PFIZER INC

Note 2. Acquisitions, Divestitures, Equity-Method Investments, Collaborative Arrangements, Research and Development Arrangements and In-Licensing Arrangements

A. Acquisitions

Metsera––On November 13, 2025, we acquired Metsera, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company accelerating the next generation of medicines for obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, for $65.60 per share in cash plus a contingent value right (CVR) of up to $20.65 per share in potential additional payments (up to $2.3 billion) tied to the achievement ofthree specified milestones: $4.60 per share following the Phase 3 clinical trial start of Metsera’s injectable GLP-1 receptor antagonist MET-097i+amylin analog MET-233i combination, $6.40 per share following FDA approval of Metsera’s monthly MET-097i monotherapy and $9.65 per share following FDA approval of Metsera’s monthly MET-097i+MET-233i combination. The total fair value of the consideration transferred was $8.0 billion ($7.8 billion net of cash acquired), which includes the fair value of $632 million for the noncash CVRs and $475 million for employee stock awards related to pre-acquisition service. In addition, $129 million in post-closing compensation expense for Metsera employee incentive awards was recorded in Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs.

In connection with this business combination, we provisionally recorded: (i) $8.0 billion ofidentifiable intangible assets, net, consisting of IPR&D, (ii) $2.2 billion of Goodwill, (iii) $1.7 billion of net deferred tax liabilities, and (iv) $635 million of contingent consideration liability assumed from Metsera. Goodwill resulted primarily from the recognition of deferred tax liabilities, is related to our Biopharma segment (see Note 10) and is not deductible for tax purposes. The contingent consideration liability was recorded at fair value and relates to Metsera’s 2023 acquisition of Zihipp Ltd (Zihipp). As a part of that transaction, the former Zihipp shareholders are entitled to future potential development, regulatory and commercialization milestones, along with low-single digit royalties on net product sales on the MET-097i and MET-233i product candidates. The allocation of the consideration transferred to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed has not yet been finalized.

Pro forma information has not been presented because this acquisition is not material to our consolidated financial statements.

Seagen––On December 14, 2023 (the acquisition date), we acquired Seagen, a global biotechnology company that discovers, develops and commercializes transformative cancer medicines, for $229 per share in cash. The total fair value of the consideration transferred was $44.2 billion ($43.4 billion, net of cash acquired). In addition, in connection with the acquisition, $476 million in post-closing compensation expense for Seagen employee incentive awards was recorded in Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs (see Note 3).

Seagen’s principal business was the development, manufacture, marketing and distribution of targeted cancer therapeutics, primarily using ADC technology. Seagen’s portfolio includes four approved medicines as well as a pipeline of product candidates. We believe our acquisition of Seagen will strengthen our oncology capabilities by allowing us to combine Seagen’s ADC technology with the resources and scale of the Pfizer enterprise and to advance more potential breakthroughs to patients with cancer.

The final allocation of the consideration transferred to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed has been completed and is summarized in the following table:

(a)Includes cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued compensation and other current liabilities.

(b)Comprised of $1.1 billion current inventories and $2.1 billion noncurrent inventories.

(c)Comprised mainly of $7.5 billion of finite-lived developed technology rights with an estimated weighted-average life of approximately 18 years.

(d)Included primarily in Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities.

As of the acquisition date, the fair value of accounts receivable approximated the book value acquired. The gross contractual amount receivable was $597 million.

In the ordinary course of business, Seagen may incur liabilities for environmental, legal and tax matters, as well as guarantees and indemnifications. These matters may include contingencies. Except as specifically excluded by the relevant accounting standard, contingencies are required to be measured at fair value as of the acquisition date if the acquisition-date fair value of the asset or liability arising from a contingency can be determined. If the acquisition-date fair value of the asset or liability cannot be determined, the asset or liability would be recognized at the acquisition date if both of the following criteria are met: (i) it is probable that an asset existed or that a liability had been incurred at the acquisition date, and (ii) the amount of the asset or liability can be reasonably estimated.

•Environmental Matters—In the ordinary course of business, Seagen may incur liabilities for environmental matters such as remediation work, asset retirement obligations and environmental guarantees and indemnifications.

•Legal Matters—Seagen is involved in various legal proceedings, including patent, intellectual property, and product liability matters of a nature considered normal to its business. The contingencies arising from legal matters are not significant to our consolidated financial statements.

•Tax Matters—In the ordinary course of business, Seagen incurs liabilities for income taxes. Income taxes are exceptions to both the recognition and fair value measurement principles associated with the accounting for business combinations. Reserves for income tax contingencies continue to be measured under the benefit recognition model. Net liabilities for income taxes as of the acquisition date were $4.8 billion, including $48 million for uncertain tax positions. The net tax liability includes $6.3 billion for the tax impact of fair value adjustments, partially offset by $1.5 billion for deferred tax assets on which Seagen had recognized a valuation allowance.

Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Specifically, the goodwill recorded as part of the acquisition of Seagen includes the following:

•the expected specific synergies and other benefits that we believe will result from combining the operations of Seagen with the operations of Pfizer;

•any intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition, as well as future, as yet unidentified projects and products; and

•the value of the going-concern element of Seagen’s existing businesses (the higher rate of return on the assembled collection of net assets versus if Pfizer had acquired all of the net assets separately).

Goodwill is not amortized and is not deductible for tax purposes. All of the goodwill related to the acquisition of Seagen is related to our Biopharma segment (see Note 10).

Actual and Pro Forma Impact of Acquisition—The following table presents information for Seagen’s operations that are included in Pfizer’s consolidated statements of operations beginning from the acquisition date, December 14, 2023, through Pfizer’s year-end in 2023:

(a)Includes restructuring, integration and acquisition-related costs ($614 million pre-tax) and purchase accounting charges related to (i) the fair value adjustment for acquisition-date inventory estimated to have been sold ($109 million pre-tax); (ii) amortization expense related to the fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired from Seagen ($25 million pre-tax); as well as (iii) depreciation expense related to the fair value adjustment of fixed assets acquired from Seagen ($2 million pre-tax).

The following table provides unaudited U.S. GAAP supplemental pro forma information as if the acquisition of Seagen had occurred on January 1, 2022:

The unaudited supplemental pro forma consolidated results do not purport to reflect what the combined company’s results of operations would have been had the acquisition occurred on January 1, 2022, nor do they project the future results of operations of the combined company or reflect the expected realization of any cost savings associated with the acquisition. The actual results of operations of the combined company may differ significantly from the pro forma information reflected here due to many factors.

The unaudited supplemental pro forma financial information includes various assumptions, including those related to the purchase price allocation of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed from Seagen. The historical U.S. GAAP financial information of Pfizer and Seagen was adjusted, primarily for the following pre-tax adjustments for the year ended December 31, 2023:

•Additional amortization expense of approximately $553 million related to the fair value of identifiable intangible assets acquired.

•Additional expense related to the fair value adjustment to acquisition-date inventory estimated to have been sold of approximately $755 million.

