets for equity, fixed income and other assets classes globally or within specific markets;

•We have significant global operations and clients that can be adversely impacted by disruptions in key global economies, including local, regional and geopolitical developments affecting those economies;

•Our investment securities portfolio, consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations could be adversely affected by changes in the financial markets, governmental action or monetary policy. For example, among other risks, increases in prevailing interest rates or market conditions have led, and were they to occur in the future could further lead, to reduced levels of client deposits and resulting decreases in our NII or to portfolio management decisions resulting in reductions in our capital or liquidity ratios;

•Our business activities expose us to interest rate risk;

•We assume significant credit risk of counterparties, who may also have substantial financial dependencies on other financial institutions, and these credit exposures and concentrations could expose us to financial loss;

•Our fee revenue represents a significant portion of our revenue and is subject to decline based on, among other factors, market and currency declines, investment activities and preferences of our clients and their business mix;

•If we are unable to effectively manage our capital and liquidity, our financial condition, capital ratios, results of operations and business prospects could be adversely affected;

•Our calculations of risk exposures, total RWA and capital ratios depend on data inputs, formulae, models, correlations and assumptions that are subject to change, which could materially impact our risk exposures, our total RWA and our capital ratios from period to period;

•We may need to raise additional capital or debt in the future, which may not be available to us or may only be available on unfavorable terms; and

•If we experience a downgrade in our credit ratings, or an actual or perceived reduction in our financial strength, our borrowing and capital costs, liquidity and reputation could be adversely affected.

Compliance and Regulatory Risks

•Our business and capital-related activities, including common share repurchases, may be adversely affected by regulatory requirements and considerations, including capital, credit and liquidity;

•We face extensive and changing government regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions in which we operate, which may increase our costs and compliance risks and may affect our business activities and strategies;

•Our businesses may be adversely affected by government enforcement and litigation;

•Our businesses may be adversely affected by increased and conflicting political and regulatory scrutiny of asset management stewardship and corporate sustainability or Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) practices;

•Any misappropriation of the confidential information we possess could have an adverse impact on our business and could subject us to regulatory actions, litigation and other adverse effects;

•Changes in accounting standards may adversely affect our consolidated results of operations and financial condition;

•Changes in tax laws, rules or regulations, challenges to our tax positions and changes in the composition of our pre-tax earnings may increase our effective tax rate;

•We could face liabilities for withholding and other non-income taxes, including in connection with our services to clients, as a result of tax authority examinations; and

•Our businesses may be negatively affected by adverse publicity or other reputational harm.

Operational and Technology Risks

Our internal control environment may be inadequate, fail or be circumvented, and actual results may differ from those expressed as a result of a number of factors, including the manifestation of operational risk as follows:

•Our business may be negatively affected by our failure to update and maintain our technology infrastructure, or otherwise meet the increasing resiliency expectations of our clients and regulators, or as a result of a cyber-attack or similar vulnerability in our or business partners' infrastructure;

•Our risk management framework, models and processes may not be effective in identifying or mitigating risk and reducing the potential for related losses, and a failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures, or errors or delays in our operational and transaction processing, or those of third parties, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and reputation;

•Shifting and maintaining operational activities to non-U.S. jurisdictions, changing our operating model, including by consolidating our operations joint ventures in India, and outsourcing to, or insourcing from, third parties expose us to increased operational risk, geopolitical risk and reputational harm and may not result in expected cost savings or operational improvements;

•Attacks or unauthorized access to our or our business partners' or clients' information technology systems or facilities, such as cyber-attacks or other disruptions to our or their operations, could result in significant costs, reputational damage and impacts on our business activities;

•Long-term contracts and customizing service delivery for clients expose us to increased operational risk, pricing and performance risk;

•We may not be able to protect our intellectual property or may infringe upon the rights of third parties;

•The quantitative models we use to manage our business may contain errors that could adversely impact our business, financial condition, operating results and regulatory compliance;

•Our reputation and business prospects may be damaged if investors in the collective investment pools we sponsor or manage incur substantial losses in these investment pools or are restricted in redeeming their interests in these investment pools;

•The impacts of climate change, and regulatory responses, and disclosure requirements related to such risks, could adversely affect us; and

•We may incur losses or face negative impacts on our business as a result of unforeseen events including terrorist attacks, natural disasters, climate change, pandemics, global conflicts, an abrupt banking crisis and other geopolitical events which may have a negative impact on our business and operations.

Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed in our forward-looking statements and from our historical financial results

due to the factors discussed in this section and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q or disclosed in our other SEC filings. Forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q should not be relied on as representing our expectations or assumptions as of any time subsequent to the time this Form 10-Q is filed with the SEC. We undertake no obligation to revise our forward-looking statements after the time they are made. The factors discussed herein are not intended to be a complete statement of all risks and uncertainties that may affect our businesses. We cannot anticipate all developments that may adversely affect our business or operations or our consolidated results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Forward-looking statements should not be viewed as predictions and should not be the primary basis on which investors evaluate State Street. Any investor in State Street should consider all risks and uncertainties disclosed in our SEC filings, including our filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in particular our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our current reports on Form 8-K, and our registration statements filed under the Securities Act of 1933, all of which are accessible on the SEC's website atwww.sec.gov or on the "Filings & reports" tab of our website atinvestors.statestreet.com.

OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL RESULTS

(1)Additional information about our preferred stock dividends is provided in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

(2)Represents the portion of net income available to common equity allocated to participating securities, composed of unvested and fully vested SERP (supplemental executive retirement plans) shares and fully vested deferred director stock awards, which are equity-based awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and are considered to participate with the common stock in undistributed earnings.

nm Not meaningful

The following “Financial Results and Highlights” section provides information related to significant events, as well as highlights of our consolidated financial results for the first quarter of 2024 presented in Table 1: Overview of Financial Results. More detailed information about our consolidated financial results, including the comparison of our financial results for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, is provided under “Consolidated Results of Operations”, "Line of Business Information" and "Capital" which follows these sections, as well as in our consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q. In this Management’s Discussion and Analysis, where we describe the effects of changes in foreign currency translation, those effects are determined by applying applicable weighted average FX rates from the relevant 2023 period to the relevant 2024 period results.

Financial Results and Highlights

First quarter of 2024 financial performance

•Earnings per share (EPS) of$1.37, in the first quarter of 2024, decreased 10% as compared to the same period of 2023, primarily reflecting a $130 million increase to the FDIC special assessment which decreased EPS by $0.32 in the first quarter of 2024.

•Total revenue increased 1% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, as higher fee revenue was partially offset by lower NII.

•Total expenses increased 6% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, with approximately 5% points of that increase due to the increase to the FDIC special assessment, and the remainder driven by continued business investments, largely offset by productivity savings.

•Return on equity was 7.7% in the first quarter of 2024, a decrease from 9.3% in the same period of 2023, primarily reflecting the increase to the FDIC special assessment which contributed 1.8% points to the decrease. Pre-tax margin of 19.1%in the first quarter of 2024 decreased from 22.2% in the same period of 2023, primarily due to the increase to the FDIC special assessment.

•Operating leverage was (4.9)% points in the first quarter of 2024, largely due to the increase to the FDIC special assessment which decreased operating leverage by 5.5% points in the first quarter of 2024. Operating leverage represents the difference between the percentage change in total revenue and the percentage change in total expenses, in each case relative to the same period of the prior year.

•Fee operating leverage was (2.4)% points in the first quarter of 2024. The increase to the FDIC special assessment decreased fee operating leverage by 5.5% in the first quarter of 2024. Fee operating leverage represents the difference between the percentage change in total fee revenue and the percentage change in total expenses, in each case relative to the same period of the prior year.

•We returned a total of approximately $308 million to our shareholders in the form of common share repurchases and common stock dividends.

Revenue

•Total fee revenue increased 4% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, reflecting higher management fees, software and processing fees, servicing fees and other fee revenue, partially offset by lower securities finance and FX trading services revenue.

•Servicing fee revenue increased 1% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, primarily driven by higher average market levels, partially offset by pricing headwinds, lower client activity and adjustments, including changes in client asset mix, and a previously disclosed client transition.

•Management fee revenue increased 12% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, as higher average market levels and net inflows from prior periods were partially offset by the impact of a previously disclosed strategic ETF product suite repricing initiative.

•Foreign exchange trading services revenue decreased 3% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, primarily due to lower spreads associated with subdued market volatility, partially offset by higher client FX volumes.

•Securities finance revenue decreased 12% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, largely driven by lower agency balances and lower spreads primarily due to muted industry specials activity.

•Software and processing fees revenue increased 25% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, primarily driven by higher front office software and data revenue associated with CRD.

•Other fee revenue increased $5 million in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023.

•NII decreased 7% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, primarily due to deposit mix shift towards interest-bearing deposits and lower average non-interest-bearing deposit balances, partially offset by the impact of higher average interest rates, client lending growth and investment portfolio positions.

Provision for Credit Losses

•In the first quarter of 2024, we recorded a $27 million provision for credit losses, primarily reflecting an increase in loan loss reserves associated with certain commercial

real estate loans. The provision in the first quarter of 2023 was $44 million which included an episodic provision of $29 million associated with industry support for a U.S. financial institution.

•Total expenses increased 6% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, with approximately 5% points of that increase due to the increase to the FDIC special assessment, and the remainder driven by continued business investments, largely offset by productivity savings.

Notable items

•First quarter of 2024 other expenses included a $130 million increase to the FDIC special assessment recorded in the fourth quarter of 2023, primarily related to the increase to the FDIC’s estimate of losses to the DIF associated with the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank.

•There were no notable items in the first quarter of 2023.

AUC/A and AUM

•AUC/A of$43.91 trillion as of March 31, 2024, increased 17%compared to March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher quarter-end market levels and net new business. In the first quarter of 2024, newly announced asset servicing mandates totaled approximately $474 billion of AUC/A. We onboarded approximately $203 billion of AUC/A during the first quarter of 2024. Servicing assets remaining to be installed in future periods totaled approximately $2.58 trillion of AUC/A as of March 31, 2024.

•AUM of $4.3 trillion as of March 31, 2024, increased 20% compared to March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher quarter-end market levels and net inflows.

Capital

•In the first quarter of 2024, we returned a total of approximately $308 million to our shareholders in the form of common share repurchases and common stock dividends.

◦We declared aggregate common stock dividends of $0.69 per share, totaling $208 million in the first quarter of 2024, compared to $0.63 per share, totaling $212 million in the same period of 2023, representing an increase of approximately 10% on a per share basis.

◦In the first quarter of 2024, we acquired an aggregate of 1.4 million shares of common stock at an average per share cost of $73.24 and an aggregate cost of approximately $100 million. These purchases were all conducted under the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors in January 2024.

•Our standardized CET1 capital ratio decreased to 11.1% as of March 31, 2024, compared to 11.6% as of December 31, 2023, primarily driven by the expected normalization of RWA as of March 31, 2024. Our Tier 1 leverage ratio decreased to 5.4% as of March 31, 2024, compared to 5.5% as of December 31, 2023, primarily due to higher consolidated average assets reflecting higher client deposits and an increase in wholesale funding, partially offset by the net issuance of preferred stock. Given the current global economic environment, and our plans for capital distributions, we currently expect our CET1 capital ratio and Tier 1 leverage ratio to remain within or above our target ranges of 10-11% and 5.25-5.75%, respectively.

•On January 31, 2024, we issued 1.5 million depositary shares, each representing 1/100th ownership interest in shares of fixed-to-floating rate, non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Series I, without par value per share, with a liquidation preference of $100,000 per share (equivalent to $1,000 per depositary share), and an initial dividend rate of 6.700% per annum, in a public offering. The net proceeds from the offering were approximately $1.5 billion.

•On March 15, 2024, we redeemed an aggregate $1.0 billion, or all 7,500 outstanding shares, of our non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Series D, for a cash redemption price of $100,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depository share) and all 2,500 of the outstanding shares of our noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, Series F, for a cash redemption price of $100,000 per share (equivalent to $1,000 per depositary share), plus all declared and unpaid dividends.

Debt Issuances

•On March 18, 2024, we issued $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 4.993% fixed rate senior notes due 2027.

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This section discusses our consolidated results of operations for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023 and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

Total Revenue

Fee Revenue

Table 2: Total Revenue, provides the breakout of fee revenue for the first quarter of 2024 and 2023. Servicing and management fees collectively made up approximately 72% of the total fee revenue in both the first quarter of 2024 and 2023.

Servicing Fee Revenue

Servicing fees, as presented in Table 2: Total Revenue, increased 1% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, primarily driven by higher average market levels, partially offset by pricing headwinds, lower client activity and adjustments, including changes in client asset mix due to a shift in assets into lower fee asset classes including cash products, and a previously disclosed client transition.

Servicing fees generated outside the U.S. were approximately 47% and 46% of total servicing fees in the first quarter of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Servicing fee revenue comprises revenue from a range of services provided to our clients, including certain Alpha servicing mandates, consisting of core custody services, accounting, reporting and administration, which we refer to collectively as back office and middle office services. The nature and mix of services provided and the asset classes for which the services are performed affect our servicing fees. The basis for fees will differ across regions and clients. Generally, our servicing fee revenues are affected by several factors, including changes in market valuations, client activity and asset flows, net new business and the manner in which we price our services. For servicing fees for which we have not yet issued an invoice to our clients as of period end, we include an estimate of the impact of changes in market valuations, client activity and flows, net new business and changes in pricing in our revenues.

Changes in Market Valuations

Our servicing fee revenue is impacted by both our levels and the geographic and product mix of our AUC/A. Increases or decreases in market valuations have a corresponding impact on the level of our AUC/A and servicing fee revenues, though the degree of impact will vary depending on asset types and classes and geography of assets held within our clients’ portfolios. For certain asset classes where the valuation process is more complex, including alternative investments, or where our valuation is dependent on third party information, AUC/A is reported on a time lag, typically one-month. For those asset classes, the impact of market levels on our reported AUC/A does not reflect current period-end market levels.

