ROYAL GOLD INC

1. OPERATIONS, SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Royal Gold, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Royal Gold,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), is engaged in the business of acquiring and managing precious metals streams, royalties and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in the production, development or exploration stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right and obligation to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals in an amount determined by reference to production at a mining operation, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. A royalty is a non-operating interest in a mining project that provides the right to revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting contractually specified costs, if any.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments which are of a normal recurring nature considered necessary for a fair presentation of our interim financial statements have been included in this Form 10-Q. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the calendar year ending December 31, 2026. These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 19, 2026 (“2025 10-K”).

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In December 2025, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2025-12 Codification Improvements(“ASU 2025-12”) which addressed suggestions received from stakeholders on a broad range of topics arising from technical corrections, unintended application of the accounting standards codification, clarifications and other minor improvements. ASU 2025-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted.

ASU 2025-12 is permitted to be adopted on an issue by issue basis, and effective January 1, 2026, we elected to early adopt Issue 10 of ASU 2025-12 which clarifies methods to account for the retirement of treasury stock. The other issues within ASU 2025-12 that we elected not to early adopt will be effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning January 1, 2027.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

We have evaluated all the recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standards-setting bodies through the filing date of these unaudited consolidated financial statements and except for ASU 2025-12, we do not believe the future adoption of any such standards will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

2. ACQUISITION OF SANDSTORM GOLD AND HORIZON COPPER

On October 20, 2025, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Sandstorm Gold Ltd. (“Sandstorm”) and Horizon Copper Corp. (“Horizon”), collectively referred to as “the Transaction.” Sandstorm and Horizon were global resource-based companies based in Vancouver, British Columbia, that held interests in mining assets, including royalty and stream interests, on mining projects across various stages of development. For more detail on the Transaction, refer to the Company's 2025 10-K.

During the quarter ended June 30, 2026, we continued to refine our preliminary purchase price allocation and we expect to finalize our assessment in the third quarter of 2026. These adjustments did not change the total purchase price when compared to the purchase price allocation as of December 31, 2025, which is included in the Company's 2025 10-K. The total purchase price of $4.148 billion has been allocated to the net assets acquired based on their respective fair values (in thousands) as follows:

3. STREAM AND ROYALTY INTERESTS, NET

The following tables summarize our stream and royalty interests, net as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Settlement of Fixed Delivery Obligation for the Relief Canyon Mine

On May 25, 2026, we reached an agreement with Americas Gold and Silver Corporation (“Americas”) to settle the remaining fixed gold delivery obligations on Relief Canyon for the immediate delivery of 5,000 ounces of gold and 2,652,532 common shares of Americas. As a result of the agreement, a $2.6 million gain recorded within Gain on settlement of Relief Canyon fixed obligation in the consolidated statement of operations was recognized, and the net book value of the Relief Canyon stream interest, $12.9 million, was reduced tozero. The value of the 2,652,532 Americas common shares received on the agreement date, $15.5 million, is recorded within Marketable securities in the consolidated balance sheets.

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, the fair value of certain streams and royalties acquired as part of the Sandstorm and Horizon acquisition were adjusted by $120.0 million as we continued to refine our preliminary purchase price allocation. Refer to Note 2 for more information on the acquisition of Sandstorm and Horizon.

4. EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENT

Hod Maden Interest

As of June 30, 2026, the Company held a 30% equity interest in Artmin Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. (“Artmin”), a privately held company incorporated in Türkiye which owns the Hod Maden project. The carrying value of the Hod Maden equity investment at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, was$92.2 million and $249.5 million, respectively, and is included in Equity method investment on the consolidated balance sheets. During the three months ended June 30, 2026, the Hod Maden equity method investment was adjusted lower by $154.6 million as we continued to refine our preliminary purchase price allocation. Refer to Note 2 for more information on the acquisition of Sandstorm and Horizon.

The Company applies the equity method to investments when it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee. The Company's share of the investee's losses is included in Interest and other expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

On July 17, 2026, we completed a restructuring of our interest in Artmin which included a 50% reduction in our direct equity ownership in Artmin from 30% to 15%, the grant of a new effective 2.5% net smelter return royalty, certain rights pertaining to new royalty interests granted to the Company and SSR Mining, Inc. over the Hod Maden project.