•Additional estimated interest expense of approximately $984 million related to the debt issued by Pfizer and the commercial paper borrowings to partially finance the acquisition.

•Elimination of interest income of approximately $1.2 billion related to the debt issuance proceeds that were invested prior to the acquisition date and associated with money market funds under the assumption that a portion of these funds would have been liquidated to partially finance the acquisition.

The above adjustments were then adjusted for the applicable tax impact using an estimated weighted-average statutory tax rate applied to the applicable pro forma adjustments.

The acquisition of Seagen had no impact on Pfizer’s weighted-average shares asno shares were issued.

B. Divestitures

Divestiture of Early-Stage Rare Disease Gene Therapy Portfolio––On September 19, 2023, we completed an agreement with Alexion, under which Alexion purchased and licensed the assets of our early-stage rare disease gene therapy portfolio. Under the terms of the agreement, Alexion will pay us total consideration of up to $1 billion, consisting of an upfront payment of $300 million which was paid at closing and future contingent milestone payments, plus tiered royalties based on annual net sales of the assets. In connection with the closing of the transaction, Pfizer recognized a $222 million pre-tax gain in Other (income)/deductions––net (see Note 4).

Upjohn Separation and Combination with Mylan––In connection with the 2020 spin-off and the combination of the Upjohn Business with Mylan to form Viatris, Pfizer and Viatris entered into various agreements, including a separation and distribution agreement, interim operating models, including agency arrangements, MSAs, TSAs, a tax matters agreement, and an employee matters agreement, among others. The interim agency operating model arrangements primarily include billings, collections and remittance of rebates that we are performing on a transitional basis on behalf of Viatris. Under the MSAs, Pfizer or Viatris, as the case may be, manufactures, labels and packages products for the other party. The terms of the MSAs range in initial duration from four toseven years post-separation. Services under the TSAs were largely completed as of December 31, 2023. Amounts recorded under the above agreements in 2025, 2024 and 2023 were not material to our operations. Net amounts due to Viatris under the above agreements were $179 million as of December 31, 2025 and $105 million as of December 31, 2024. The cash flows associated with the above agreements are included in Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities.

C. Equity-Method Investments

Haleon––Haleon, is an independent, publicly traded company listed on the London Stock Exchange that holds the joint historical consumer healthcare business of GSK and Pfizer. We owned 32% of Haleon as of December 31, 2023. In March 2024, we sold approximately 30% of our investment in Haleon through the sale of 791 million ordinary shares in a global public offering, and the sale of 102 million ordinary shares directly to Haleon, for $3.5 billion. In October 2024, we sold approximately 34% of our remaining investment in Haleon through the sale of 640 million ordinary shares in a global public offering, and the sale of 61 million ordinary shares directly to Haleon, for $3.5 billion. We recognized total gains on these sales of our Haleon shares of $945 million during 2024 in Other (income)/deductions––net (see Note 4). After the October 2024 share sale, we owned approximately 15% of the outstanding voting shares of Haleon as of December 31, 2024. We sold the remaining portion of our investment in Haleon for $6.3 billion and recognized a net loss on the sale of $144 million in the first quarter of 2025 in Other (income)/deductions––net.

Through the third quarter of 2024, we accounted for our Haleon investment under the equity method and recorded our share of earnings from Haleon on a quarterly basis on a one-quarter lag in Other (income)/deductions––net. As Haleon was a foreign investee whose reporting currency is the U.K. pound, we translated its financial statements into U.S. dollars and recognized the impact of foreign currency translation adjustments in the carrying value of our investment and in other comprehensive income. With the reduction in our Haleon ownership percentage and board representation after the October 2024 sale, we no longer had the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of Haleon. As a result, we discontinued the application of the equity method to our Haleon investment, and began to account for the investment as an equity security with a readily determinable fair value, which was carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in Other (income)/deductions––net, until its disposition in the first quarter of 2025. See Note 4.

(a)See Note 6.

(b)Included in Other (income)/deductions––net.

(c)Adjustments include (i) the impact of Haleon’s brand divestitures and impairments of intangible assets and (ii) changes in Haleon’s tax rates on intangible asset-related deferred tax liabilities.

(d)Includes (i) a decrease of $91 million recorded in the second quarter of 2024 for Pfizer’s share of an investee capital transaction recognized by Haleon for treasury stock Haleon purchased in the first quarter of 2024 and (ii) an increase of $46 million recorded in the third quarter of 2024 for the impact of the reduction in Pfizer’s ownership from approximately 32% to approximately 23% as applied to dividends with a record date in the first quarter of 2024, which were recognized in Haleon’s second quarter 2024 financial statements.

(e)Activity primarily represents foreign currency translation balances in accumulated other comprehensive income related to the equity-method investment in Haleon that were reclassified into equity-method investments upon our loss of significant influence over Haleon and our discontinuance of the equity method for the Haleon investment.

(f)The final carrying value of our equity-method investment in Haleon was reclassified to Short-term investments and was accounted for as an equity investment with a readily determinable fair value, until its disposition in the first quarter of 2025.

Investment in ViiV––In 2009, we and GSK created ViiV, which is focused on research, development and commercialization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) medicines. We own approximately 11.7% of ViiV, and prior to 2016 we accounted for our investment under the equity method due to the significant influence that we have over the operations of ViiV through our board representation and minority veto rights. We suspended application of the equity method to our investment in ViiV in 2016 when the carrying value of our investment was reduced tozero due to the recognition of cumulative equity-method losses and dividends, and therefore we no longer record our proportionate share of ViiV’s net income (loss) in our results of operations. Since 2016, we have recognized dividends from ViiV as income in Other (income)/deductions––net when earned, including dividends of $265 million in 2025, $272 million in 2024 and $265 million in 2023 (see

Note 4).

D. Collaborative Arrangements

We enter into collaborative arrangements with respect to in-line medicines, as well as medicines in development that require completion of research and regulatory approval. Collaborative arrangements are contractual agreements with third parties that involve a joint operating activity, typically a research and/or commercialization effort, where both we and our partner are active participants in the activity and are exposed to the significant risks and rewards of the activity. Our rights and obligations under our collaborative arrangements vary. For example, we have agreements to co-promote pharmaceutical products discovered by us or other companies, and we have agreements where we partner to co-develop and/or participate together in commercializing, marketing, promoting, manufacturing and/or distributing a drug product or vaccine.

Summarized Financial Information for Collaborative Arrangements

(a)Represents sales to our partners of products manufactured by us.

(b)Substantially all relates to amounts earned from our partners under co-promotion agreements.

(c)Primarily relates to royalties from our collaboration partners.

(d)Primarily relates to amounts paid to collaboration partners for their share of net sales or profits earned in collaboration arrangements where we are the principal in the transaction, and cost of sales for inventory purchased from our partners.

(e)Represents net reimbursements to our partners for SI&A expenses incurred.

(f)Represents net reimbursements from our partners for R&D expenses incurred.