Over the five years ended December 31, 2023, we estimate that worldwide equity and fixed income market valuations impacted our servicing fees revenue by approximately 2% on average with a range of (4)% to 8% annually and approximately 1% and (4)% in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The impact of changes in worldwide fixed income markets on our servicing fees, which historically was included within client activity and asset flows, is now reflected within change in market valuations. See Table 3: Daily Averages, Month-End Averages and Quarter-End Equity Indices for selected indices. While the specific indices presented are indicative of general market trends, the asset types and classes relevant to individual client portfolios can and do differ, and the performance of associated relevant indices and of client portfolios can therefore differ from the performance of the indices presented. In addition, our asset classifications may differ from those industry classifications presented.

Assuming that all other factors remain constant, including client activity, asset flows and pricing, we estimate, using relevant information as of March 31, 2024 that a 10% increase or decrease in worldwide equity valuations, on a weighted average basis, over the relevant periods for which our servicing fees are calculated, would result in a corresponding change in our total servicing fee revenues, on average and over multiple quarters, of approximately 3%. We estimate, similarly assuming all other factors remain constant and using relevant information as of March 31, 2024, that changes in worldwide fixed income markets, which on a weighted average basis and over time are typically less volatile than worldwide equity markets, have a smaller corresponding impact on our servicing fee revenues on average and over time.

(1)The index names listed in the table are service marks of their respective owners.

(1)The index names listed in the table are service marks of their respective owners.

Client Activity and Asset Flows

Client activity and asset flows are impacted by the number of transactions we execute on behalf of our clients, including FX settlements, equity and derivative trades, and wire transfer activity, as well as actions by our clients to change the asset class in which their assets are invested. Our servicing fee revenues are impacted by a number of factors, including transaction volumes, asset levels and asset classes in which funds are invested, as well as industry trends associated with these client-related activities.

Our clients may change the asset classes in which their assets are invested, based on their market outlook, risk acceptance tolerance or other considerations. Over the five years ended December 31, 2023, we estimate that client activity and asset flows, together, impacted our servicing fees revenue by approximately (1)% on average with a range of (3)% to 1% annually and approximately (3)% and 0% in 2023 and 2022, respectively. As noted under "Changes in Market Valuations" in this section, this analysis now excludes, but in prior reporting previously included, the impact of changes in worldwide fixed income markets on our servicing fees. See Table 5: Industry Asset Flows for selected asset flow information. While the asset flows presented are indicative of general market trends, the asset types and classes relevant to individual client portfolios can and do differ, and our flows may differ from those market trends. In addition, our asset classifications may differ from those industry classifications presented.

(1)Industry data is provided for illustrative purposes only. It is not intended to reflect our activity or our clients' activity and is indicative of only segments of the entire industry.

(2)Source: Morningstar. The data includes long-term mutual funds, ETFs and money market funds. Mutual fund data represents estimates of net new cash flow, which is new sales minus redemptions combined with net exchanges, while ETF data represents net issuance, which is gross issuance less gross redemptions. Data for Fund of Funds, Feeder funds and Obsolete funds were excluded from the series to prevent double counting. Data is from the Morningstar Direct Asset Flows database.

(3) The first quarter of 2024 data for North America (U.S. domiciled) includes Morningstar direct actuals for January 2024 and February 2024 and Morningstar direct estimates for March 2024.

(4)The long-term fund flows reported by Morningstar direct in North America are composed of U.S. domiciled market flows mainly in Equities, Allocation and Fixed-Income asset classes. The long-term fund flows reported by Morningstar direct in EMEA are composed of the European market flows mainly in Equities, Allocation and Fixed-Income asset classes.

(5)The first quarter of 2024 data for Europe is on a rolling three month basis for December 2023 through February 2024, sourced by Morningstar.

Net New Business

Over the five years ended December 31, 2023, net new business, which includes business both won and lost, has affected our servicing fee revenues by approximately 0% on average with a range of 0% to 1% annually and approximately 1% in both 2023 and 2022.

Gross investment servicing mandates were $474 billion of AUC/A in the first quarter of 2024 and $1.80 trillion of AUC/A per year on average over the five years ended December 31, 2023, ranging from approximately $0.79 trillion to $3.52 trillion of AUC/A annually in any given year.

Servicing fee revenue associated with new servicing mandates may vary based on the breadth of services provided, the time required to install the assets, and the types of assets installed.

Revenues associated with new mandates are not reflected in our servicing fee revenue until the assets have been installed. Our installation timeline, in general, can range from 6 to 36 months, with the average installation timeline being approximately 9 to 12 months over the past 2 years. We expect that our more complex installations, including new State Street Alpha mandates, will generally be on the longer end of the 6 to 36 months range. With respect to the current asset mandates of approximately $2.58 trillion of AUC/A that are yet to be installed as of March 31, 2024, we expect the conversion will occur over the coming 24 months, with approximately 40-50% expected to be installed in the remainder of 2024, with the balance expected to be installed throughout 2025 and 2026. The expected timing of these installations is subject to change due to a variety of factors, including adjusted implementation schedules agreed with clients, scope adjustments, and product and functionality changes.

Pricing

The industry in which we operate has historically faced pricing pressure, and our servicing fee revenues are also affected by such pressures today. Consequently, no assumption should be drawn as to future revenue run rate from announced servicing wins, as the amount of revenue associated with AUC/A, once installed, can vary materially. On average, over the five years ended December 31, 2023, we estimate that pricing pressure with respect to existing clients has impacted our servicing fees by approximately (3)% annually, with the impact ranging from (2)% to (4)% in any given year and approximately (2)% in both 2023 and 2022. Pricing concessions can be a part of a contract renegotiation with a client including terms that may benefit us, such as extending the term of our relationship with the client, expanding the scope of services that we provide or reducing our dependency on manual processes through the standardization of the services we provide. The timing of the impact of additional revenue generated by anticipated additional services, and the amount of revenue generated, may differ from expectations due to the impact of pricing concessions on existing services due to the necessary time required to onboard those new services or process changes, the nature of those services and client investment practices and other factors. These same market pressures also impact the fees we negotiate when we win business from new clients.

Historically, and based on an indicative sample of revenue, we estimate that approximately 60%, on average, of our servicing fee revenues have been variable due to changes in asset valuations including changes in daily average valuations of AUC/A; another approximately 15%, on average, of our servicing fees are impacted by the volume of activity in the funds we serve; and the remaining approximately 25% of our servicing fees tend not to be variable in nature nor impacted by market fluctuations or values.

Based on the impact of the above, client activity and asset flows, net new business and pricing, noted drivers of our servicing fee revenue will vary depending on the mix of products and services we provide to our clients. The full impact of changes in market valuations and the volume of activity in the funds may not be fully reflected in our servicing fee revenues in the periods in which the changes occur, particularly in periods of higher volatility.

(1) Consistent with past practice, AUC/A values for certain asset classes are based on a lag, typically one-month.

(2)Geographic mix is generally based on the domicile of the entity servicing the funds and is not necessarily representative of the underlying asset mix.

Asset servicing mandates newly announced in the first quarter of 2024 totaled approximately $474 billion of AUC/A. Servicing assets remaining to be installed in future periods totaled approximately $2.58 trillion as of March 31, 2024, which will be reflected in AUC/A in future periods after installation and will generate servicing fee revenue in subsequent periods. The full revenue impact of such mandates will be realized as the assets are installed and additional services are added over that period.

New asset servicing mandates may be subject to completion of definitive agreements, consents or assignments, approval of applicable boards and shareholders and customary regulatory approvals. New asset servicing mandates and servicing assets remaining to be installed in future periods exclude certain new business which has been contracted, but for which the client has not yet provided permission to publicly disclose and the expected installation date extends beyond one quarter. These excluded assets, which from time to time may be significant, will be included in new asset servicing mandates and reflected in servicing assets remaining to be installed in the period in which the client provides its permission. Servicing mandates and servicing assets remaining to be installed in future periods are presented on a gross basis based on factors present on or about the time we determine the business to be won by us and are not updated based on subsequent developments, including changes in assets, market valuations, scope and, potentially, termination. Such assets therefore do not include the impact of clients who have notified us during the period of their intent to terminate or reduce their relationship with us, which may from time to time be significant.

With respect to these new servicing mandates, once installed we may provide various services, including back office services such as custody and safekeeping, transaction processing and trade settlement, fund administration, reporting and record keeping, security servicing, fund accounting, middle office services such as investment book of records, transaction management, loans, cash derivatives and collateral services, recordkeeping, client reporting and investment analytics, markets services such as FX trading services, liquidity solutions, currency and collateral management and securities finance, and front office services such as portfolio management solutions, risk analytics, scenario analysis, performance and attribution, trade order and execution management, pre-trade compliance and ESG investment tools. Revenues associated with new servicing mandates may vary based on the breadth of services provided, the timing of installation, and the types of assets.

As previously disclosed, in early 2021, due to a decision to diversify providers, one of our large asset servicing clients is moving a significant portion of its ETF assets currently with State Street to one or more other providers. Prior to the commencement of the transition of assets, which began in 2022, we estimated that the financial impact of this transition represented approximately 1.9% of our 2021 total fee revenue. We began to see the impact of the transition on our fee revenue and income growth trends primarily towards the end of 2023, with the remainder expected to be realized through 2025 as the transition continues. On a quarterly run rate basis, we estimate that the first quarter of 2024 reflected approximately half of the revenue impact of the exiting business. We expect to continue as a significant service provider for this client after this transition and for the client to continue to be meaningful to our business.

Management Fee Revenue

Management fees increased 12% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, as higher average market levels and net inflows from prior periods were partially offset by the impact of a previously disclosed strategic ETF product suite repricing initiative.

Management fees generated outside the U.S. were approximately 25% of total management fees in both the first quarter of 2024 and 2023.

Management fees generally are affected by our level of AUM, which we report based on month-end valuations. Management fees for certain components of managed assets, such as ETFs, mutual funds and Undertakings for Collective Investments in Transferable Securities, are affected by daily average valuations of AUM. Management fee revenue is more sensitive to market valuations than servicing fee revenue, as a higher proportion of the underlying services provided, and the associated management fees earned, are dependent on equity and fixed-income security valuations. Additional factors, such as the relative mix of assets managed, may have a significant effect on our management fee revenue. While certain management fees are directly determined by the values of AUM and the investment strategies employed, management fees may reflect other factors, including performance fee arrangements, as well as our relationship pricing for clients.

Asset-based management fees for passively managed products, to which our AUM is currently primarily weighted, are generally charged at a lower fee on AUM than for actively managed products. Actively managed products may also include performance fee arrangements which are recorded when the fee is earned, based on predetermined benchmarks associated with the applicable account's performance.

In light of the above, we estimate, using relevant information as of March 31, 2024, and assuming that all other factors remain constant, including the impact of business won and lost and client flows, that:

•A 10% increase or decrease in worldwide equity valuations, on a weighted average basis, over the relevant periods for which our management fees are calculated, would result in a corresponding change in our total management fee revenues, on average and over multiple quarters, of approximately 5%; and

•changes in worldwide fixed income markets, which on a weighted average basis and over time are typically less volatile than worldwide equity markets, will have a significantly smaller corresponding impact on our management fee revenues on average and over time.

Daily averages, month-end averages and quarter-end indices demonstrate worldwide changes in equity and debt markets that affect our management fee revenue. Quarter-end indices affect the values of AUM as of those dates. See Table 3: Daily Averages, Month-End Averages and Quarter-End Equity Indices for selected indices. While the specific indices presented are indicative of general market trends, the asset types and classes relevant to individual client portfolios can and do differ, and the performance of associated relevant indices and of client portfolios can therefore differ from the performance of the indices presented. In addition, our asset classifications may differ from those industry classifications presented.

(1)Includes both floating- and constant-net-asset-value portfolios held in commingled structures or separate accounts.

(2)Includes real estate investment trusts, currency and commodities, including SPDR® Gold Shares and SPDR® Gold MiniSharesSM Trust. We are not the investment manager for the SPDR® Gold Shares and SPDR®Gold MiniSharesSM Trust, but act as the marketing agent.

(1)Geographic mix is based on client location or fund management location.

(1) ETFs are a component of AUM presented in the preceding table.

(2)Includes real estate investment trusts, currency and commodities, including SPDR®Gold Shares and SPDR® Gold MiniShares SM Trust. We are not the investment manager for the SPDR®Gold Shares and SPDR®Gold MiniShares SM Trust, but act as the marketing agent.

(1) Includes both floating and constant-net-asset-value portfolios held in commingled structures or separate accounts.

(2) Includes real estate investment trusts, currency and commodities, including SPDR® Gold Shares and SPDR® Gold MiniShares SM Trust. We are not the investment manager for the SPDR® Gold Shares and SPDR®Gold MiniShares SM Trust, but act as the marketing agent.

(3)Amounts represent long-term portfolios, excluding ETFs.

Foreign Exchange Trading Services

Foreign exchange trading services revenue, as presented in Table 2: Total Revenue, decreased 3%in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, primarily due to lower spreads associated with subdued market volatility, partially offset by higher client FX volumes. Foreign exchange trading services revenue comprises revenue generated by FX trading and revenue generated by brokerage and other trading services, which made up 65% and 35%, respectively, of foreign exchange trading services revenue in the first quarter of 2024, compared to 68% and 32%, respectively, in the same period of 2023.

We primarily earn FX trading revenue by acting as a principal market-maker through both "direct sales and trading” and “indirect FX trading.”

•Direct sales and trading: Represent FX transactions at negotiated rates with clients and investment managers that contact our trading desk directly. Clients are able to choose their own execution time and method, trading by voice or electronically on one of the several available multibank platforms. These principal market-making activities include transactions for funds serviced by third party custodians or prime brokers, as well as those funds under custody with us.