Loan to Associate

As of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company advanced $66.1 million and $51.4 million, respectively, of shareholder loans to Artmin to fund the Company's share of cash calls for ongoing development costs at Hod Maden. The loans bear interest at 4% plus the credit default swap rate of Türkiye at the start of each quarterly period and have five-year terms. In May 2026, the Company advanced an additional $70.0 million for project costs. The loan bears interest at 4.13% per annum and has afive-year term. Combined, these loans totaled $136.1 million as of June 30, 2026, and $51.4 million as of December 31, 2025 and are included in Equity method investment on the consolidated balance sheets.

5. MARKETABLE SECURITIES

The Company's marketable securities consist of the following (amounts in thousands):

(1)Fair value adjustment recorded within net income.

(2)Fair value adjustment recorded within other comprehensive income.

Available-for-sale Equity Securities

Entrée Resources Ltd.

The Company holds 50,297,717 Entrée Resources Ltd. (“Entrée”) common shares, representing approximately 24% of the issued and outstanding Entrée common shares on an undiluted basis. Entrée is a public Canadian mining company with a carried joint venture interest in the Hugo North Extension and Heruga deposits located in Mongolia. At acquisition, the Company elected the fair value option to account for the Entrée equity securities because it best reflects the underlying economics of the investment. At June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the carrying value of the Entrée shares was $109.1 million and $76.7 million, respectively, and is included in available-for-sale equity securities.

Highlander Silver Corp.

On February 26, 2026, as part of the previously announced agreement with Bear Creek Mining Corporation (“Bear Creek”) to restructure equity, debt and other interests in Bear Creek (the “Bear Creek Transaction”), our shares of Bear Creek converted to shares of Highlander Silver Corp. (“Highlander”) at a conversion of 0.1175 Highlander shares per one Bear Creek share. On March 27, 2026, we sold our shares in Highlander for a net realized gain of $9.9 million. This amount is recorded within Gain on sale of marketable securities on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Available-for-sale Debt Securities

Bear Creek Convertible Debt Securities

Upon closing of the Bear Creek Transaction, we settled outstanding debt obligations owed by Bear Creek of $49.5 million and terminated the gold and silver stream obligations between Bear Creek and Royal Gold in connection with the Mercedes Mine. In consideration for the debt settlement, we received $6.2 million cash, an incremental 1.75% NSR royalty on the Corani Project in Peru (bringing the Company's total royalty interest to 2.75%), and a 2.0% NSR royalty on the Mercedes Mine. The royalties have been accounted for as asset acquisitions and are recorded as development stage royalty interests (Note 3) within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. The impact of the debt settlement with Bear Creek in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income was not material.

6. DEBT

The Company's debt as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 consists of the following (amounts in thousands):

Revolving credit facility

On May 5, 2026, we entered into a seventh amendment to the revolving credit facility that added a new $600 million uncommitted accordion feature to the revolving credit facility. The new accordion feature permits the Company to request additional commitments from the credit facility bank syndicate that would increase aggregate commitments under the revolving credit facility to up to $2.0 billion, subject to customary conditions, including the consent of each lender providing an additional commitment.

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, we repaid $500 million of outstanding borrowings on our revolving credit facility leaving $400 million outstanding and $1 billion available under our revolving credit facility as of June 30, 2026. We were in compliance with each financial covenant (leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio) under our revolving credit facility as of June 30, 2026.

Interest expense, which includes interest on outstanding borrowings and amortization of the debt issuance costs, was $6.1 million and $15.8 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, respectively, and $0.4 million and $0.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The interest rate on borrowings under our credit facility as of June 30, 2026, was SOFR plus 1.2% for an all-in rate of 4.8%.

On July 15, 2026, we repaid $75 million of outstanding borrowings on our revolving credit facility leaving $325 million outstanding and $1.075 billion available as of the date of this report. We may repay borrowings under our revolving credit facility at any time without premium or penalty.