The amounts outlined in the above table do not include transactions with third parties other than our collaboration partners, or other costs for the products under the collaborative arrangements.

E. Research and Development Arrangements

Research and Development Funding Arrangement with Abingworth––In September 2025, we entered into an arrangement with Abingworth under which we will receive up to a total of $200 million in 2025 through 2027 to co-fund our quarterly development costs for specified treatments. As there is substantive transfer of risk to the financial partner, the development funding is recognized by us as an obligation to perform contractual services. We are recognizing the funding as a reduction of Research and development expenses using an attribution model over the period of the related expenses. The reduction to Research and development expenses in 2025 was $54 million. If successful, upon regulatory approval in the U.S. for the indication based on the applicable clinical trial, Abingworth will be eligible to receive an approval-based fixed milestone payment of up to $120 million payable to Abingworth over a period of approximately eighteen months. Following potential regulatory approval, Abingworth will be eligible to receive a combination of fixed milestone payments of up to $280 million in total based on achievement of certain levels of cumulative applicable net sales and payable to Abingworth over a period of approximatelyone year, as well as royalties based on mid-single digit percentage of the applicable net sales.

Research and Development Funding Arrangement with Blackstone––In March 2025, we entered into an arrangement with Blackstone under which we will receive up to a total of $326 million in 2025 through 2028 to co-fund our quarterly development costs for specified treatments. As there is substantive transfer of risk to the financial partner, the development funding is recognized by us as an obligation to perform contractual services. We are recognizing the funding as a reduction of Research and development expenses using an attribution model over the period of the related expenses. The reduction to Research and development expenses in 2025 was $102 million. If successful, upon regulatory approval in the U.S. or certain major markets in the EU for the indications based on the applicable clinical trials, Blackstone will be eligible to receive approval-based fixed milestone payments of up to $277 million payable to Blackstone over a period ofone tothree years. Following potential regulatory approval, Blackstone will be eligible to receive a combination of fixed milestone payments of up to $897 million in total based on achievement of certain levels of cumulative applicable net sales and payable to Blackstone over a period offive toseven years.

For both of the above arrangements, the net present value of the approval-based milestone payments and sales-based milestone payments will be recorded as intangible assets and amortized to Amortization of intangible assets over the shorter of the term of the agreement or estimated commercial life of the product. Accretion of interest on the liabilities will be recognized as interest expense in Other(income)/deductions––net.

Research and Development Funding Arrangement with Blackstone––In April 2023, we entered into an arrangement with Blackstone under which we will receive up to a total of $550 million in 2023 through 2026 to co-fund our quarterly development costs for specified treatments. As there is substantive transfer of risk to the financial partner, the development funding is recognized by us as an obligation to perform contractual services. We are recognizing the funding as a reduction of Research and development expenses using an attribution model over the period of the related expenses. The reduction to Research and development expenses in 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $57 million, $135 million and $175 million, respectively. If successful, upon regulatory approval in the U.S. or certain major markets in the EU for the indications based on the applicable clinical trials, Blackstone will be eligible to receive approval-based fixed milestone payments of up to $468 million contingent upon the successful results of the clinical trials. Fixed milestone payments due upon approval will be recorded as intangible assets and amortized to Amortization of intangible assets over the shorter of the term of the agreement or estimated commercial life of the product. Following potential regulatory approval, Blackstone will be eligible to receive a combination of fixed milestone payments of up to $550 million in total based on achievement of certain levels of cumulative applicable net sales, as well as royalties based on a mid-to-high single digit percentage of the applicable net sales. Fixed sales-based milestone payments will be recorded as intangible assets and amortized to Amortization of intangible assets over the shorter of the term of the agreement or estimated commercial life of the product, and royalties on net sales will be recorded as Cost of sales when incurred.

F. In-Licensing Arrangements

In-Licensing Arrangement with YaoPharma––In December 2025, we entered into an exclusive global collaboration and in-license agreement with YaoPharma, a leading innovation-driven global healthcare company, for the development, manufacturing and commercialization of YP05002, a small molecule glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist currently in Phase 1 development for chronic weight management. Under the terms of the agreement, YaoPharma will complete an ongoing YP05002 Phase 1 clinical trial and grants Pfizer an exclusive license to further develop, manufacture and commercialize YP05002 worldwide. YaoPharma received an upfront payment of $150 million and is eligible to receive milestone payments associated with certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones up to $1.935 billion, as well as tiered royalties on sales, if approved.

In-Licensing Arrangement with 3SBio––In July 2025, we completed an exclusive global, ex-China, in-licensing agreement with 3SBio, a leading Chinese biopharmaceutical company, for the development, manufacturing and commercialization of SSGJ-707/PF-08634404, a bispecific antibody targeting PD-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor, currently undergoing several clinical trials in China. Under the terms of the agreement, 3SBio received an upfront payment of $1.25 billion and is eligible to receive milestone payments associated with certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones up to $4.8 billion as well as tiered double-digit royalties on sales of SSGJ-707/PF-08634404, if approved. Additionally, the agreement provides Pfizer the option to extend the license to include exclusive development and commercialization rights to SSGJ-707/PF-08634404 in China. In exchange for the option to the exclusive rights in China, we made an upfront payment to 3SBio of $100 million and, in the event the option is exercised, we would pay an option exercise fee of up to $50 million depending on future events. In connection with this transaction, we recorded a $1.35 billion charge in the third quarter of 2025 in Acquired in-process research and development expenses and presented it as a cash outflow from operating activities. We also made a $100 million equity investment in 3SBio.

Note 3. Restructuring Charges and Other Costs Associated with Acquisitions and Cost-Reduction/Productivity Initiatives

A. Realigning Our Cost Base Program

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we announced that we launched a multi-year, enterprise-wide cost realignment program that aims to realign our costs with our longer-term revenue expectations. In the second quarter of 2025, we identified additional productivity opportunities to further reduce costs primarily in SI&A, driven in large part by enhanced digital enablement, including automation and AI, and simplification of business processes.

We expect costs associated with these components of the program to be incurred through 2027 and to total approximately $4.7 billion, representing primarily cash expenditures for severance, implementation, exit, and digital enablement costs, as well as non-cash asset write downs of which $3.1 billion is associated with our Biopharma segment.

Additionally, in connection with our efforts to simplify the structure and sharpen the focus of our R&D organization, in the first quarter of 2025, we expanded this program after having identified additional opportunities to drive improvements in productivity and operational efficiencies through enhanced digital enablement, including automation and AI, and simplification of business processes. We expect costs to implement these initiatives to be incurred through 2026 and to total approximately $600 million, primarily representing cash expenditures for severance, digital enablement and implementation, all of which is associated with our Biopharma segment. The majority of these costs were recorded in 2025, with cash outlays expected primarily in 2025 and 2026.

We expect costs associated with all the components of this program to total approximately $5.3 billion of which $3.7 billion is associated with the Biopharma segment.