•Indirect FX trading: Represents FX transactions with clients, for which we are the funds' custodian, or their investment managers, routed to our FX desk through our asset-servicing operation. We execute indirect FX trades as a principal at rates disclosed to our clients. Indirect FX is designed to address FX trades that relate to the purchase, sale or holding of a security where clients chose their execution frequency (either hourly or once per day), allowing us to offer straight-through processing and a fully automated service.

Our FX trading revenue is influenced by multiple factors, including: the volume and type of client FX transactions and related spreads; currency volatility, reflecting market conditions; and our management of exchange rate, interest rate and other market risks associated with our FX activities. The relative impact of these factors on our total FX trading revenues often differs from period to period. For example, assuming all other factors remain constant, increases or decreases in volumes or bid-offer spreads across product mix tend to result in increases or decreases, as the case may be, in client-related FX revenue.

Our clients that utilize indirect FX trading can, in addition to executing their FX transactions through dealers not affiliated with us, transition from indirect FX trading to either direct sales and trading execution, including our “Street FX” service, or to one of our electronic trading platforms. Street FX, in which we continue to act as a principal market-maker, enables our clients to define their FX execution strategy and automate the FX trade execution process, both for funds under custody with us as well as those under custody at another bank.

We also earn foreign exchange trading services revenue through "electronic FX services" and "other trading, transition management and brokerage revenue."

•Electronic FX services: Our clients may choose to execute FX transactions through one of our electronic trading platforms. These transactions generate revenue through a “click” fee.

•Other trading, transition management and brokerage revenue: As our clients look to us to enhance and preserve portfolio values, they may choose to utilize our Transition or Currency Management capabilities or transact with our Equity Trade execution group. These transactions, which are not limited to foreign exchange, generate revenue via commissions charged for trades transacted during the management of these portfolios.

Fund Connect is another one of our electronic trading platforms: it is a global trading, analytics and cash management tool with access to more than 400 money market funds from leading providers.

Securities Finance

Securities finance revenue, as presented in Table 2: Total Revenue, decreased 12% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, due to lower agency balances and lower spreads primarily due to muted industry specials activity.

Our securities finance business consists of three components:

(1) an agency lending program for State Street Global Advisors managed investment funds with a broad range of investment objectives, which we refer to as the State Street Global Advisors lending funds;

(2) an agency lending program for third-party investment managers and asset owners, which we refer to as the agency lending funds; and

(3) security lending transactions which we enter into as principal, which we refer to as our prime services business.

Securities finance revenue earned from our agency lending activities, which is composed of our split of both the spreads related to cash collateral and the fees related to non-cash collateral, is principally a function of the volume of securities on loan, the interest rate spreads and fees earned on the underlying collateral and our share of the fee split.

As principal, our prime services business borrows securities from the lending client or other market participants and then lends such securities to

the subsequent borrower, either our client or a broker/dealer. We act as principal when the lending client is unable to, or elects not to, transact directly with the market and execute the transaction and furnish the securities. In our role as principal, we provide support to the transaction through our credit rating. While we source a significant proportion of the securities furnished by us in our role as principal from third parties, we have the ability to source securities through assets under custody from clients who have designated us as an eligible borrower.

Market influences may continue to affect client demand for securities finance, and as a result our revenue from, and the profitability of, our securities lending activities in future periods. In addition, the constantly evolving regulatory environment, including revised or proposed capital and liquidity standards, interpretations of those standards, and our own balance sheet management activities, may influence modifications to the way in which we deliver our agency lending or prime services businesses, the volume of our securities lending activity and related revenue and profitability in future periods.

Software and Processing Fees

Software and processing fees revenue, presented in Table 2: Total Revenue, increased 25%in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, primarily driven by higher front office software and data revenue associated with CRD.

Software and processing fees revenue includes diverse types of fees and revenue, including fees from software licensing and maintenance and fees from our structured products business.

Front office software and data revenue, which primarily includes revenue from CRD, Alpha Data Platform and Alpha Data Services, increased 32% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, primarily due to higher software-enabled and professional services revenue reflecting continued SaaS implementations and conversions.

Revenue related to the front office solutions provided by CRD is primarily driven by the sale of term software licenses and SaaS, including professional services such as consulting and implementation services, software support and maintenance. Approximately 50%-70% of revenue associated with a sale of software to be installed on-premises is recognized at a point in time when the customer benefits from obtaining access to and use of the software license, with the percentage varying based on the length of the contract and other contractual terms. The remainder of revenue for on-premise installations is recognized over the length of the contract as maintenance and other services are provided. Upon renewal of an on-premises software contract, the same pattern of revenue recognition is followed with 50%-70% recognized upon renewal and the remaining balance recognized over the term of the contract. Revenue for a SaaS related arrangement, where the customer does not take possession of the software, is recognized over the term of the contract as services are provided. Upon renewal of a SaaS arrangement, revenue continues to be recognized as services are provided under the new contract. As a result of these differences in how portions of CRD revenue are accounted for, CRD revenue may vary more than other business units quarter to quarter.

Lending related and other fees increased 13% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, reflecting higher unfunded commitments primarily relating to our fund finance products. Lending related and other fees primarily consists of fee revenue associated with our fund finance, leverage loans, municipal finance, insurance and stable value wrap businesses.

Other Fee Revenue

Other fee revenue includes market-related adjustments and income associated with other equity method investments.

Other fee revenue increased $5 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

Additional information about fee revenue is provided under "Line of Business Information" included in this Management's Discussion and Analysis.

Net Interest Income

See Table 2: Total Revenue, for the breakout of interest income and interest expense for the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

NII is defined as interest income earned on interest-earning assets less interest expense incurred on interest-bearing liabilities. Interest-earning assets, which principally consist of investment securities, interest-bearing deposits with banks, loans, resale agreements and other liquid assets, are financed primarily by client deposits, short-term borrowings and long-term debt.

NIM represents the relationship between annualized fully taxable-equivalent (FTE) NII and average total interest-earning assets for the period. It is calculated by dividing FTE NII by average interest-earning assets. Revenue that is exempt from income taxes, mainly earned from certain investment securities (state and political subdivisions), is adjusted to an FTE basis using the U.S. federal and state statutory income tax rates.

NII decreased 7%in the first quarter of 2024

compared to the same period of 2023, primarily due to deposit mix shift towards interest-bearing deposits and lower average non-interest-bearing deposit balances, partially offset by the impact of higher average interest rates, client lending growth and investment portfolio positions.

Investment securities' net purchase discount accretion increased interest income by $34 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to net purchase premium amortization that reduced interest income by $14 million in the same period of 2023. The change in the net purchase premium amortization (discount accretion) was primarily driven by a shift in the non-MBS portfolio from a net unamortized purchase premium as of March 31, 2023 to a net unamortized purchase discount as of March 31, 2024.

Interest income related to debt securities is recognized in our consolidated statement of income using the effective interest method, or on a basis approximating a level rate of return over the contractual or estimated life of the security. The rate of return considers any non-refundable fees or costs, as well as purchase premiums or discounts, resulting in amortization or accretion, accordingly. The amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are adjusted for prepayments when they occur, which primarily impact mortgage-backed securities.

The following table presents the investment securities net premium amortization (discount accretion) for the periods indicated:

(1) Totals exclude premiums or discounts created from the transfer of securities from AFS to HTM.

See Table 14: Average Balances and Interest Rates - Fully Taxable-Equivalent Basis, for the breakout of NII for the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023.

(1) Rates earned/paid on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities include the impact of hedge activities associated with our asset and liability management activities where applicable.

(2) Reflects the impact of balance sheet netting under enforceable netting agreements of approxima tely $171.83 billion for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $116.65 billion for the same period of 2023. Excluding the impact of netting, the average interest rates would be approxim ately 0.38% inthe first quarter of 2024 compared to 0.26% in the same period of 2023.

(3) Reflects the impact of balance sheet netting under enforceable netting agreements of approximately$5.88 billion for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $5.00 billion in the same period of 2023. Excluding the impact of netting, the average interest rates would be approximately 5.23% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to 4.43% and in the same period of 2023.

(4) Average rate includes the impact of FX swap costs of approxima tely ($49) million for the first quarter of 2024 compared to ($5) million for the same period of 2023. Average rates for total interest-bearing deposits excluding the impact of FX swap costs were 3.54% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to 2.26% in the same period of 2023.

(5) Total deposits averaged $218.89 billion for the first quarter of 2024 compared to $210.32 billion in the same period of 2023.

(6) Reflects the impact of balance sheet netting under enforceable netting agreements of approximately $5.42 billion forthe first quarter of 2024 compared to $5.40 billion in the same period of 2023. Excluding the impact of netting, the average interest rates would be approximately 5.23% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to 4.43% in the same period of 2023.

Changes in the components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are discussed in more detail below. Additional information about the components of interest income and interest expense is provided in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

Average total interest-earning assets were $254.33 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $237.53 billion in the same period of 2023. The increase is primarily due to higher levels of client deposits and an increase in short-term wholesale funding and long-term debt.

Interest-bearing deposits with banks averaged $90.23 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $77.22 billion in the same period of 2023. These deposits primarily reflect our maintenance of cash balances at the Federal Reserve, the ECB and other non-U.S. central banks. The higher levels of average cash balances reflect higher levels of client deposits and funding levels.

Securities purchased under resale agreements averaged$6.12 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $1.64 billion in the same period of 2023 due to a shift to term repurchase agreements, which reduces our ability to net against resale agreement balances. Additionally, as a member of FICC, we may net securities sold under repurchase agreements against those purchased under resale agreements with counterparties that are also members of the clearing organization, when specific netting criteria are met. The impact of balance sheet netting was $171.83 billion on average in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $116.65 billion in the same period of 2023, primarily driven by an increase in FICC repurchase agreement volumes.

We are a direct and sponsoring member of FICC. As a sponsoring member within FICC, we enter into repurchase and resale transactions in eligible securities with sponsored clients and with other FICC members and, pursuant to FICC Government Securities Division rules, submit, novate and net the transactions. We may sponsor clients to clear their eligible repurchase transactions with FICC, backed by our guarantee to FICC of the prompt and full payment and performance of our sponsored member clients’ respective obligations. We generally obtain a security interest from our sponsored clients in the high quality securities collateral that they receive, which is designed to mitigate our potential exposure to FICC.

Additionally, as a member of certain industry clearing and settlement exchanges, we may be required to pay a pro rata share of the losses incurred by the organization and provide liquidity support in the event of the default of another member to the extent that the defaulting member’s clearing fund obligation and the prescribed loss allocation to FICC is depleted. It is difficult to estimate our maximum possible exposure under the membership agreement, since this would require an assessment of future claims that may be made against us that have not yet occurred. We did not record any liabilities under these arrangements as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Average investment securities decreased to$101.32 billion in the first quarter of 2024 from $107.09 billion in the same period of 2023, primarily due to maturities within our fixed-rate portfolio, and portfolio repositioning.

Average loans increased to$37.75 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $33.52 billion in the same period of 2023. Average core loans, which exclude overdrafts and highlight our efforts to grow our lending portfolio, averaged $34.30 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $29.21 billion in the same period of 2023. The increase is primarily due to growth in collateralized loan obligations in loan form and fund finance loans. Additional information about these loans is provided in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

Average other interest-earning assets, largely associated with our prime services business, increased to$18.15 billion in the first quarter of 2024 from $17.39 billion in the same period of 2023, primarily driven by an increase in the level of cash collateral posted. Other interest-earning assets primarily reflects prime services assets where cash has been posted to borrow securities from lenders, which are then lent by us, as principal, to borrowers. This cash includes both cash from borrowers and cash utilized from our balance sheet, and is presented on a net basis on the balance sheet where

we have enforceable netting agreements. Non-interest earning assets also includes a portion of our prime services assets where borrower-provided non-cash collateral has been utilized to borrow securities from lenders, which we subsequently loan, as principal, to borrowers; in this structure our investment portfolio securities are encumbered, but this is not reflected on the balance sheet. Combined with our prime services liabilities, revenue from these activities generates securities finance fee revenue as well as net interest income.

Average total interest-bearing deposits increased to$191.93 billion in the first quarter of 2024 from $171.62 billion in the same period of 2023. The increase is driven by active engagement with our clients on deposit raising initiatives, rotation from non-interest bearing deposits and a reduction in the Federal Reserve’s overnight repurchase agreement activity. Future interest-bearing deposit levels will be influenced by the underlying asset servicing business, client behavior, the mix of interest-bearing and non-interest bearing deposits and market conditions, including the general levels of U.S. and non-U.S. interest rates.

Average other short-term borrowings increased to$8.31 billion in the first quarter of 2024, from $1.28 billion in the same period of 2023, due to increased wholesale funding. The increase is driven by our effort to diversify our funding sources through relatively low-cost channels, with initial maturities of twelve months, to further support business growth.

Average long-term debt was$18.94 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $15.87 billion in the same period of 2023. These amounts reflect issuances, redemptions and maturities of senior and subordinated debt during the respective periods.

Average other interest-bearing liabilities, largely associated with our prime services business, were$4.43 billion in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $3.08 billion in the same period of 2023. Other interest-bearing liabilities is primarily driven by cash received from our custody clients, which is presented on a net basis where we have enforceable netting agreements. Non-interest bearing liabilities also include a portion of our prime services liabilities where client provided non-cash collateral has been received and we have rehypothecation rights. Securities received as collateral from our custody clients where we have no rehypothecation rights are used as a credit mitigant only and remain off balance sheet.

Several factors could affect future levels of NII and NIM, including the volume and mix of client deposits and funding sources; central bank actions; balance sheet management activities; changes in the level and slope of U.S. and non-U.S. interest rates;

revised or proposed regulatory capital or liquidity standards, or interpretations of those standards; the yields earned on securities purchased compared to the yields earned on securities sold or matured; and changes in the type and amount of credit or other loans we extend.