7. MOUNT MILLIGAN DEFERRED LIABILITY

On February 13, 2024, we entered into a Cost Support Agreement with Centerra Gold Inc. (“Centerra”) with respect to the Mount Milligan mine for cash consideration of $24.5 million,50,000 ounces of gold to be delivered in the future (“Deferred Gold Consideration”) and a free cash flow interest.

The value of the cash consideration and free cash flow interest received from Centerra, and proceeds from the sale of the Deferred Gold Consideration, is recorded as a deferred liability in our consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2026, the balance of the deferred liability was $69.2 million and 38,889 ounces of Deferred Gold Consideration remain outstanding.

8. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Share Repurchase Program

On May 4, 2026, the Board of Directors approved a $500 million share repurchase program under which we may repurchase shares from time to time through open market purchases or by other means. The manner, timing, pricing and amount of any repurchases under the program will be subject to management's discretion and may be based upon market conditions and alternative opportunities for the use or investment of capital. Although the Board of Directors has authorized the share repurchase program, we are not obligated to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares under the program.

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, we repurchased 147,205 shares at an average price of $203.80 per share for total consideration of $30 million. The repurchased shares were cancelled and 84,673,027 shares remain outstanding as of June 30, 2026.

9. REVENUE

Revenue Recognition

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed below.

Stream Interests

A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right and obligation to purchase all or a portion of one or more of the metals in an amount determined by reference to production at a mining operation, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily at cash average or spot market prices. The sales price for the averaging contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive period betweenten days andthree months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales policy in effect at the time), commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. We settle both averaging and spot sales contracts via physical delivery of the metal to the purchaser (our customer) on the settlement date specified in the contract. Under our sales contracts, there is a single performance obligation to sell a contractually specified volume of metal to the purchaser, and we satisfy this obligation at the point in time of physical delivery. Accordingly, revenue from our metal sales is recognized on the date of settlement, which is the date that control, custody and title to the metal transfer to the purchaser.

Royalty Interests

A royalty is a non-operating interest in a mining project that provides the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. We are entitled to payment for our royalty interest in a mining project based on a contractually specified commodity price (for example, a monthly or quarterly average spot price) for the period in which metal production occurs. As a royalty holder, we act as a passive entity in the production and operations of the mining project, and the third-party operator of the mining project is responsible for all mining activities, including subsequent marketing and delivery of all metal production to its ultimate customer. In all of our material royalty interest arrangements, we have concluded that we transfer control of our interest in the metal production to the operator at the point at which production occurs, and thus, the operator is our customer. We have further determined that the transfer of each unit of metal production comprising our royalty interest to the operator represents a separate performance obligation under the contract, and each performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time when the mine operator of the property over which the royalty interest is held delivers the commodity to the customer. Accordingly, we recognize revenue attributable to our royalty interests in the period in which metal production occurs at the specified commodity price per the agreement, net of any contractually allowable costs.

Royalty Revenue Estimates

For a small number of our royalty interests, we may not receive, or be entitled to receive, payment information, including production information from the operator, for the period in which metal production occurred prior to issuance of our financial statements for that period. As a result, we may estimate revenue for these royalties based on available information, including public information, from the operator. If adequate information is not available from the operator or from other public sources before we issue our financial statements, we will recognize royalty revenue during the period in which the necessary payment information is received. Differences between estimates and actual amounts could differ and are recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known. Please also refer to our “Use of Estimates” accounting policy discussed in our 2025 10-K. For the three months ended June 30, 2026, royalty revenue that was estimated or was attributable to metal production for a period prior to the three months ended June 30, 2026, was not material.

Disaggregation of Revenue

We have identifiedtwo material revenue sources in our business: stream interests and royalty interests. These identified revenue sources are consistent with our reportable segments as discussed in Note 13.

Revenue by metal type attributable to each of our revenue sources is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands):

Revenue attributable to our principal stream and royalty interests is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands):

(1)Individually, no stream or royalty included within the“Other” category contributed greater than 10% of our total revenue for either period.

Please refer to Note 13 for the geographical distribution of our revenue by reportable segment.

10. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

We recognized stock-based compensation expense as follows (amounts in thousands):

Stock-based compensation expense is included within General and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

We granted the following stock-based compensation awards:

As of June 30, 2026, unrecognized compensation expense (expressed in thousands below) and weighted-average vesting period for each of our stock-based compensation awards were as follows:

11. EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”)

Basic EPS was computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, considering the effect of participating securities. Unvested stock-based compensation awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are considered participating securities and are included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. Our unvested restricted stock awards contain non-forfeitable dividend rights and participate equally with common stock with respect to dividends issued or declared. Our unexercised stock option awards, unexercised stock-settled stock appreciation rights and unvested performance stock do not contain rights to dividends. Under the two-class method, the earnings used to determine basic EPS are reduced by an amount allocated to participating securities. Use of the two-class method has an immaterial impact on the calculation of basic and diluted EPS.

The following table summarizes the effects of dilutive securities on diluted EPS for the periods shown below (amounts in thousands, except share data):

12. INCOME TAXES

The following table provides the income tax expense (amounts in thousands) and effective tax rates for the periods indicated:

The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2025, included a $9.3 million discrete benefit related to a withholding tax refund on a foreign royalty and a discrete tax benefit of $4.3 million attributable to the release of a valuation allowance.

The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2026, included a $33.7 million discrete benefit for a change in a foreign tax rate. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2025, included a $12.0 million discrete benefit for additional recoverable basis in foreign jurisdictions, a $4.3 million discrete benefit attributable to the release of a valuation allowance, and a $11.0 million discrete benefit attributable related to withholding tax refunds on foreign royalties.

13. SEGMENT INFORMATION

We manage our business undertwo reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. Our President and Chief Executive Officer serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and is responsible for reviewing segment performance and making decisions regarding resource allocation. In addition to revenue, our CODM regularly reviews cost of sales, production taxes and depletion for each of our reportable segments. Royal Gold's long-lived assets (stream and royalty interests, net) are geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands):

Our reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance are shown below (amounts in thousands):

(1)Excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization.

(2)Depletion amounts are included within Depreciation, depletion and amortization on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

A reconciliation of total segment gross profit to the consolidated Income before income taxes is shown below (amounts in thousands):

Our revenue by reportable segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, is geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands):

14. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, we utilize a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;

Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques requiring inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity).

The following table sets forth our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually) by level within the fair value hierarchy.

(1)Included in Marketable securities on our consolidated balance sheets.

The carrying value of our revolving credit facility (Note 6) approximates fair value as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 and is measured using Level 2 inputs.

The fair value of the convertible debt securities due from Bear Creek at December 31, 2025 was determined using binomial lattice models based on the contractual terms and relevant inputs including the risk free interest rate, the USD to CAD currency swap rate, expected dividend yield, expected volatility and the discount yield which are observable in active markets. The use of reasonably possible alternative assumptions would not significantly impact our results.

As of June 30, 2026, we had assets that, under certain conditions, are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis like those associated with stream and royalty interests, equity method investments and other long-lived assets. For these assets, measurement at fair value in periods subsequent to their initial recognition is applicable if any of these assets are determined to be impaired. If recognition of these assets at their fair value becomes necessary, such measurements will be determined utilizing Level 3 inputs.

15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Warintza Project Conditional Funding

On April 14, 2026, after the technical approval ofthe environmental impact assessment and publication of a pre-feasibility study for the Warintza project, we advanced Solaris Resources, Inc. (“Solaris”) $50 million of the $100 million outstanding conditional funding. The $50 million advance was recorded as a development stage stream interest and included within Stream and royalty interests, net in the consolidated balance sheets. The remaining $50 million payable to Solaris is subject to the completion of all filings necessary to perfect security in Ecuador, which is underway, and payment is anticipated in the third or fourth quarter of 2026.

Ilovica Gold Stream Acquisition

As of June 30, 2026, our conditional funding schedule of $163.75 million, as part of the Ilovica gold stream acquisition entered into in October 2014, remains subject to certain conditions.