From the start of this program through December 31, 2025, we incurred total costs of $4.2 billion, of which $3.2 billion is associated with our Biopharma segment (including $2.9 billion of restructuring charges).

B. Manufacturing Optimization Program

In the second quarter of 2024, we announced that we launched a multi-year, multi-phased program to reduce our costs of goods sold, which includes operational efficiencies, network structure changes, and product portfolio enhancements. The first phase of this program is primarily focused on operational efficiencies, and we expect costs for this first phase to total approximately $1.4 billion, primarily representing cash expenditures for severance and implementation costs, all of which is associated with our Biopharma segment. From the start of this program through December 31, 2025, we incurred costs of $1.1 billion (including $875 million of restructuring charges). These costs were recorded primarily through 2025, with cash outlays expected primarily through 2026.

C. Key Activities

(a)Primarily represents cost-reduction initiatives. Amounts associated with our Biopharma segment: (i) charges of $691 million for 2025 (including charges of $920 million for our Realigning our Cost Base Program and credits of $288 million for our Manufacturing Optimization Program), (ii) charges of $1.8 billion for 2024 (including charges of $1.2 billion our Manufacturing Optimization Program and charges of $571 million for our Realigning our Cost Base Program) and (iii) charges of $1.5 billion for 2023 (including charges of $1.4 billion for our Realigning our Cost Base Program and charges of $3 million for our Transforming to a More Focused Company program, that we have substantially completed). For 2025 and 2024, Employee terminations include revisions of estimates of previously recorded accruals for severance benefits, driven in large part by higher-than-expected voluntary attrition.

(b)Represents external costs for banking, legal, accounting and other similar services.

(c)Represents external, incremental costs directly related to integrating acquired businesses, such as expenditures for consulting and the integration of systems and processes, and certain other qualifying costs. 2023 costs mostly relate to our acquisition of Seagen, including $476 million that was recognized as a post-closing compensation expense for payments to Seagen employees in the fourth quarter of 2023 for the fair value of long-term incentive awards that vested upon closing and the expense for employee incentive awards issued in contemplation of the merger. See Note 2A.

(d)Represents the impact of changes in the estimated useful lives of assets involved in restructuring actions.

(e)Represents incremental costs directly related to implementing our non-acquisition-related cost-reduction/productivity initiatives.

(a)Other activity includes adjustments for foreign currency translation that are not material to our consolidated financial statements.

(b)Included in Other current liabilities ($1.7 billion) and Other noncurrent liabilities ($437 million).

(c)Included in Other current liabilities($1.4 billion) and Other noncurrent liabilities($466 million).

Note 4. Other (Income)/Deductions—Net

(a)Capitalized interest totaled $166 million in 2025, $182 million in 2024 and $160 million in 2023.

(b)2024 net gains primarily included, among other things, an unrealized gain of $1.0 billion related to our previous investment in Haleon, which was carried at fair value at December 31, 2024 (see Note 2C). 2023 net gains primarily included, among other things, a realized gain of $1.7 billion related to our investment in Telavant Holdings, Inc. and unrealized gains of $297 million related to our investment in Cerevel Therapeutics Holdings, Inc., partially offset by unrealized losses of $292 million related to our investment in BioNTech.

(c)2025 primarily includes certain product liability and other legal expenses related to products discontinued and/or divested by Pfizer. 2024 primarily included certain product liability expenses related to products discontinued and/or divested by Pfizer. 2023 primarily included certain product liability and other legal expenses related to products discontinued and/or divested by Pfizer and legal obligations related to pre-acquisition matters.

(d)The amount for 2025 represents intangible asset impairment charges, associated with our Biopharma segment, primarily due to changes in development plans and updated long-range commercial forecasts, composed of: (i) $3.9 billion in impairments of IPR&D assets primarily including $1.6 billion for disitamab vedotin, $820 million for Tukysa (tucatinib) and $820 million for osivelotor, and (ii) $1.0 billion in impairments primarily for certain U.S. sterile injectable and hospital products. The amount for 2024 primarily represented intangible asset impairment charges, and included $2.9 billion associated with our Biopharma segment, due to changes in development plans and updated long-range commercial forecasts, primarily composed of: (i) $1.0 billion for B7H4V (felmetatug vedotin), a Phase 1 IPR&D asset, (ii) $475 million for Medrol, a finite-lived brand, (iii) $435 million for Zavzpret nasal spray developed technology rights, (iv) $400 million and $200 million for Tukysa and disitamab vedotin, respectively, IPR&D assets reflecting emerging competition, as well as (v) other developed technology rights, IPR&D impairments and a finite-lived licensing agreement totaling $436 million which also included de-prioritization of certain assets. The amount for 2023 primarily represented intangible asset impairment charges of $3.0 billion, of which $2.9 billion was associated with our Biopharma segment, including: (i) $1.4 billion for etrasimod (Velsipity) IPR&D, based on a change in development plans for additional indications and overall revenue expectations, (ii) $964 million for Prevnar 13 developed technology rights due to updated commercial forecasts mainly reflecting a transition to vaccines with higher serotype coverage, as well as (iii) $486 million for various other IPR&D assets and developed technology rights, due to updated commercial forecasts mainly reflecting competitive pressures and/or prioritization decisions.

(e)See Note 2C.

(f)The amount for 2025 includes, among other things, dividend income of $265 million from our investment in ViiV. The amount for 2024 primarily included, among other things, (i) gains of $945 million on the partial sales of our previous investment in Haleon in March and October 2024, (ii) dividend income of $272 million from our investment in ViiV and (iii) a charge of $420 million recorded in the third quarter related to the expected sale of one of our facilities resulting from the discontinuation of our DMD program. 2023 included, among other things, (i) dividend income of $265 million from our investment in ViiV and $211 million from our investment in Nimbus resulting from Takeda’s acquisition of Nimbus’s oral, selective allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitor program subsidiary and (ii) a $222 million gain on the divestiture of our early-stage rare disease gene therapy portfolio to Alexion.

(a)The fair value amounts reflect the remaining fair value for the assets that have been impaired as of the date of impairment, as these assets are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis. See also Note 1E.

(b)Reflects intangible assets written down to fair value in 2025. Fair value was determined using the income approach, specifically the multi-period excess earnings method, also known as the discounted cash flow method. We started with a forecast of all the expected net cash flows for the asset and then applied an asset-specific discount rate to arrive at a net present value amount. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include: the amount and timing of the projected net cash flows, which includes the expected impact of competitive, legal and/or regulatory forces on the product; and assumptions about the probability of technical and regulatory success (PTRS) of ongoing clinical trials, the discount rate, which seeks to reflect the various risks inherent in the projected cash flows; and the tax rate, which seeks to incorporate the geographic diversity of the projected cash flows.

For additional information on identifiable intangible assets, see Note 10.

Note 5. Tax Matters

As a result of the prospective adoption of ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09), certain tables are presented in a different format not comparable to prior year disclosures, and certain data contained within the tables may be presented differently than in prior years.