Based on market conditions and other factors, including regulatory standards, we continue to reinvest the majority of the proceeds from pay-downs and maturities of investment securities in highly-rated U.S. and non-U.S. securities, such as federal agency MBS, sovereign debt securities and U.S. Treasury and agency securities. The pace at which we reinvest, and the types of investment securities purchased, will depend on the impact of market conditions, the implementation of regulatory standards, including interpretation of those standards and other factors over time. We expect these factors and the levels of global interest rates to impact our reinvestment program and future levels of NII and NIM.

Provision for Credit Losses

In the first quarter of 2024, we recorded a $27 million provision for credit losses, primarily reflecting an increase in loan loss reserves associated with certain commercial real estate loans. This compared to a $44 million provision for credit losses recorded in the same period of 2023, which primarily reflected an episodic provision associated with industry support for a U.S. financial institution.

Additional information is provided under “Loans” in "Financial Condition" in this Management's Discussion and Analysis and in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

Table 15: Expenses, provides the breakout of expenses for the first quarters of 2024 and 2023. Total expenses increased 6% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same periods of 2023, with approximately 5% points of that increase due to the increase to the FDIC special assessment, and the remainder driven by continued business investments, largely offset by productivity savings.

Compensation and employee benefits expenses decreased 3% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, mainly due to lower incentive compensation, salaries and contractor spend.

Total headcount increased 7% as of March 31, 2024 compared to March 31, 2023, primarily reflecting the consolidation of one of our operations joint ventures in India in the fourth quarter of 2023. On April 1, 2024, we completed the consolidation of our second operations joint venture in India, which will increase headcount in the second quarter of 2024. Associated headcount cost was previously reflected in compensation and employee benefits expenses.

Information systems and communications expenses increased 4% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, reflecting higher technology and infrastructure investments, partially offset by optimization savings and vendor savings.

Transaction processing services expenses increased 4% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, primarily due to higher revenue-related broker fees.

Occupancy expenses increased 10% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, mainly associated with consolidating an operations joint venture in India and other real estate costs, partially offset by footprint optimization.

Amortization of other intangible assets was flat in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023.

Other expe nses increased 55% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period of 2023, primarily due to the increase to the fourth quarter of 2023 FDIC special assessment, as well as the timing of our funding of our charitable foundation.

Repositioning Charges

The following table presents aggregate activity for repositioning charges for the periods indicated:

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $135 million in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $139 million in the same period of 2023. Our effective tax rate was 22.5% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to 20.2% in the same period of 2023. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to higher discrete benefits in the prior year.

LINE OF BUSINESS INFORMATION

Our operations are organized into two lines of business: Investment Servicing and Investment Management, which are defined based on products and services provided. The results of operations for these lines of business are not necessarily comparable with those of other companies, including companies in the financial services industry.

Our Investment Servicing line of business provides a range of services to our clients. Through State Street Investment Services, State Street Global Markets and State Street Alpha, we provide investment services for institutional clients, including mutual funds, collective investment funds and other investment pools, corporate and public retirement plans, insurance companies, investment managers, foundations and endowments worldwide.

Products under the Investment Servicing line of business include: back office products such as custody, accounting, regulatory reporting, investor services, performance and analytics; middle office products such as investment book of record, transaction management, loans, cash, derivatives and collateral services, record keeping, client reporting and investment analytics; investment manager and alternative investment manager operations outsourcing; performance, risk and compliance analytics; financial data management to support institutional investors; foreign exchange, brokerage and other trading services; securities finance, including prime services products; and deposit and short-term investment facilities.

Our Investment Management line of business provides a broad range of investment management strategies and products for our clients through State Street Global Advisors. Our investment management strategies and products for equity, fixed income and cash assets, including core and enhanced indexing, multi-asset strategies, active quantitative and fundamental active capabilities and alternative investment strategies span the risk/reward spectrum of these investment products. Our AUM is primarily weighted to indexed strategies. In addition, we provide a breadth of services and solutions, including ESG investing, defined benefit and defined contribution products, and Global Fiduciary Solutions. State Street Global Advisors is also a provider of ETFs, including the SPDR® ETF brand.

For additional information about our two lines of business, as well as the revenues, expenses and capital allocation methodologies associated with them, refer to "Lines of Business Information" included under Item 1, Business, in our 2023 Form 10-K and Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

Investment Servicing

Servicing Fees

Servicing fees, as presented in Table 17: Investment Servicing Line of Business Results, increased 1% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, primarily driven by higher average market levels, partially offset by pricing headwinds, lower client activity and adjustments, including changes in client asset mix, and a previously disclosed client transition.

For additional information about servicing fees and the impact of worldwide equity and fixed-income valuations on our fee revenue, as well as other key drivers of our servicing fee revenue, refer to "Fee Revenue" in "Consolidated Results of Operations" included in this Management's Discussion and Analysis.

Total expenses for Investment Servicing decreased 1% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, as continued business investments were more than offset by productivity and optimization savings. Seasonal deferred incentive compensation expense and payroll taxes were $115 million in the first quarter of 2024, compared to $132 million in the same period of 2023. Additional information about expenses is provided under "Expenses" in "Consolidated Results of Operations" included in this Management's Discussion and Analysis.

Investment Management

(1)Includes revenues from SPDR® Gold Shares and SPDR® Gold MiniSharesSM Trust AUM where we are not the investment manager but act as the marketing agent.

(2) Includes revenue for reimbursements received for certain ETFs associated with State Street Global Advisors where we act as the distribution and marketing agent.

(3) Includes other revenue items that are primarily driven by equity market movements.

Investment Management total revenue increased 9% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023.

Management Fees

Management fees increased 12% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, as higher average market levels and net inflows from prior periods were partially offset by the impact of a previously disclosed strategic ETF product suite repricing initiative.

For additional information about the impact of worldwide equity and fixed-income valuations, as well as other key drivers of our management fees revenue, refer to "Fee Revenue" in "Consolidated Results of Operations" included in this Management's Discussion and Analysis.

Total expenses for Investment Management increased 9% in the first quarter of 2024, compared to the same period of 2023, reflecting higher business volumes and continued business investments. Seasonal deferred incentive compensation expense and payroll taxes were $47 million in the first quarter of 2024, compared to $49 million in the same period of 2023.

Additional information about expenses is provided under "Expenses" in "Consolidated Results of Operations" included in this Management's Discussion and Analysis.

For additional information about our two lines of business, as well as the revenues, expenses and capital allocation methodologies associated with them, refer to Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

The structure of our consolidated statement of condition is primarily driven by the liabilities generated by our Investment Servicing and Investment Management lines of business. Our clients' needs and our operating objectives determine the volume, mix and currency denomination of our assets and liabilities. As our clients execute their worldwide cash management and investment activities, they utilize deposits and short-term investments that constitute the majority of our liabilities. These liabilities are generally in the form of interest-bearing transaction account deposits, which are denominated in a variety of currencies; non-interest-bearing demand deposits; and repurchase agreements, which generally serve as short-term investment alternatives for our clients.

Deposits and other liabilities resulting from client initiated transactions are invested in assets that generally have contractual maturities significantly longer than our liabilities; however, we evaluate the operational nature of our deposits and seek to maintain appropriate short-term liquidity of those liabilities that are not operational in nature and maintain longer-termed assets for our operational deposits. Our assets consist primarily of securities held in our AFS or HTM portfolios and short-duration financial instruments, such as interest-bearing deposits with banks and securities purchased under resale agreements. The actual mix of assets is determined by the characteristics of the client liabilities and our desire to maintain a well-diversified portfolio of high-quality assets.

Investment Securities

(1) As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total fair value included $5.24 billion and $5.54 billion, respectively, of agency CMBS and $5.85 billion and $5.21 billion, respectively, of agency MBS.

(2) As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value includes non-U.S. collateralized loan obligations of $1.00 billion and $1.02 billion, respectively.

(3)As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value includes non-U.S. corporate bonds of $2.35 billion and $2.36 billion, respectively.

(4) Primarily comprised of securities guaranteed by the federal government with respect to at least 97% of defaulted principal and accrued interest on the underlying loans.

(5) Excludes collateralized loan obligations in loan form. Refer to Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q for additional information.

(6) Consists entirely of non-agency CMBS as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(7) As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the fair value of U.S. corporate bonds was $0.18 billion and $0.31 billion, respectively.

(8) An immaterial amount of accrued interest related to HTM and AFS investment securities was excluded from the amortized cost basis for the period ended March 31, 2024.

(9) As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had no allowance for credit losses on AFS investment securities.

(10) As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the total amortized cost included $5.21 billion and $5.23 billion of agency CMBS, respectively.

(11) Consists entirely of non-agency RMBS as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(12) As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had an allowance for credit losses on HTM investment securities of $1 million.

Additional information about our investment securities portfolio is provided in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

We manage our investment securities portfolio by taking into consideration the interest rate and duration characteristics of our client liabilities along with the context of the overall structure of our consolidated statement of condition, and in consideration of the global interest rate environment. We consider a well-diversified, high-credit quality investment securities portfolio to be an important element in the management of our consolidated statement of condition.

Average duration of our investment securities portfolio, including the impact of hedges, was 2.7 years as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Approximately 97% and 96% of the carrying value of the portfolio was rated “AA” or higher as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as follows:

(1)Includes U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities that are split-rated, “AAA” by Moody’s Investors Service and “AA+” by Standard & Poor’s and also includes Agency MBS securities which are not explicitly rated but which have an explicit or assumed guarantee from the U.S. government.

The following table presents the diversification of the investment portfolio with respect to asset class composition as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Non-U.S. Debt Securities

Approximately 27% of the aggregate carrying value of our investment securities portfolio was non-U.S. debt securities as of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(1)Geography is determined primarily based on the domicile of collateral or issuer.

(2) As of March 31, 2024, other non-U.S. investments include$7.87 billion of supranational bonds in AFS securities and$2.40 billion of supranational bonds in HTM securities.

Approximately 88% and 86% of the aggregate carrying value of these non-U.S. debt securities was rated “AAA” or “AA” as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The majority of these securities comprised senior positions within the security structures; these positions have a level of protection provided through subordination and other forms of credit protection. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, approximately 28%of the aggregate carrying value of these non-U.S. debt securities was floating-rate.

As of March 31, 2024, our non-U.S. debt securities had an average market-to-book ratio of 99.1%, and an aggregate pre-tax net unrealized loss of $243 million, consisting of gross unrealized gains of $69 million and gross unrealized losses of $312 million. These unrealized amounts included:

•a pre-tax net unrealized loss of $92 million, consisting of gross unrealized gains of $67 million and gross unrealized losses of $159 million, associated with non-U.S. AFS debt securities; and

•a pre-tax net unrealized loss of $151 million, consisting of gross unrealized gains of $2

million and gross unrealized losses of $153 million, associated with non-U.S. HTM debt securities.

As of March 31, 2024, the underlying collateral for non-U.S. MBS and ABS primarily included mortgages in Australia, the U.K., the Netherlands and Italy. The securities listed under “Canada” were composed of Canadian government securities and provincial bonds, corporate debt, covered bonds and non-U.S. agency securities. The securities listed under “France” were composed of sovereign bonds, corporate debt, covered bonds, ABS and Non-U.S. agency securities. The securities listed under “Japan” were composed of corporate bonds.

Municipal Obligations

We carried approximately $0.34 billion of municipal securities classified as state and political subdivisions in our investment securities portfolio as of March 31, 2024, as shown in Table 19: Carrying Values of Investment Securities, all of which were classified as AFS. As of March 31, 2024, we also provided approximately $6.35 billion of credit and liquidity facilities to municipal issuers.

(1) Represented 5% or more of our aggregate municipal credit exposure of approximately $6.69 billion and $6.80 billion across our businesses as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2)Includes municipal loans which are also presented within Table 24: U.S. and Non-U.S. Loans.

Our aggregate municipal securities exposure presented in Table 23: State and Municipal Obligors, was concentrated primarily with highly-rated counterparties, with approximately 96% of the obligors rated “AA” or higher as of March 31, 2024. As of that date, approximately 66% and 33% of our aggregate municipal securities exposure was associated with general obligation and revenue bonds, respectively. The portfolios are also diversified geographically, with the states that represent our largest exposures widely dispersed across the U.S.

Additional information with respect to our assessment of the allowance for credit losses on debt securities and impairment of AFS securities is provided in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

Loans

(1)Domestic and foreign categorization is based on the borrower’s country of domicile.

(2)Fund finance loans include primarily $10.15 billion private equity capital call finance loans, $6.49 billion loans to real money funds and $1.01 billion loans to business development companies as of March 31, 2024, compared to $9.69 billion private equity capital call finance loans, $6.63 billion loans to real money funds and $1.05 billion loans to business development companies as of December 31, 2023.

(3)Includes $2.17 billion securities finance loans, $276 million loans to municipalities and $4 million other loans as of March 31, 2024 and $2.23 billion securities finance loans, $276 million loans to municipalities and $5 million other loans as of December 31, 2023.

(4) As of March 31, 2024, excluding overdrafts, floating rate loans totaled $31.98 billion and fixed rate loans totaled $2.93 billion. We have entered into interest rate swap agreements to hedge the forecasted cash flows associated with EURIBOR indexed floating-rate loans. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements in our 2023 Form 10-K for additional details.

The increase in domestic loans was primarily driven by an increase in fund finance loans, leveraged loans and overdrafts, and the increase in foreign loans was primarily driven by fund finance loans, overdrafts and collateralized loan obligations in loan form as of March 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our leveraged loans totaled approximately $3.71 billion and $3.61 billion, respectively. We sold $102 million of total loans, which consists of$52 million of leveraged loans and $50 million of commercial real estate loans in the first quarter of 2024.

We had binding unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 of

$37 million and $121 million, respectively, to participate in syndications of leveraged loans. Additional information about these unfunded commitments is provided in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

These leveraged loans, which are primarily rated “speculative” under our internal risk-rating framework (refer to Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q), are externally rated “BBB,” “BB” or “B,” with approximately 91% and 92% of the loans rated “BB” or “B” as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our investment strategy involves generally limiting our investment to larger, more liquid credits underwritten by major global financial institutions, applying our internal credit analysis process to each potential investment and diversifying our exposure by counterparty and industry segment. However, these loans have significant exposure to credit losses relative to higher-rated loans in our portfolio.

As of March 31, 2024, the commercial real estate portfolio consists of, by asset class, approximately 39% multifamily residential, 34% office buildings and 27% other asset classes, and the portfolio does not have any construction exposure. Additionally, as of March 31, 2024, the commercial real estate loans are on properties located in multiple markets across the United States, with no significant concentrations (New York Metro is the largest concentration at approximately 16%). Despite not having a significant concentration in any one market, a material decline in real estate markets or economic conditions could negatively impact the value or performance of one or more individual properties, which could adversely impact timely loan repayment, which may result in increased provisions for credit losses. We observed these effects in certain commercial real estate loans during the first quarter of 2024, resulting in additional provisions for credit losses. Were conditions, or our evaluation of conditions, in those or other markets to worsen during 2024 or subsequent periods, we may increase our allowance for credit losses during those periods.

Additional information about all of our loan segments, as well as underlying classes, is provided in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

(1) The provision for credit losses is primarily related to commercial real estate loans.

(2)Consists primarily of a provision associated with industry support for a U.S. financial institution and the impact of foreign currency translation.

(3) The charge-offs are primarily related to leveraged loans and commercial real estate loans.

As of March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses decreased $4 million compared to December 31, 2023, primarily reflecting charge-offs of $31 million, largely related to a single property in the commercial real estate portfolio, and a provision for credit losses of $27 million driven by an increase in loan loss reserves associated with certain commercial real estate loans.

As of March 31, 2024, approximately $71 million of our allowance for credit losses was related to leveraged loans included in the commercial and financial segment compared to $82 million as of March 31, 2023. In addition, $60 million and $29 million as of both March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, was related to certain commercial real estate loans. The remaining $15 million and $51 million as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively, was related to other loans, off-balance sheet commitments, interest-bearing deposits with banks and other financial assets held at amortized cost, including investment securities. As of March 31, 2024, the allowance for credit losses represented 0.4% of total loans.

As our view on current and future economic conditions changes, our allowance for credit losses related to these loans may be impacted through a change to the provisions for credit losses, reflecting factors such as credit migration within our loan portfolio, as well as changes in management's economic outlook.

Additional information with respect to the allowance for credit losses is provided in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

Risk Management

In the normal course of our business activities, we are exposed to a variety of risks, some that are inherent in the financial services industry, and others that are more specific to our business activities. Our risk management framework focuses on material risks, which include the following:

•credit and counterparty risk;

•liquidity risk, including funding and management;

•operational risk;

•information technology risk;

•operational resiliency risk;

•market risk associated with our trading activities;

•market risk associated with our non-trading activities, referred to as asset and liability management, consisting primarily of interest rate risk;

•model risk;

•strategic risk; and

•reputational, compliance, fiduciary and business conduct risk.

Many of these risks, as well as certain factors underlying each of them, could affect our businesses and our consolidated financial statements, and are discussed in detail on pages 24 to 53 included under Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our 2023 Form 10-K.

For additional information about our risk management, including our risk appetite framework and risk governance committee structure, refer to pages 84 to 89 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Risk Management, in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Credit and Counterparty Risk Management

We define credit risk as the risk of financial loss if a counterparty, borrower or obligor, collectively referred to as a counterparty, is either unable or unwilling to repay borrowings or settle a transaction in accordance with underlying contractual terms. We assume credit risk in our traditional non-trading lending activities, such as overdrafts, loans and contingent commitments, in our investment securities portfolio, where recourse to a counterparty exists, and in our direct and indirect trading activities, such as securities purchased under a resale agreement, principal securities lending and FX and indemnified agency securities lending. We also assume credit risk in our day-to-day treasury and securities and other settlement operations, in the form of deposit placements and other cash balances, with central banks or private sector institutions and fees receivables.

We record an allowance for credit losses related to certain on-balance sheet credit exposures, including our financial assets held at amortized cost, as well as certain off-balance sheet credit exposures, including unfunded commitments and letters of credit. Review and evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is ongoing throughout the year, but occurs at least quarterly, and is based, among other factors, on our evaluation of the level of risk in the portfolio and the estimated effects of our forecasts on our counterparties. We utilize multiple economic scenarios, consisting of a baseline, upside and downside scenarios, to develop our forecast of expected losses.

In the first quarter of 2024, the reduction in the allowance estimate reflected charge-offs, primarily related to a single commercial real estate loan, largely offset by an increase in reserves for the commercial real estate portfolio, with management's economic outlook and the leveraged loan portfolio remaining relatively stable. Allowance estimates are subject to uncertainties, including those inherent in our model and economic assumptions, and management may use qualitative adjustments. If future data and forecasts deviate relative to the forecasts utilized to determine our allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2024, or if credit risk migration is higher or lower than forecasted for reasons independent of the economic forecast, our allowance for credit losses will also change.

Additional information about the allowance for credit losses is provided in Notes 3 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

For additional information about our credit risk management framework, including our core policies and principles, structure and organization, credit ratings, risk parameter estimates, credit risk mitigation, credit limits, reporting, monitoring and controls, refer to pages 90 to 94 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Credit Risk Management, in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Liquidity Risk Management

Our liquidity framework contemplates areas of potential risk to our liquidity based on our activities, size and other appropriate risk-related factors. In managing liquidity risk, we employ limits, maintain established metrics and early warning indicators and perform routine stress testing to identify potential liquidity needs. This process involves the evaluation of a combination of internal and external scenarios which assist us in measuring our liquidity position and in identifying potential increases in cash needs or decreases in available sources of cash, as well as the

potential impairment of our ability to access the global capital markets.

We manage our liquidity on a global, consolidated basis as well as on a stand-alone basis at our Parent Company and at certain branches and subsidiaries of State Street Bank. State Street Bank generally has access to markets and funding sources limited to banks, such as the federal funds market, the Federal Reserve's discount window and the Bank Term Funding Program. The Parent Company is managed to a more conservative liquidity profile, reflecting narrower market access. Additionally, the Parent Company typically holds, or has direct access to, primarily through SSIF, a direct subsidiary of the Parent Company, and the support agreement, as discussed in the "Uses of Liquidity" section of this Management's Discussion and Analysis, enough cash and equivalents intended to meet its current debt maturities and other cash needs, as well as those projected over the next twelve-month period. Reference our SPOE Strategy as discussed in the "Uses of Liquidity" section of this Management's Discussion and Analysis. Absent financial distress at the Parent Company, the liquid assets available at SSIF continue to be available to the Parent Company. As of March 31, 2024, our Parent Company and State Street Bank had approximately$0.98 billion of senior notes or subordinated debentures outstanding that will mature in the next twelve months.

As a systemically important financial institution, our liquidity risk management activities are subject to heightened and evolving regulatory requirements, including interpretations of those requirements, under specific U.S. and international regulations and also resulting from published and unpublished guidance, supervisory activities, such as stress tests, resolution planning, examinations and other regulatory interactions. Satisfaction of these requirements could, in some cases, result in changes in the composition of our investment portfolio, reduced NII or NIM, a reduction in the level of certain business activities or modifications to the way in which we deliver our products and services. If we fail to meet regulatory requirements to the satisfaction of our regulators, we could receive negative regulatory stress test results, incur a resolution plan deficiency or determination of a non-credible resolution plan or otherwise receive an adverse regulatory finding. Our efforts to satisfy, or our failure to satisfy, these regulatory requirements could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

For additional information on our liquidity risk management, as well as liquidity metrics, refer to pages 94 to 99 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Liquidity Risk Management, in our 2023 Form 10-K. For additional information on our liquidity ratios, including LCR and NSFR, refer to page 15 and 16 included under Item 1, Business, in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Asset Liquidity

Central to the management of our liquidity is asset liquidity, which consists primarily of HQLA. HQLA is the amount of liquid assets that qualify for inclusion in the LCR. As a banking organization, we are subject to a minimum LCR under the LCR rule approved by U.S. banking regulators. The LCR is intended to promote the short-term resilience of internationally active banking organizations, like us, to improve the banking industry's ability to absorb shocks arising from market stress over a 30 calendar day period and improve the measurement and management of liquidity risk. The LCR measures an institution’s HQLA against its net cash outflows. HQLA primarily consists of unencumbered cash and certain high quality liquid securities that qualify for inclusion under the LCR rule. Net cash outflows are measured as prescribed under the LCR rule which provides a significant benefit for deposits classified as operational. We report the LCR to the Federal Reserve daily. For the quarters ended March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, average daily LCR for the Parent Company was 107% and 106%, respectively. The impact of higher deposits on the Parent Company's LCR is limited by a cap, known as the transferability restriction, on the HQLA from State Street Bank that can be recognized at the Parent Company as defined in the U.S. LCR Final Rule. This restriction limits the HQLA used in the calculation of the Parent Company's LCR to the amount of net cash outflows of its principal banking subsidiary (State Street Bank). The average HQLA, post-prescribed haircuts for the Parent Company under the LCR final rule definition was$143.28 billion for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 compared to $128.96 billion for the quarter ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to an increase in client deposits relative to the prior period. For the quarter ended March 31, 2024, the LCR for State Street Bank was approximately 130%.

In addition, we are subject to the final rule issued by the U.S. banking agencies implementing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's (BCBS's) NSFR in the U.S. which became effective on July 1, 2021. The final rule requires large banking organizations to maintain an amount of available stable funding, which is a weighted measure of a company’s funding sources over a one-year time horizon, calculated by applying standardized weightings to the company’s equity and liabilities based on their expected stability. The amount of stable funding can be no less than the amount of required stable funding, which is calculated by applying standardized weightings to assets,

derivatives exposures and certain other items based on their liquidity characteristics. As a U.S. G-SIB, we are required to maintain an NSFR that is equal to or greater than 100%. Pursuant to the BCBS's NSFR final rule, as a subsidiary of a U.S. G-SIB, State Street Bank is similarly required to maintain an NSFR that is equal to or greater than 100%. As of March 31, 2024, both the Parent Company's and State Street Bank's NSFR was above the 100% minimum NSFR requirement.

We maintained average cash balances in excess of regulatory requirements governing deposits with the Federal Reserve, the ECB and other non-U.S. central banks of approximately$86.74 billion for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, compared to $69.28 billion for the quarter ended December 31, 2023. The higher levels of average cash balances with central banks reflect higher levels of client deposits.

Liquid securities carried in our asset liquidity include securities pledged without corresponding advances from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (FRBB), the FHLB, and other non-U.S. central banks. State Street Bank is a member of the FHLB. This membership allows for advances of liquidity in varying terms against high-quality collateral, which helps facilitate asset-and-liability management.

Access to primary, intraday and contingent liquidity provided by these utilities is an important source of contingent liquidity with utilization subject to underlying conditions. As of March 31, 2024, we had no outst anding primary credit borrowings from the FRBB discount window, $8 billion outstanding of Bank Term Funding Program and $3.5 billion outstanding of FHLB funding. As of December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding primary credit borrowings from the FRBB discount window, $1 billion outstanding of Bank Term Funding Program and $2.5 billion outstanding borrowings from the FHLB. These outstanding borrowings have initial maturities of twelve months, are recorded in other short-term borrowings in the consolidated statement of condition.

In addition to the investment securities included in our asset liquidity, we have other unencumbered investment securities and certain loans that we can pledge as collateral to access these various facilities. These additional assets are available sources of liquidity, although not as rapidly deployed as those included in our LCR asset liquidity.

The average fair value of total unencumbered securities was$69.52 billion for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, compared to $76.86 billion for the quarter ended December 31, 2023.

Uses of Liquidity

Significant uses of our liquidity could result from the following: withdrawals of client deposits; draw- downs by our custody clients of lines of credit; advances to clients to settle securities transactions; increases in our investment and loan portfolios; or other permitted purposes. Such circumstances would generally arise under stress conditions including deterioration in credit ratings. A recurring use of our liquidity involves our deployment of HQLA from our investment portfolio to post collateral to financial institutions serving as sources of securities under our prime services program.

We had unfunded commitments to extend credit with gross contractual amounts totaling $34.57 billion and $34.20 billion and standby letters of credit totaling $1.49 billion and $1.51 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These amounts do not reflect the value of any collateral. As of March 31, 2024, approximately 77% of our unfunded commitments to extend credit and 35% of our standby letters of credit expire within one year. Since many of our commitments are expected to expire or renew without being drawn upon, the gross contractual amounts do not necessarily represent our future cash requirements.

Recovery and Resolution Planning

Under Section 165(d) of the Dodd-Frank Act, we are required to submit a resolution plan on a biennial basis jointly to the Federal Reserve and the FDIC (the Agencies). The purpose of our resolution plan is to describe our preferred resolution strategy and to demonstrate that we have the resources and capabilities to execute on that strategy in the event of major financial distress. Through resolution planning, we seek to maintain our role as a key infrastructure provider within the financial system, while minimizing risk to the financial system.

The final rule published on November 1, 2019 requires U.S. G-SIBs to file a full resolution plan and a targeted resolution plan on an alternating basis in the relevant submission years. We submitted our updated 2023 165(d) resolution plan by July 1, 2023. Under the 165(d) rule, results are due from the Agencies by July 1, 2024, unless the deadline is extended due to extenuating circumstances. Our next 165(d) resolution plan submission to the Agencies is due by July 1, 2025.