A. Taxes on Income from Continuing Operations

(a)2025 v. 2024––The domestic income in 2025 versus the domestic loss in 2024 is primarily attributable to a reduction in operating expenses and restructuring charges, partially offset by higher asset impairment and legal charges. The decrease in the international income in 2025 versus international income in 2024 is primarily attributable to higher asset impairment charges. For 2025, the data in this table conforms to the updated income tax disclosure guidance in accordance with ASU 2023-09.

(b)2024 v. 2023––The reduction in the domestic loss in 2024 versus the domestic loss in 2023 is primarily attributable to increased revenues offset by higher restructuring charges and asset impairment charges. The increase in the international income is primarily attributable to lower: Cost of Sales, Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costsand asset impairment charges.

The changes in Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income impacting the effective tax rate year-over-year are summarized below:

The tax benefit of $266 million for 2025 compared to the tax benefit of $28 million for 2024 was primarily due to a favorable change in the jurisdictional mix of earnings, tax benefits related to global income tax resolutions in multiple tax jurisdictions spanning multiple tax years, and the remeasurement of deferred tax liabilities due to the enactment of the OBBBA on July 4, 2025.

2024 v. 2023

The tax benefit of $28 million for 2024 compared to the tax benefit of $1.1 billion for 2023 was primarily a result of changes in the jurisdictional mix of earnings partially offset by a tax benefit related to the Transition Tax liability under the TCJA.

In all years, federal, state and international net tax liabilities assumed or established as part of a business acquisition are not included in Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income (see Note 2A).

We elected, with the filing of our 2018 U.S. Federal Consolidated Income Tax Return, to pay our initial estimated $15 billion repatriation tax liability on accumulated post-1986 foreign earnings (Transition Tax liability) over eight years through 2026. The seventh annual installment was paid by its April 15, 2025 due date. The eighth and final annual installment is due April 15, 2026 and is reported in current Income taxes payableas of December 31, 2025. Our obligations may vary due to the availability of attributes such as foreign tax and other credit carryforwards or carrybacks.

B. Tax Rate Reconciliation

(a)Primarily comprises items which, individually, do not require separate disclosure pursuant to guidance provided in ASU 2023-09.

(b)State taxes in California, Kentucky and Tennessee make up the majority of the tax effect in this category.

(c)We have tax incentives pursuant to a grant that expires during 2053. Under such grant, we are partially exempt from income, property and municipal taxes.

(d)We have grants and incentive tax rates effective through 2048 on income from manufacturing and other operations.

^ The higher rate percentages for the 2023 reconciling items are significantly impacted by the lower domestic and international Income from continuing operations before provision/(benefit) for taxes on income (see Note 5A).

(a)For taxation of non-U.S. operations, this rate impact reflects the income tax rates and relative earnings in the locations where we do business outside the U.S., together with the U.S. tax cost on our international operations, changes in uncertain tax positions not included in the reconciling item called “Tax settlements and resolution of certain tax positions,” as well as changes in valuation allowances. Specifically: (i) the jurisdictional location of earnings is a significant component of our effective tax rate each year, and the rate impact of this component is influenced by the specific location of non-U.S. earnings and the level of such earnings as compared to our total earnings; (ii) the U.S. tax implications of our foreign operations is a significant component of our effective tax rate each year and generally offsets some of the reduction to our effective tax rate each year resulting from the jurisdictional location of earnings; (iii) the impact of certain tax initiatives; and (iv) the impact of changes in uncertain tax positions not included in the reconciling item called “Tax settlements and resolution of certain tax positions” is a component of our effective tax rate each year that can result in either an increase or decrease to our effective tax rate. The jurisdictional mix of earnings, which includes the impact of the location of earnings as well as the U.S. tax cost on our international operations, can vary as a result of operating fluctuations in the normal course of business and as a result of the extent and location of other income and expense items, such as restructuring charges, asset impairments and gains and losses on strategic business decisions. See also Note 5A for the components of pre-tax income and Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income, which is based on the location of the taxing authorities, and for information about settlements and other items impacting Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income.

(b)In both years, the reduction in our effective tax rate is a result of the jurisdictional location of earnings and is largely due to lower tax rates in certain jurisdictions, as well as manufacturing and other incentives for our subsidiaries in Singapore and, to a lesser extent, in Puerto Rico. We have Puerto Rican tax incentives pursuant to a grant that expires during 2053. Under such grant, we are partially exempt from income, property and municipal taxes. In Singapore, we have incentive tax rates effective through 2048 on income from manufacturing and other operations.

(c)See Note 5A.

(d)Includes the impact of U.S. state and local taxes and changes in the state valuation allowances including those related to the acquisition of Seagen.

(e)Includes changes in interest related to our uncertain tax positions not included in the reconciling item called “Tax settlements and resolution of certain tax positions”.

(f)All other, net is primarily due to routine business operations.

C. Deferred Taxes

^ The deferred tax assets and liabilities associated with GILTI (NCTI) are included in the relevant categories. See Note 1Q.

(a)The decrease in net deferred tax liabilities in 2025 is primarily due to the amortization of intangible assets and certain impairment charges, partially offset by the acquisition of intangible assets related to Metsera. See Note 2A.

(b)The amounts in 2025 and 2024 are reduced for unrecognized tax benefits of $636 million and $575 million, respectively, where we have net operating loss carryforwards, similar tax losses, and/or tax credit carryforwards that are available, under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction, to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position.

(c)The increase in net deferred tax assets in 2025 is primarily due to the sale of our remaining investment in Haleon. See Note 2C.

(d)In 2025, Noncurrent deferred tax assets and other noncurrent tax assets ($7.4 billion), and Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities ($2.4 billion). In 2024, Noncurrent deferred tax assets and other noncurrent tax assets ($6.6 billion), and Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities ($2.1 billion).

(e)Excludes indefinite- and definite-lived deferred tax assets for certain non-U.S. tax losses and interest carryforwards and U.S. state general business credits, totaling $9.9 billion and $11.3 billion for 2025 and 2024 respectively, given that management has determined based on applicable accounting rules that it is remote that these tax attributes will be utilized. In 2025, the elimination of certain legal entities resulted in the loss of attributes.

We have carryforwards, primarily related to net operating and capital losses, general business credits, foreign tax credits and charitable contributions, which are available to reduce future U.S. federal and/or state, as well as international, income taxes payable with either an indefinite life or expiring at various times from 2026 to 2045. Certain of our U.S. net operating losses and general business credits are subject to limitations under IRC Section 382.

As of December 31, 2025, we have not made a U.S. tax provision on $58.8 billion of unremitted earnings of our international subsidiaries. As these earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested overseas, the determination of a hypothetical unrecognized deferred tax liability as of December 31, 2025 is not practicable. The amount of indefinitely reinvested earnings is based on estimates and assumptions and subject to management evaluation, and is subject to change in the normal course of business based on operational cash flow, completion of local statutory financial statements and the finalization of tax returns and audits, among other things. Accordingly, we regularly update our earnings and profits analysis for such events.