In the event of material financial distress, our preferred resolution strategy is the SPOE Strategy. The SPOE Strategy provides that prior to the bankruptcy of the Parent Company and pursuant to a support agreement among the Parent Company, SSIF (a direct subsidiary of the Parent Company), our Beneficiary Entities (as defined below) and certain of our other entities, SSIF is obligated, up to its available resources, to recapitalize and/or provide liquidity to State Street Bank and the other entities benefiting from such capital and/or liquidity support (collectively

with State Street Bank, “Beneficiary Entities”), in amounts designed to prevent the Beneficiary Entities from themselves entering into resolution proceedings. Following the recapitalization of, or provision of liquidity to the Beneficiary Entities, the Parent Company would enter into a bankruptcy proceeding under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. The Beneficiary Entities and our other subsidiaries would be transferred to a newly organized holding company held by a reorganization trust for the benefit of the Parent Company’s claimants.

Under the support agreement, the Parent Company has pre-funded SSIF by contributing certain of its assets (primarily its liquid assets, cash deposits, investments in intercompany debt, investments in marketable securities and other cash and non-cash equivalent investments) to SSIF at the time it entered into the support agreement and continues to contribute such assets, to the extent available, on an on-going basis. In consideration for these contributions, SSIF has agreed in the support agreement to provide capital and liquidity support to the Parent Company and all of the Beneficiary Entities in accordance with the Parent Company’s capital and liquidity policies. Under the support agreement, the Parent Company is only permitted to retain cash needed to meet its upcoming obligations and to fund expected expenses during a potential bankruptcy proceeding. SSIF has provided the Parent Company with a committed credit line and issued (and may issue) one or more promissory notes to the Parent Company (the Parent Company Funding Notes) that together are intended to allow the Parent Company to continue to meet its obligations throughout the period prior to the occurrence of a "Recapitalization Event", which is defined under the support agreement as the earlier occurrence of: (1) one or more capital and liquidity thresholds being breached or (2) the authorization by the Parent Company's Board of Directors for the Parent Company to commence bankruptcy proceedings. The support agreement does not obligate SSIF to maintain any specific level of resources and SSIF may not have sufficient resources to implement the SPOE Strategy.

In the event a Recapitalization Event occurs, the obligations outstanding under the Parent Company Funding Notes would automatically convert into or be exchanged for capital contributed to SSIF. The obligations of the Parent Company and SSIF under the support agreement are secured through a security agreement that grants a lien on the assets that the Parent Company and SSIF would use to fulfill their obligations under the support agreement to the Beneficiary Entities. SSIF is a distinct legal entity separate from the Parent Company and the Parent Company’s other affiliates.

In accordance with our policies, we are required to monitor, on an ongoing basis, the capital and liquidity needs of State Street Bank and our other Beneficiary Entities. To support this process, we have established a trigger framework that identifies key actions that would need to be taken or decisions that would need to be made if certain events tied to our financial condition occur. The trigger thresholds are set at levels intended to provide for the availability of sufficient capital and liquidity to enable an orderly resolution without extraordinary government support that results in us emerging from resolution as a stabilized institution with market confidence restored.

Upon the occurrence of a Recapitalization Event: (1) SSIF would not be authorized to provide any further liquidity to the Parent Company; (2) the Parent Company would be required to contribute to SSIF any remaining assets it is required to contribute to SSIF under the support agreement, (which specifically exclude amounts designated to fund expected expenses during a potential bankruptcy proceeding); (3) SSIF would be required to provide capital and liquidity support to the Beneficiary Entities to support such entities’ continued operation to the extent of its available resources and consistent with the support agreement; and (4) the Parent Company would be expected to commence Chapter 11 proceedings under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. No person or entity, other than a party to the support agreement, should rely on any of our affiliates being or remaining a Beneficiary Entity or receiving capital or liquidity support pursuant to the support agreement, including in evaluating any of our entities from a creditor's perspective or determining whether to enter into a contractual relationship with any of our entities.

State Street Bank is also required to submit periodically to the FDIC a plan for resolution in the event of its failure, referred to as an IDI plan. We submitted our last IDI plan by December 1, 2023 in alignment with changes to the IDI plan requirements as set out in the June 25, 2021 policy statement issued by the FDIC. The FDIC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking for the IDI Rule in August 2023 that, among other changes, would require IDI Plans to be submitted on a biennial basis by Group A filers (IDIs with $100 billion or more in total assets), which is the category applicable to State Street.

Additionally, we are required to submit a recovery plan periodically to the Federal Reserve. This plan includes strategies designed to respond to stress factors at an early stage and stabilize and maintain operational continuity and market confidence. Our recovery strategies are intended to be implemented before our resolution plan is triggered. We are also engaged in recovery planning

requirements in certain international jurisdictions where we operate.

Funding

Deposits

We provide products and services including custody, accounting, administration, daily pricing, FX services, cash management, financial asset management, securities finance and investment advisory services. As a provider of these products and services, we generate client deposits, which have generally provided a stable, low-cost source of funds. As a global custodian, clients place deposits with our entities in various currencies. As of both March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, approximately 70% of our average total deposit balances were denominated in U.S. dollars, 15% in EUR, 5% in GBP and 10% in all other currencies.

Short-Term Funding

Our on-balance sheet liquid assets are also an integral component of our liquidity management strategy. These assets provide liquidity through maturities of the assets, but more importantly, they provide us with the ability to raise funds by pledging the securities as collateral for borrowings or through outright sales. In addition, our access to the global capital markets gives us the ability to source incremental funding from wholesale investors. As discussed earlier under “Asset Liquidity,” State Street Bank's membership in the FHLB allows for advances of liquidity with varying terms against high-quality collateral.

Short-term secured funding also comes in the form of securities lent or sold under agreements to repurchase. These transactions are short-term in nature, generally overnight and are collateralized by high-quality investment securities. These balances were $3.58 billion and $1.87 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

State Street Bank continues to maintain a line of credit with a financial institution of CAD $1.40 billion, or approximately $1.03 billion asof March 31, 2024, to support its Canadian securities processing operations. The line of credit has nostated termination date and is cancellable by either party with prior notice. As of both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was no balance outstanding on this line of credit.

Long-Term Funding

We have the ability to issue debt and equity securities under our current universal shelf registration statement to meet current commitments and business needs.

On March 18, 2024, we issued $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 4.993% fixed rate senior notes due 2027.

Agency Credit Ratings

Our ability to maintain consistent access to liquidity is fostered by the maintenance of high investment grade ratings as measured by major credit rating agencies. Factors essential to maintaining high credit ratings include:

•diverse and stable core earnings;

•relative market position;

•strong risk management;

•strong capital ratios;

•diverse liquidity sources, including the global capital markets and client deposits;

•strong liquidity monitoring procedures; and

•preparedness for current or future regulatory developments.

High ratings limit borrowing costs and enhance our liquidity by:

•providing confidence for unsecured funding and depositors;

•increasing the potential market for our debt and improving our ability to offer products;

•facilitating reduced collateral haircuts in secured lending transactions; and

•engaging in transactions in which clients value high credit ratings.

A downgrade or reduction in our credit ratings could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity by restricting our ability to access the capital markets, which could increase the related cost of funds. In turn, this could cause the sudden and large-scale withdrawal of unsecured deposits by our clients, which could lead to drawdowns of unfunded commitments to extend credit or trigger requirements under securities purchase commitments; or require additional collateral or force terminations of certain trading derivative contracts.

A majority of our derivative contracts have been entered into under bilateral agreements with counterparties who may require us to post collateral or terminate the transactions based on changes in our credit ratings. We assess the impact of these arrangements by determining the collateral that would be required assuming a downgrade by major rating agencies. The additional collateral or termination payments related to our net derivative liabilities under these arrangements that could have been called by counterparties in the event of a downgrade in our credit ratings below levels specified in the agreements is provided in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q. Other funding sources, such as secured financing transactions and other margin requirements, for which there are no explicit triggers, could also be adversely affected.

Operational Risk Management

Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events.

Volatility in the global equity and fixed income markets, and heightened geopolitical tensions, including the ongoing war in Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas war, may result in stress on the operating environment and increase operational risk. Both conflicts heighten information technology risk exposures, including cyber-threats. See also “Information Technology Risk Management” below.

For additional information about our operational risk framework, refer to pages 100 to 101 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, "Operational Risk Management", in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Information Technology Risk Management

We define information technology risk as the risk associated with the use, ownership, operation and adoption of information technology. Information technology risk includes risks potentially triggered by non-compliance with regulatory obligations or expectations, information security or cyber incidents, internal control and process gaps, operational events and adoption of new business technologies.

For additional information about our information technology risk framework and associated risks, refer to pages 101 to 103 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, "Information Technology Risk Management" in our 2023 Form 10-K, and pages 48 to 49 included under Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our 2023 Form 10-K - "Any failures of or damage to, attack on or unauthorized access to our information technology systems or facilities or disruptions to our continuous operations, including the systems, facilities or operations of third parties with which we do business, such as resulting from cyber-attacks, could result in significant costs, reputational damage and limits on our ability to conduct our business activities."

Market Risk Management

Market risk is defined by U.S. banking regulators as the risk of loss that could result from broad market movements, such as changes in the general level of interest rates, credit spreads, foreign exchange rates or commodity prices. We are exposed to market risk in both our trading and certain of our non-trading, or asset-and-liability management, activities.

Information about the market risk associated with our trading activities is provided below under “Trading Activities.” Information about the market risk associated with our non-trading activities, which consists primarily of interest rate risk, is provided below under “Asset-and-Liability Management Activities.”

Trading Activities

In the conduct of our trading activities, we assume market risk, the level of which is a function of our overall risk appetite, business objectives and liquidity needs, our clients' requirements and market volatility and our execution against those factors.

As part of our trading activities, we assume positions in the foreign exchange and interest rate markets by buying and selling cash instruments and entering into derivative instruments, including foreign exchange forward contracts, foreign exchange and interest rate options and interest rate swaps, interest rate forward contracts and interest rate futures. As of March 31, 2024, the notional amount of these derivative contracts was $2.82 trillion, of which $2.77 trillion was composed of foreign exchange forward, swap and spot contracts. We seek to match positions closely with the objective of mitigating related currency and interest rate risk. All foreign exchange contracts are valued daily at current market rates.

For additional information about the market risk associated with our trading activities, refer to pages 103 to 105 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, "Market Risk Management" in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Value-at-Risk and Stressed VaR

We use a variety of risk measurement tools and methodologies, including VaR, which is an estimate of potential loss for a given period within a stated statistical confidence interval. We use a risk measurement methodology to measure trading-related VaR daily. We have adopted standards for measuring trading-related VaR, and we maintain regulatory capital for market risk associated with our trading activities in conformity with currently applicable bank regulatory market risk requirements. Our regulatory VaR-based measure is calculated based on historical volatilities of market risk factors during a two-year observation period calibrated to a one-tail, 99% confidence interval and a ten-business-day holding period.

We calculate a stressed VaR-based measure using the same model we use to calculate VaR, but with model inputs calibrated to historical data from a range of continuous twelve-month periods that reflect significant financial stress. The stressed VaR model is designed to identify the second-worst outcome

occurring in the worst continuous one-year rolling period since July 2007. This stressed VaR meets the regulatory requirement as the rolling ten-day period with an outcome that is worse than 99% of other outcomes during that twelve-month period of financial stress. For each portfolio, the stress period is determined algorithmically by seeking the one-year time horizon that produces the largest ten-business-day VaR from within the available historical data. This historical data set includes the financial crisis of 2008, the highly volatile period surrounding the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis and the Standard & Poor's downgrade of U.S. Treasury debt in August 2011. As the historical data set used to determine the stress period expands over time, future market stress events will be incorporated.

For additional information about our VaR measurement tools and methodologies, refer to pages 105 to 110 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, "Value-at-Risk and Stressed VaR" in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Stress Testing

We have a corporate-wide stress testing program in place that incorporates techniques to measure the potential loss we could suffer in a hypothetical scenario of adverse economic and financial conditions. We also monitor concentrations of risk such as concentration by branch, risk component, and currency pairs. We conduct stress testing on a daily basis based on selected historical stress events that are relevant to our positions in order to estimate the potential impact to our current portfolio should similar market conditions recur, and we also perform stress testing as part of the Federal Reserve's Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) process. Stress testing is conducted, analyzed and reported at the corporate, trading desk, division and risk-factor level (for example, exchange risk, interest rate risk and volatility risk).

Stress testing results and limits are actively monitored on a daily basis by Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and reported to the Credit and Market Risk Committee (CMRC). Limit breaches are addressed by ERM risk managers in conjunction with the business units, escalated as appropriate, and reviewed by the CMRC if material. In addition, we have established several action triggers that prompt review by management and the implementation of a remediation plan.

Validation and Back-Testing

We perform frequent back-testing to assess the accuracy of our VaR-based model in estimating loss at the stated confidence level. This back-testing involves the comparison of estimated VaR model outputs to daily, actual profit-and-loss (P&L) outcomes observed from daily market movements. We back-test our VaR model using “clean” P&L, which excludes non-trading revenue such as fees, commissions and NII, as well as estimated revenue from intraday trading.

Our VaR definition of trading losses excludes items that are not specific to the price movement of the trading assets and liabilities themselves, such as fees, commissions, changes to reserves and gains or losses from intraday activity.

We experienced no back-testing exceptions in the quarters ended March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2023. At a 99% confidence interval, the statistical expectation for a VaR model is to witness one exception every hundred trading days (or two to three exceptions per year).

The following tables present VaR and stressed VaR associated with our trading activities for covered positions held during the quarters ended March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2023, respectively, as measured by our VaR methodology. Diversification effect in the tables below represents the difference between total VaR and the sum of the VaRs for each trading activity. This effect arises because the risks present in our trading activities are not perfectly correlated.

The three month average of our total stressed VaR-based measure was approximately $47 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, compared to an average of approximately $51 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2023 and $35 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2023. The slight decrease in the average total stressed VaR for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, compared to the quarter ended December 31, 2023, is primarily attributed to lower foreign exchange and interest rate risk positions.

The VaR-based measures as presented in the preceding tables are primarily a reflection of the overall level of market volatility and our appetite for taking market risk in our trading activities. While overall levels of volatility have varied over the historical observation periods, smaller residual market risk positions during the quarter have led to a reduction in VaR measures presented.

We have in the past and may in the future modify and adjust our models and methodologies used to calculate VaR and stressed VaR, subject to regulatory review and approval, and any future modifications and adjustments may result in changes in our VaR-based and stressed VaR-based measures.

The following tables present the VaR and stressed-VaR associated with our trading activities attributable to foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk and volatility risk as of March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2023, respectively. Diversification effect in the tables below represents the difference between total VaR and the sum of the VaRs for each trading activity. This effect arises because the risks present in our trading activities are not perfectly correlated.

(1)For purposes of risk attribution by component, foreign exchange refers only to the risk from market movements in period-end rates. Forwards, futures, options and swaps with maturities greater than period-end have embedded interest rate risk that is captured by the measures used for interest rate risk. Accordingly, the interest rate risk embedded in these foreign exchange instruments is included in the interest rate risk component.

Asset and Liability Management Activities

The primary objective of asset and liability management is to provide sustainable NII under varying economic conditions, while protecting the economic value of the assets and liabilities carried on our consolidated statement of condition from the adverse effects of changes in interest rates. While many market factors affect the level of NII and the economic value of our assets and liabilities, one of the most significant factors is our exposure to movements in interest rates. Most of our NII is earned from the investment of client deposits generated by our businesses. We invest these client deposits in assets that conform generally to the liquidity characteristics of our balance sheet liabilities, as well as the currency composition of our significant non-U.S. dollar denominated client deposits.

We quantify NII sensitivity using an earnings simulation model that includes our expectations for new business growth, changes in balance sheet mix and investment portfolio positioning. This measure compares our baseline view of NII over a twelve-month horizon, based on our internal forecast of interest rates, to a wide range of rate shocks. Our baseline view of NII is updated on a regular basis. Table 30, Key Interest Rates for Baseline Forecasts, presents the spot and 12-month forward rates used in our baseline forecasts at March 31, 2024 and 2023. Our baseline rate forecast as of March 31, 2024 was generally consistent with common market expectations for global central bank actions at that point in time, which implied that rate cuts will begin in 2024.

(1)European Central Bank deposit facility rate.

In Table 31: Net Interest Income Sensitivity, we report the expected change in NII over the next twelve months from instantaneous 100 basis point shocks to various tenors on the yield curve relative to our baseline rate forecast, including the impacts from U.S. and non-U.S. rates. Each scenario assumes no management action is taken to mitigate the adverse effects of changes in interest rates on our financial performance. While investment securities balances and composition can fluctuate with the level of rates as prepayment assumptions change, for purposes of this analysis our deposit balances and mix are assumed to remain consistent with the baseline forecast which assumes client deposit balance rotation, including reductions in non-interest-bearing deposit balances. The results of these scenarios should not be extrapolated for other (e.g., more severe) shocks as the impact of interest rate shocks may not be linear. In lower rate scenarios, the full impact of the shock is realized for all currencies even if the result is negative interest rates.

(1)The short-end is 0-3 months. The long-end is 5 years and above. Interim term points are interpolated.

Our overall balance sheet, including all currencies, continues to be asset sensitive with an NII benefit in higher rate scenarios and NII exposure in lower rate scenarios. As of March 31, 2024, our USD balance sheet's NII sensitivity is relatively neutral given expectations for USD deposit betas and the repricing characteristics of our USD assets. Compared to March 31, 2023, our USD NII sensitivity reduced as a result of lower investment portfolio balances and higher short-term fixed rate borrowings, partially offset by the impact of rising deposit betas and deposit rotation. As of March 31, 2024, non-USD NII benefits from higher rate scenarios and is exposed to lower rates primarily driven by our sensitivities on the short-end of the yield curve. Compared to March 31, 2023, our non-USD NII sensitivity increased as a result of refinements to our modeled non-USD deposit betas.

For additional information about our Asset and Liability Management Activities, refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Risk Management”.

Model Risk Management

The use of models is widespread throughout the financial services industry, with large and complex organizations relying on sophisticated models to support numerous aspects of their financial decision making. The models contemporaneously represent both a significant advancement in financial management and a source of risk. In large banking organizations like us, model results influence business decisions, and model failure could have a harmful effect on our financial performance. As a result, the Model Risk Management Framework seeks to mitigate our model risk.

For additional information about our model risk management framework, including our governance and model validation, refer to pages 110 to 111 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, "Model Risk Management", in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Strategic Risk Management

We define strategic risk as the current or prospective impact on earnings or capital arising from adverse business decisions, improper implementation of strategic initiatives, or lack of responsiveness to industry-wide changes. Strategic risks are influenced by changes in the competitive environment; decline in market performance or changes in our business activities; and the potential secondary impacts of reputational risks, not already captured as market, interest rate, credit, operational, model or liquidity risks. We incorporate strategic risk into our assessment of our business plans and risk and capital management processes. Management of strategic risk is an integral component of all aspects of our business.

Separating the effects of a potential material adverse event into operational and strategic risk is sometimes difficult. For instance, the direct financial impact of an unfavorable event in the form of fines or penalties would be classified as an operational risk loss, while the impact on our reputation and consequently the potential loss of clients and corresponding decline in revenue would be classified as a strategic risk loss. An additional example of strategic risk is the integration of a major acquisition. Failure to successfully integrate the operations of an acquired business, and the resultant inability to retain clients and the associated revenue, would be classified as a loss due to strategic risk.

Strategic risk is managed with a long-term focus. Techniques for its assessment and management include the development of business plans, which are subject to review and challenge from senior management and the Board of Directors, as well as a formal review and approval process for all new business and product proposals. The potential impact of the various elements of strategic risk is difficult to quantify with any degree of precision. We use a combination of historical earnings volatility, scenario analysis, stress-testing and management judgment to help assess the potential effect on us attributable to strategic risk. Management and control of strategic risks are generally the responsibility of the business units, with oversight from the control functions, as part of their overall strategic planning and internal risk management processes.

Capital

Managing our capital involves evaluating whether our actual and projected levels of capital are commensurate with our risk profile, are in compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements and are sufficient to provide us with the financial flexibility to undertake future strategic business initiatives. We assess capital adequacy based on relevant regulatory capital requirements, as well as our own internal capital goals, targets and other relevant metrics.

Our designation as a G-SIB is based on a number of factors, as evaluated by banking regulators, and requires us to maintain an additional capital surcharge above the minimum capital ratios set forth in the Basel III final rule. Further, like all other U.S. G-SIBs, we are also currently subject to a 2.0% SLR buffer in addition to the required minimum of 3.0% under the Basel III final rule. If we fail to exceed any regulatory buffer or surcharge, we will be subject to increased restrictions (depending upon the extent of the shortfall) regarding capital distributions and discretionary executive bonus payments.

Not all of our competitors have similarly been designated as systemically important nor are all of them subject to the same degree of regulation as a

bank or financial holding company, and therefore some of our competitors may not be subject to the same capital, liquidity and other regulatory requirements.

For additional information about our capital, refer to pages 112 to 121 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in our 2023 Form 10-K.

Regulatory Capital

We and State Street Bank, as advanced approaches banking organizations, are subject to the U.S. Basel III framework. We are also subject to the final market risk capital rule issued by U.S. banking regulators.

The Basel III rule provides two frameworks for monitoring capital adequacy: the “standardized approach" and the “advanced approaches", applicable to advanced approaches banking organizations, like us. The standardized approach prescribes standardized calculations for credit risk RWA, including specified risk weights for on and certain off-balance sheet exposures. The advanced approaches consist of the Advanced Internal Ratings-Based Approach used for the calculation of credit risk RWA, and the Advanced Measurement Approach used for the calculation of operational risk RWA.

As required by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) enacted in 2010, we and State Street Bank, as advanced approaches banking organizations, are subject to a "capital floor," also referred to as the Collins Amendment, in the assessment of our regulatory capital adequacy, such that our risk-based capital ratios for regulatory assessment purposes are the lower of each ratio calculated under the advanced approaches and the standardized approach. Under the advanced approaches, State Street and State Street Bank are subject to a 2.5% CCB requirement, plus any applicable countercyclical capital buffer requirement, which is currently set at 0%. Under the standardized approach, State Street Bank is subject to the same CCB and countercyclical capital buffer requirements, but for State Street, the 2.5% CCB requirement is replaced by the SCB requirement according to the SCB rule issued in 2020. In addition, State Street is subject to a G-SIB surcharge.

The SCB replaced, under the standardized approach, the CCB with a buffer calculated as the difference between the institution’s starting and lowest projected CET1 ratio under the CCAR severely adverse scenario plus planned common stock dividend payments (as a percentage of RWA) from the fourth through seventh quarter of the CCAR planning horizon. The SCB requirement can be no less than 2.5% of RWA. Breaching the SCB or other regulatory buffer or surcharge will limit a banking organization’s ability to make capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments to executive officers.

On June 28, 2023, we were notified by the Federal Reserve of the results from the 2023 supervisory stress test. Our SCB calculated under the 2023 supervisory stress test was well below the 2.5% minimum, resulting in an SCB at that floor, which went into effect starting October 1, 2023 and will remain effective through September 30, 2024.

Our minimum risk-based capital ratios as of January 1, 2024, include a CCB of 2.5% and a SCB of 2.5% for the advanced approaches and standardized approach, respectively, a G-SIB surcharge of 1.0%, and a countercyclical buffer of 0.0%. This results in minimum risk-based ratios of 8.0% for the Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital ratio, 9.5% for the tier 1 capital ratio, and 11.5% for the total capital ratio.

Our current G-SIB surcharge, through December 31, 2024, is 1.0%. Based upon calculations using data as of December 31, 2023, our G-SIB surcharge will remain at 1% through December 31, 2025.

To maintain the status of the Parent Company as a financial holding company, we and our IDI subsidiaries are required, among other requirements, to be "well capitalized" as defined by Regulation Y and Regulation H.

The market risk capital rule requires us to use internal models to calculate daily measures of VaR, which reflect general market risk for certain of our trading positions defined by the rule as “covered positions,” as well as stressed-VaR measures to supplement the VaR measures. The rule also requires a public disclosure composed of qualitative and quantitative information about the market risk associated with our trading activities and our related VaR and stressed-VaR measures. The qualitative and quantitative information required by the rule is provided under "Market Risk Management" included in this Management's Discussion and Analysis.

On July 27, 2023, U.S. banking agencies issued a proposed rule to implement the Basel III endgame (Basel III Endgame Proposal) for large banks, and separately proposed revisions to the U.S. G-SIB capital surcharge framework (G-SIB Surcharge Proposal). The Basel III Endgame Proposal would, among other things, eliminate the advanced approaches for risk-based capital adequacy in favor of a new standardized expanded risk-based approach that would include, unlike the current standardized approach, operational risk and CVA risk RWA components, and would also replace the existing market risk rule with the new fundamental review of the trading book (FRTB) framework. The G-SIB

Surcharge Proposal would, among other things, measure the G-SIB surcharge in more granular 0.1% increments as opposed to the 0.5% increments that currently apply.

The Basel III Endgame Proposal would maintain the current Basel III rule’s dual-requirement structure, whereby we and State Street Bank would be required to calculate our risk-based capital ratios under both the expanded risk-based approach and the standardized approach. In addition, the proposal would modify the existing standardized approach by requiring that the proposed new market risk standards, FRTB, also be applied in the standardized approach.

The Basel III Endgame Proposal would apply the SCB and G-SIB surcharge to the risk-based capital requirements calculated under both the expanded risk-based approach and the existing standardized approach. The Basel III Endgame Proposal includes an effective date of July 1, 2025, with a three-year transition arrangement until the requirements are fully phased in on July 1, 2028. The G-SIB Surcharge Proposal is set to be implemented two calendar quarters after the date of the adoption of the final rule, which is currently to be determined.

Based on our current understanding of the Basel III Endgame Proposal, we estimate that, if the expanded risk-based approach had been applied on a fully phased-in basis as of December 31, 2023, and in the absence of taking any actions to mitigate its impact, our expanded risk-based approach RWA as of that date would have been approximately 15% higher than our actual standardized approach RWA as of that date.

Any estimate of how the expanded risk-based approach may impact us is subject to uncertainty, as actual results may differ from the anticipated results and may be materially affected by and dependent on a range of factors, including business performance, future capital actions, the results of future supervisory stress tests, and interpretations (including changes in interpretations) of, and potential modifications by the U.S. Agencies to, the proposal.

For additional information about our regulatory capital, refer to pages 112 to 119 included under Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in our 2023 Form 10-K.

The following table presents the regulatory capital structure and related regulatory capital ratios for us and State Street Bank as of the dates indicated. We are subject to the more stringent of the risk-based capital ratios calculated under the standardized approach and those calculated under the advanced approaches in the assessment of our capital adequacy under applicable bank regulatory standards.

(1) Other adjustments within CET1 capital primarily include AOCI hedges that are not recognized at fair value on the balance sheet, the overfunded portion of our defined benefit pension plan obligation net of associated deferred tax liabilities, disallowed deferred tax assets, and other required credit risk-based deductions.

(2)Under the advanced approaches, credit risk RWA includes a CVA which reflects the risk of potential fair value adjustments for credit risk reflected in our valuation of over-the-counter derivative contracts. We used a simple CVA approach in conformity with the Basel III advanced approaches.