D. Tax Contingencies

For a description of our accounting policies associated with accounting for income tax contingencies, see Note 1Q.

Uncertain Tax Positions

As tax law is complex and often subject to varied interpretations, it is uncertain whether some of our tax positions will be sustained upon audit. As of December 31, 2025, we had $2.2 billion and as of December 31, 2024, we had $2.0 billion in net unrecognized tax benefits, excluding associated interest.

•Tax assets for uncertain tax positions represent our estimate of the potential tax benefits in one tax jurisdiction that could result from the payment of income taxes in another tax jurisdiction. These potential benefits generally result from cooperative efforts among taxing authorities, as required by tax treaties to minimize double taxation, commonly referred to as the competent authority process. The recoverability of these assets, which we believe to be more likely than not, is dependent upon the actual payment of taxes in one tax jurisdiction and, in some cases, the successful petition for recovery in another tax jurisdiction. In 2025 and in 2024, tax assets for uncertain tax positions also include the filing of an amended income tax return relating to the Transition Tax liability under the TCJA. As of December 31, 2025, and 2024, we had $2.5 billion in assets associated with uncertain tax positions mainly included in Noncurrent deferred tax assets and other noncurrent tax assets.

•The majority of these unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would impact our effective income tax rate.

(a)Primarily included in Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income.

(b)In 2024, the amount includes a gross unrecognized tax benefit associated with the filing of an amended income tax return related to the Transition Tax liability under the TCJA.

(c)In 2024, the amount primarily related to effectively settling certain issues with the U.S. and foreign tax authorities. See Note 5A.

(d)Primarily related to cash payments and reductions of tax attributes.

(e)Primarily related to decreases as a result of a lapse of applicable statutes of limitations.

(f)In 2025, included in Income taxes payable ($5 million), Other current assets ($5 million), Noncurrent deferred tax assets and other noncurrent tax assets ($1.6 billion), Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities ($58 million) and Other taxes payable ($3.0 billion). In 2024, included in Income taxes payable ($103 million), Other current assets ($0.4 million), Noncurrent deferred tax assets and other noncurrent tax assets ($1.5 billion), Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities ($3 million) and Other taxes payable ($2.9 billion).

•Interest and penalties related to our unrecognized tax benefits are recorded in accordance with the laws of each jurisdiction and are recorded primarily in Provision/(benefit) for taxes on income. In 2025, we recorded a net increase in interest of $40 million. In 2024, we recorded a net increase in interest of $91 million. In 2023, we recorded a net increase in interest of $64 million. Gross accrued interest totaled $681 million as of December 31, 2025 (reflecting a decrease of $1 million as a result of cash payments) and gross accrued interest totaled $636 million as of December 31, 2024 (reflecting a decrease of $56 million as a result of cash payments). In 2025 and 2024, these amounts were substantially all included in Other taxes payable. Accrued penalties are not significant. See also Note 5A.

Status of Tax Matters

The U.S. is one of our major tax jurisdictions, and we are regularly audited by the IRS. Tax years 2019-2022 are under audit. Tax years 2023-2025 are open but not under audit. All other tax years are closed. In addition to the open audit years in the U.S., we have open audit years and certain related audits, appeals and investigations in certain major international tax jurisdictions such as Canada (2017-2025), Europe (2016-2025, primarily in Ireland, the U.K., France, Italy, Spain and Germany), Asia Pacific (2015-2025, primarily in Australia, China and Singapore) and Latin America (1998-2025, primarily in Brazil).

E. Tax Provision/(Benefit) on Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

(a)Taxes are not provided for foreign currency translation adjustments relating to investments in international subsidiaries that are expected to be held indefinitely.

Note 6. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Excluding Noncontrolling Interests

(a)Amounts do not include foreign currency translation adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests.

(b)Foreign currency translation adjustments include net gains/(losses) related to the impact of our net investment hedging program and gains/(losses) related to our previous investment in Haleon through third quarter of 2024, at which time we discontinued the application of the equity method to the Haleon investment (see Note 2C).

Note 7. Financial Instruments

A. Fair Value Measurements

Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis and Fair Value Hierarchy:

(a)Includes money market funds primarily invested in U.S. Treasury and government debt. As of December 31, 2024, short-term equity securities included our previous investment in Haleon of $6.5 billion. In the first quarter of 2025, we sold the remaining portion of our investment in Haleon for $6.3 billion. See Note 2C.

(b)Long-term equity securities of $146 million as of December 31, 2025 and $133 million as of December 31, 2024 were held in restricted trusts for U.S. non-qualified employee benefit plans.

(c)Includes life insurance policies held in restricted trusts for U.S. non-qualified employee benefit plans. The underlying invested assets in these contracts are marketable securities, which are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in Other (income)/deductions—net (see Note 4).

(d)Includes the fair value of contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of Metsera and certain prior business combinations. Fair value is estimated by using a probability-weighted discounted cash flow approach (see Note 16 D).

(a)Reported in Other (income)/deductions––net. See Note 4.

Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis––The carrying value of Long-term debt, excluding the current portion, was $62 billion as of December 31, 2025 and $57 billion as of December 31, 2024. The estimated fair value of such debt, using a market approach and Level 2 inputs, was $60 billion as of December 31, 2025 and $54 billion as of December 31, 2024.

The differences between the estimated fair values and carrying values of held-to-maturity debt securities, private equity securities, long-term receivables and short-term borrowings not measured at fair value on a recurring basis were not significant as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The fair value measurements of our held-to-maturity debt securities and short-term borrowings are based on Level 2 inputs. The fair value measurements of our long-term receivables and private equity securities are based on Level 3 inputs.

B. Investments

Total Short-Term and Long-Term Investments

(a)Represent investments in the life sciences sector.

Debt Securities

Any expected credit losses to these portfolios would be immaterial to our financial statements.

Equity Securities

(a)Reported in Other (income)/deductions––net. See Note 4.

Included in net unrealized (gains)/losses are observable price changes on equity securities without readily determinable fair values. As of December 31, 2025, there were cumulative impairments and downward adjustments of $433 million and upward adjustments of $225 million. Impairments, downward and upward adjustments were not material to our operations in 2025, 2024 and 2023.

C. Short-Term Borrowings

(a)The weighted-average effective interest rate on commercial paper outstanding was approximately 4.94% as of December 31, 2024.

(b)Primarily includes cash collateral. See Note 7F.

As of December 31, 2025, we had access to a $7.0 billion committed U.S. revolving credit facility maturing in October 2030, which may be used for general corporate purposes including to support our global commercial paper borrowings. In addition to the U.S. revolving credit facilities, our lenders have provided us an additional $237 million in lines of credit, essentially all expiring within one year. Essentially all lines of credit were unused as of December 31, 2025.

D. Long-Term Debt

(a)Our long-term debt is generally redeemable by us at any time at varying redemption prices plus accrued and unpaid interest.