(3) Under the current advanced approaches rules and regulatory guidance concerning operational risk models, RWA attributable to operational risk can vary substantially from period-to-period, without direct correlation to the effects of a particular loss event on our results of operations and financial condition and impacting dates and periods that may differ from the dates and periods as of and during which the loss event is reflected in our financial statements, with the timing and categorization dependent on the processes for model updates and, if applicable, model revalidation and regulatory review and related supervisory processes. An individual loss event can have a significant effect on the output of our operational RWA under the advanced approaches depending on the severity of the loss event and its categorization among the seven Basel-defined UOMs.

(4) Minimum requirements include a CCB of 2.5% and a SCB of 2.5% for the advanced approaches and the standardized approach, respectively, a G-SIB surcharge of 1.0% and a countercyclical buffer of 0%. On June 28, 2023, we were notified by the Federal Reserve of the results from the 2023 supervisory stress test. Our SCB calculated under the 2023 supervisory stress test was well below the 2.5% minimum, resulting in an SCB at that floor, which will be in effect from October 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024.

Our CET1 capital increased $0.20 billion as of March 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023, primarily due to net income, partially offset by dividends declared and common share repurchases in the first quarter of 2024. Our Tier 1 capital increased $0.69 billion as of March 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023, under both the advanced approaches and standardized approach, due to the increase in CET1 capital and net issuance of preferred stock in the first quarter of 2024.

Our Tier 2 capital remained flat as of March 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023, under both the advanced approaches and standardized approach.

Our total capital increased by $0.69 billion and $0.68 billion as of March 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023, under the advanced approaches and standardized approach, respectively, primarily due to the increase in CET1 capital and net issuance of preferred stock in the first quarter of 2024.

The table below presents a roll-forward of CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and total capital for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(1)Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) includes losses on cash flow hedges where the hedged exposures are not recognized at fair value on the balance sheet, which, under the Capital Rule, must be excluded from CET1 capital. This adjustment is captured in the Other Adjustments line.

The following table presents a roll-forward of the Basel III advanced and standardized approaches RWA for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(1)Under the advanced approaches, includes CVA RWA.

(2)Includes assets not in a definable category, non-material portfolio, cleared transactions, other wholesale, cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks, and equity exposures.

As of March 31, 2024, total advanced approaches RWA increased $4.71 billion compared to December 31, 2023, mainly due to an increase in operational risk RWA. The increase in operational risk RWA was primarily due to a model recalibration driven largely by an increase in the value of losses.

As of March 31, 2024, total standardized approach RWA increased $6.91 billion compared to December 31, 2023, primarily driven by the expected normalization of RWA. The increase in RWA mainly reflects higher derivatives RWA, driven by increased volumes, higher repo-style transaction RWA, due to increased volumes and higher equity market levels, and higher loans RWA, driven by new capital call commitments, partially offset by other RWA, such as cash and stable value wrap.

The regulatory capital ratios as of March 31, 2024, presented in Table 32: Regulatory Capital Structure and Related Regulatory Capital Ratios, are calculated under the advanced approaches and standardized approach in conformity with the Basel III final rule. The advanced approaches-based ratios reflect calculations and determinations with respect to our capital and related matters as of March 31, 2024, based on our internal and external data, quantitative formulae, statistical models, historical correlations and assumptions, collectively referred to as “advanced systems,” in effect and used by us for those purposes as of the time we first reported such ratios in a quarterly report on Form 10-Q or an annual report on Form 10-K. Significant components of these advanced systems involve the exercise of judgment by us and our regulators, and our advanced systems may not, individually or collectively, precisely represent or calculate the scenarios, circumstances, outputs or other results for which they are designed or intended.

Our advanced systems are subject to update and periodic revalidation in response to changes in our business activities and our historical experiences, forces and events experienced by the market broadly or by individual financial institutions, changes in regulations and regulatory interpretations and other factors, and are also subject to continuing regulatory review and approval. For example, a significant operational loss experienced by another financial institution, even if we do not experience a related loss, could result in a material change in the output of our advanced systems and a corresponding material change in our risk exposures, our total RWA and our capital ratios compared to prior periods. An operational loss that we experience could also result in a material change in our capital requirements for operational risk under the advanced approaches, depending on the severity of the loss event, its characterization among the seven Basel-defined UOM, and the stability of the distributional approach for a particular UOM, and without direct correlation to the effects of the loss event, or the timing of such effects, on our results of operations.

Due to the influence of changes in these advanced systems, whether resulting from changes in data inputs, regulation or regulatory supervision or interpretation, specific to us or market activities or experiences or other updates or factors, we expect that our advanced systems and our capital ratios calculated in conformity with the Basel III final rule will change and may be volatile over time, and that those latter changes or volatility could be material as calculated and measured from period to period. The full effects of the Basel III final rule on us and State Street Bank are therefore subject to further evaluation and also to further regulatory guidance, action or rule-making.

Tier 1 and Supplementary Leverage Ratios

We are subject to a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio and SLR. The Tier 1 leverage ratio is based on Tier 1 capital and adjusted quarterly average on-balance sheet assets. The Tier 1 leverage ratio differs from the SLR primarily in that the denominator of the Tier 1 leverage ratio is a quarterly average of on-balance sheet assets, while the SLR additionally includes off-balance sheet exposures. We must maintain a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%.

We are also subject to a minimum SLR of 3%, and as a U.S. G-SIB, we must maintain a 2% SLR buffer in order to avoid any limitations on distributions to shareholders and discretionary bonus payments to certain executives. If we do not maintain this buffer, limitations on these distributions and discretionary bonus payments would be increasingly stringent based upon the extent of the shortfall.

(1) Tier 1 leverage ratios were calculated in conformity with the Basel III final rule.

(2) The SLR rule requires that, as of January 1, 2018, (i) State Street Bank maintains an SLR of at least 6.0% to be well capitalized under the U.S. banking regulators’ Prompt Corrective Action Framework and (ii) we maintain an SLR of at least 5.0% to avoid limitations on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. In addition to the SLR, State Street Bank is subject to a well capitalized Tier 1 leverage ratio requirement of 5.0%.

Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity (TLAC)

The Federal Reserve's final rule on TLAC, LTD and clean holding company requirements for U.S. domiciled G-SIBs, such as us, is intended to improve the resiliency and resolvability of certain U.S. banking organizations through enhanced prudential standards, and requires us, among other things, to comply with minimum requirements for external TLAC (combined eligible tier 1 regulatory capital and LTD) and LTD. Specifically, we must hold:

The following table presents external TLAC and external LTD as of March 31, 2024:

Capital Actions

Preferred Stock

The following table summarizes selected terms of each of the series of the preferred stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024:

(1) The preferred stock and corresponding depositary shares may be redeemed at our option in whole, but not in part, prior to the redemption date upon the occurrence of a regulatory capital treatment event, as defined in the certificate of designation, at a redemption price equal to the liquidation price per share and liquidation price per depositary share plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends.

(2) On the redemption date, or any dividend payment date thereafter, the preferred stock and corresponding depositary shares may be redeemed by us, in whole or in part, at the liquidation price per share and liquidation price per depositary share plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends.

(3) The dividend rate for the floating rate period of the Series G preferred stock that begins on March 15, 2026 and all subsequent floating rate periods will remain at the current fixed rate in accordance with the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) Act and the contractual terms of the Series G preferred stock.

On January 31, 2024, we issued 1.5 million depositary shares, each representing 1/100th ownership interest in shares of fixed-to-floating rate, non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Series I, without par value per share, with a liquidation preference of $100,000 per share (equivalent to $1,000 per depositary share), in a public offering. The aggregate proceeds, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and other issuance costs, were approximately $1.5 billion. Dividends on the Series I Preferred Stock will be payable quarterly at an initial rate of 6.700% per annum commencing on June 15, 2024, with the first dividend payable on a pro-rata basis. Our preferred stock dividends, including the declaration, timing and amount thereof, are subject to consideration and approval by the Board at the relevant times.

On March 15, 2024, we redeemed an aggregate $1.0 billion, or all 7,500 outstanding shares, of our non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Series D (represented by 30,000,000 depository shares), for a cash redemption price of $100,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depository share), plus all declared and unpaid dividends and all 2,500 of the outstanding shares of our noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, Series F (represented by 250,000 depository shares), for a cash redemption price of $100,000 per share (equivalent to $1,000 per depositary share) plus all declared and unpaid dividends.

The following table presents the dividends declared for each of the series of preferred stock issued and outstanding for the periods indicated:

TABLE 38: PREFERRED STOCK DIVIDENDS

Common Stock

On January 19, 2024, we announced a new common share repurchase program, approved by our Board and superseding all prior programs, authorizing the purchase of up to $5.0 billion of our common stock beginning in the first quarter of 2024. This new program has no set expiration date and is not expected to be executed in full during 2024. We repurchased $100 million of our common stock in the first quarter of 2024 under our 2024 share repurchase authorization.

The table below presents the activity under our common share repurchase program for the periods indicated:

The table below presents the dividends declared on common stock for the periods indicated:

Federal and state banking regulations place certain restrictions on dividends paid by subsidiary banks to the parent holding company. In addition, banking regulators have the authority to prohibit bank holding companies from paying dividends. For information concerning limitations on dividends from our subsidiary banks, refer to pages 58 to 60 in "Related Stockholder Matters" included under Item 5, Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities, and pages 167 to 169 in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements in the 2023 Form 10-K. Our common stock and preferred stock dividends, including the declaration, timing and amount thereof, are subject to consideration and approval by the Board at the relevant times.

Stock purchases under our common share repurchase program may be made using various types of transactions, including open market purchases, accelerated share repurchases or other transactions off the market, and may be made under Rule 10b5-1 trading programs. The timing and amount of any stock purchases and the type of transaction may not be ratable over the duration of the program, may vary from reporting period to reporting period and will depend on several factors, including our capital position and our financial performance, investment opportunities, market conditions, the nature and timing of implementation of revisions to the Basel III framework and the amount of common stock issued as part of employee compensation programs. The common share repurchase program does not have specific price targets and may be suspended at any time.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

On behalf of clients enrolled in our securities lending program, we lend securities to banks, broker/dealers and other institutions. In most circumstances, we indemnify our clients for the fair market value of those securities against a failure of the borrower to return such securities. Though these transactions are collateralized, the substantial volume of these activities necessitates detailed credit-based underwriting and monitoring processes. The aggregate amount of indemnified securities on loan totaled $326.37 billion and $279.92 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We require the borrower to provide collateral in an amount in excess of 100% of the fair market value of the securities borrowed. We hold the collateral received in connection with these securities lending services as agent, and the collateral is not recorded in our consolidated statement of condition. We revalue the securities on loan and the collateral daily to determine if additional collateral is necessary or if excess collateral is required to be returned to the borrower. We held, as agent, cash and securities totaling $341.90 billion and $293.86 billion as collateral for indemnified securities on loan as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The cash collateral held by us as agent is invested on behalf of our clients. In certain cases, the cash collateral is invested in third-party repurchase agreements, for which we indemnify the client against loss of the principal invested. We require the counterparty to the indemnified repurchase agreement to provide collateral in an amount in excess of 100% of the amount of the repurchase agreement. In our role as agent, the indemnified repurchase agreements and the related collateral held by us are not recorded in our consolidated statement of condition. Of the collateral of $341.90 billion and $293.86 billion, referenced above, $69.20 billion and $59.03 billion was invested in indemnified repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We or our agents held $73.98 billion and $63.11 billion as collateral for indemnified investments in repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Additional information about our securities finance activities and other off-balance sheet arrangements is provided in Notes 7, 9 and 11 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.

OTHER MATTERS

Closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank and Related FDIC Matters

In March 2023, following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and Signature Bank and the appointment of the FDIC as the receiver for those banks, the FDIC announced that, under the systemic risk exception set forth in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (FDIA), all insured and uninsured deposits of those banks were transferred to the respective bridge banks for SVB and Signature Bank. The FDIC also announced that, as required by the FDIA, any losses to the DIF to support uninsured depositors would be recovered by a special assessment.

In November 2023, the FDIC published in the Federal Register a final rule to implement a special assessment to recover the loss to the DIF arising from the protection of uninsured depositors following the closure of SVB and Signature Bank. At that time the FDIC determined that the total special assessment for those purposes was $16.3 billion, which is approximately equal to the FDIC’s then current estimate of losses to the DIF attributable to the protection of uninsured depositors at SVB and Signature Bank. In February 2024, the FDIC disclosed that its estimate of those losses to the DIF had increased. The FDIC will ultimately determine the exact amount of losses incurred when it terminates the receiverships of these two banks, and the amount of the special assessment will be adjusted as the loss estimates change. For IDIs such as State Street Bank, the special assessment will be applied at a quarterly rate of 3.36 basis points multiplied by the IDI’s estimated uninsured deposits, reported as of December 31, 2022 and adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion in estimated uninsured deposits from the IDI. The FDIC will collect the special assessment over eight quarterly assessment periods, although the collection period may change as a result of updates to the estimated loss, subsequent to the original estimate, pursuant to the systemic risk determination or if assessments collected change due to corrective amendments to the amount of uninsured deposits reported for the December 31, 2022 reporting period. The final rule is effective on April 1, 2024, with the first collection for the special assessment reflected on the invoice for the first quarterly assessment period of 2024 (i.e., January 1 through March 31, 2024), with a payment date of June 28, 2024.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we recognized a pre-tax expense within other expenses of approximately $387 million, reflecting State Street Bank’s allocation of the special assessment at that time, consistent with the calculation methodology noted above. In the first quarter of 2024, we recognized an additional pre-tax expense within other expenses of approximately $130 million primarily reflecting the FDIC's February 2024 disclosed increase to its estimate of losses to the DIF. The total expense for the special assessment remains subject to any actions by the FDIC, as described above, to cease collection early, extend the special assessment period, or impose a one-time final shortfall special assessment, including as a result of updates to the estimated losses, subsequent to the original estimate.

RECENT ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENTS

Information with respect to recent accounting developments is provided in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.