(b)Reclassified to the current portion of long-term debt.

Issuances

(a)The fixed rate notes may be redeemed by us at any time, in whole, or in part, at a make-whole redemption price plus accrued and unpaid interest.

(b)The net proceeds from the sale of the notes were used for general corporate purposes, including the acquisition of Metsera and the refinancing of existing indebtedness. The weighted average effective interest rate for the notes at issuance was 4.583%.

(c)Issued through our wholly-owned finance subsidiary, PNIF, for general corporate purposes. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Pfizer Inc. PNIF has no assets or operations and will have no assets or operations, other than as related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the notes and any other debt securities that it may issue in the future. The weighted average effective interest rate for the notes at issuance was 3.605%.

In May 2023, we issued, through our wholly-owned finance subsidiary, PIE, $31 billion principal amount of senior unsecured notes at an effective interest rate of 4.93% as part of the financing for our acquisition of Seagen. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by Pfizer Inc. PIE was formed to finance a portion of the consideration for the acquisition of Seagen and has no assets or operations, and will have no assets or operations, other than as related to the issuance, administration and repayment of the notes and any other debt securities that it may issue in the future. In December 2025, we redeemed $3 billion of the 4.45% PIE senior unsecured notes due in May 2026.

E. Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

Foreign Exchange Risk––A significant portion of our revenues, earnings and net investments in foreign affiliates is exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. Where foreign exchange risk is not offset by other exposures, we manage our foreign exchange risk principally through the use of derivative financial instruments and foreign currency debt. These financial instruments serve to mitigate the impact on net income as a result of remeasurement into another currency, or against the impact of translation into U.S. dollars of certain foreign exchange-denominated transactions.

The derivative financial instruments primarily hedge or offset exposures in the euro, U.K. pound, Chinese renminbi, Japanese yen, Canadian dollar, and Swedish krona, and include a portion of our forecasted foreign exchange-denominated intercompany inventory sales hedged up totwo years. We may also seek to protect against possible declines in the net investments of our foreign business entities.

Changes in fair value are reported in earnings or in Other comprehensive income/(loss), depending on the nature and purpose of the financial instrument (hedge or offset relationship). For certain foreign exchange contracts, we exclude an amount from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recognize the excluded amount through an amortization approach in earnings. The hedge relationships are as follows:

•Generally, we recognize the gains and losses on foreign exchange contracts that are designated as fair value hedges in earnings upon the recognition of the change in fair value of the hedged item. We also recognize the offsetting foreign exchange impact attributable to the hedged item in earnings.

•Generally, we record in Other comprehensive income/(loss) gains or losses on foreign exchange contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges and reclassify those amounts into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

•We record in Other comprehensive income/(loss)––Foreign currency translation adjustments, netthe foreign exchange gains and losses related to foreign exchange-denominated debt and foreign exchange contracts designated as a hedge of our net investments in foreign subsidiaries and reclassify those amounts into earnings upon the sale or substantial liquidation of our net investments.

•For foreign exchange contracts not designated as hedging instruments, we recognize the gains and losses immediately into earnings along with the earnings impact of the items they generally offset. These contracts take the opposite currency position of that reflected on the balance sheet to counterbalance the effect of any currency movement.

Interest Rate Risk––Our interest-bearing investments and borrowings are subject to interest rate risk. Depending on market conditions, we may change the profile of our outstanding debt or investments by entering into derivative financial instruments like interest rate swaps, either to hedge or offset the exposure to changes in the fair value of hedged items with fixed interest rates, or to convert variable rate debt or investments to fixed rates. The derivative financial instruments primarily hedge U.S. dollar fixed-rate debt.

We recognize the change in fair value on interest rate contracts that are designated as fair value hedges in earnings, as well as the offsetting earnings impact of the hedged risk attributable to the hedged item.

(a)The notional amount of outstanding foreign exchange contracts hedging our intercompany forecasted inventory sales was $5.0 billion as of December 31, 2025 and $5.0 billion as of December 31, 2024.

(a)OID = Other (income)/deductions—net, included in Other (income)/deductions—net in the consolidated statements of operations. COS = Cost of Sales, included in Cost of sales in the consolidated statements of operations. OCI = Other comprehensive income/(loss), included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss).

(b)The amounts reclassified from OCI into COS were a net gain of $49 million in 2025 and a net gain of $119 million in 2024. The remaining amounts were reclassified from OCI into OID. Based on year-end foreign exchange rates that are subject to change, we expect to reclassify a pre-tax loss of $16 million within the next 12 months into income. The maximum length of time over which we are hedging our exposure to the variability in future foreign exchange cash flows is approximately 17 years and relates to foreign currency debt.

(c)The amounts reclassified from OCI were reclassified into OID.

(d)Long-term debt includes foreign currency borrowings which are used in net investment hedges; the related carrying values as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were $879 million and $777 million, respectively.

(a)Carrying amounts exclude the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments.

F. Credit Risk

On an ongoing basis, we monitor and review the credit risk of our customers, financial institutions and exposures in our investment portfolio.

With respect to our trade accounts receivable, we monitor the creditworthiness of our customers to which we grant credit in the normal course of business. In general, there is no requirement for collateral from customers. For additional information on our trade accounts receivable and allowance for credit losses, see Note 1 G. A significant portion of our trade accounts receivable balances are due from wholesalers and governments. For additional information on our trade accounts receivables with significant customers, see Note 17C.

With respect to our investments, we monitor concentrations of credit risk associated with government, government agency, and corporate issuers of securities. Investments are placed in instruments that are investment grade and are primarily short in duration. Exposure limits are established to limit a concentration with any single credit counterparty. As of December 31, 2025, the largest investment exposures in our portfolio consisted primarily of U.S. government money market funds, as well as sovereign debt instruments issued by the U.S., Japan, Canada, the U.K., and Germany.

With respect to our derivative financial instrument agreements with financial institutions, we do not expect to incur a significant loss from failure of any counterparty. Derivative financial instruments are executed under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master agreements with credit-support annexes that contain zero threshold provisions requiring collateral to be exchanged daily depending on levels of exposure. As a result, there are no significant concentrations of credit risk with any individual financial institution. As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate fair value of these derivative financial instruments that are in a net payable position was $938 million, for which we have posted collateral of $944 million with a corresponding amount reported in Short-term investments. As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate fair value of our derivative financial instruments that are in a net receivable position was $128 million, for which we have received collateral of $154 million with a corresponding amount reported in Short-term borrowings, including current portion of long-term debt.

Note 8. Other Financial Information

A. Inventories

(a)Included in Other noncurrent assets. Based on our current estimates and assumptions, there are no recoverability issues for these amounts.

B. Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities include, among other things, amounts payable to BioNTech for the gross profit split for Comirnaty, which totaled $911 million as of December 31, 2025 and $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2024.

C. Supplier Finance Program Obligation

We maintain voluntary supply chain finance agreements with several participating financial institutions. Under these agreements, participating suppliers may voluntarily elect to sell their accounts receivable with Pfizer to these financial institutions. Our suppliers negotiate their financing agreements directly with the respective financial institutions and we are not a party to these agreements. We have no economic interest in our suppliers’ decision to participate and we pay the financial institutions the stated amount of confirmed invoices on the original maturity dates, which is generally within 90 to 120 days of the invoice date. The agreements with the financial institutions do not require Pfizer to provide assets pledged as security or other forms of guarantees for the supplier finance program. All outstanding amounts related to suppliers participating in such financing arrangements are recorded within trade payables in our consolidated balance sheet.

Note 9. Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Note 10. Identifiable Intangible Assets, Net and Goodwill

A. Identifiable Intangible Assets

(a)The increase in the gross carrying amount primarily reflect the transfer of $600 million and $590 million from IPR&D to developed technology rights for Padcev and talazoparib (Talzenna), respectively, as well as the impact of foreign exchange, partially offset by impairments of $560 million (see Note 4).

(b)The decrease in the gross carrying amount reflects an impairment of $240 million (see Note 4).

(c)The increase in the gross carrying amount primarily reflects $8.0 billion for the acquisition of Metsera (see Note 2A), partially offset by impairments of $3.9 billion (see Note 4) and the transfers to developed technology rights noted above.

(d)The decrease in the gross carrying amount reflects an impairment of $210 million (see Note 4).

Developed Technology Rights––Developed technology rights represent the cost for developed technology acquired from third parties and can include the right to develop, use, market, sell and/or offer for sale the product, compounds and intellectual property that we have acquired with respect to products, compounds and/or processes that have been completed. We possess a well-diversified portfolio of hundreds of developed technology rights across therapeutic categories, representing our commercialized products. The significant components of developed technology rights are the following: Nurtec ODT/Vydura, Padcev, Adcetris, Velsipity, Xtandi, Braftovi/Mektovi and Talzenna. Also included in this category are the post-approval milestone payments made under our alliance agreements for certain prescription pharmaceutical products.

IPR&D––IPR&D assets represent the acquisition date fair value (less impairments) of R&D assets acquired through business combinations that have not yet received regulatory approval in a major market which could include both new investigational products and additional indications for in-line products. The significant components of IPR&D are sigvotatug vedotin, MET-097i+MET-233i combination, MET-097i monotherapy, disitamab vedotin and osivelotor. IPR&D assets are required to be classified as indefinite-lived assets until the successful completion or the abandonment of the associated R&D effort. Accordingly, during the development period after the date of acquisition, these assets are not amortized until approval is obtained in a major market, typically either the U.S. or the EU, or in a series of other countries, subject to certain specified conditions and management judgment. At that time, we will determine the useful life of the asset, reclassify it out of IPR&D and begin amortization. If the associated R&D effort is abandoned, the related IPR&D assets will be written-off, and we will record an impairment charge. IPR&D assets are high-risk assets, given the uncertain nature of R&D. Accordingly, IPR&D assets may become impaired and/or be written-off in the future.

Licensing Agreements––Licensing agreements for developed technology and for technology in development primarily relate to out-licensing arrangements acquired from third parties, including from acquisitions. These assets represent the cost for the license, where we acquired the right to future royalties and/or milestones upon development or commercialization by the licensing partners. Accordingly, during the development period after the date of acquisition, each of these assets is classified as indefinite-lived intangible assets and will not be amortized until approval is obtained in a major market. At that time we will determine the useful life of the asset, reclassify the respective licensing arrangement asset to finite-lived intangible asset and begin amortization. If the development effort is abandoned, the related licensing asset will be written-off, and we will record an impairment charge.

Amortization––The weighted-average life for our total finite-lived intangible assets and for the largest component, developed technology rights, is approximately 10 years.

B. Goodwill

(a)As a result of the organizational changes to the commercial structure within the Biopharma operating segment effective in the first quarter of 2025 (see Note 17A), our goodwill was reallocated among impacted reporting units. We completed the re-allocation during the first quarter of 2025 and concluded that none of our goodwill was impaired. All goodwill continues to be assigned within the Biopharma reportable segment.

(b)Additions in 2025 primarily represent our acquisition of Metsera and in 2024 primarily represent measurement period adjustments related to our acquisition of Seagen (see Note 2A).

Note 11. Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans and Defined Contribution Plans

The majority of our employees worldwide are eligible for retirement benefits provided through defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution plans or both. In the U.S., we sponsor both IRC-qualified and supplemental (non-qualified) defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans. A qualified plan meets the requirements of certain sections of the IRC, and, generally, contributions to qualified plans are tax deductible. A qualified plan typically provides benefits to a broad group of employees with restrictions on discriminating in favor of highly compensated employees with regard to coverage, benefits and contributions. A supplemental (non-qualified) plan provides additional benefits to certain employees. In addition, we provide medical insurance benefits to certain retirees and their eligible dependents through our postretirement plans.

A. Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost/(Credit) and Changes in Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)

(a)Reflects: (i) actuarial remeasurement net gains in 2025 primarily due to favorable asset performance for the U.S. pension plans and increases in discount rates for the international pension plans, partially offset by unfavorable asset performance for the international pension plans and decreases in discount rates for the U.S. and postretirement plans, (ii) actuarial remeasurement net losses in 2024, primarily due to unfavorable asset performance for the U.S. pension plans and decreases in discount rates for the international pension plans, partially offset by increases in discount rates for the U.S. pension plans and favorable asset performance for the international pension plans and postretirement plans, and (iii) actuarial remeasurement net gains in 2023, primarily due to favorable asset performance in the U.S. and increases in discount rates for the international plans, partially offset by unfavorable asset performance for certain international plans.

The components of net periodic benefit cost/(credit) other than the service cost component are included in Other (income)/deductions––net(see Note 4).

B. Actuarial Assumptions

(a)The rate of compensation increase is not used to determine the net periodic benefit cost and benefit obligation for the U.S. pension plans as these plans are frozen.

The assumptions are reviewed at least annually. We revise these assumptions based on an annual evaluation of long-term trends as well as market conditions that may have an impact on the cost of providing retirement benefits.

The weighted-average discount rate for our U.S. defined benefit plans is set with reference to the prevailing market rate of a portfolio of high-quality fixed income investments, rated AA/Aa or better that reflect the rates at which the pension benefits could be effectively settled. For our international plans, the discount rates are set by benchmarking against investment grade corporate bonds rated AA/Aa or better, including, when there is sufficient data, a yield curve approach. These rate determinations are made consistent with local requirements. Overall, the yield curves used to measure the benefit obligations at year-end 2025 resulted in lower discount rates for the U.S. pension plans and higher discount rates for the international pension plans as compared to the prior year.

C. Obligations and Funded Status

(a)For the U.S. pension plans, the benefit obligation is both the PBO and ABO as these plans are frozen and future benefit accruals no longer increase with future compensation increases. For the international pension plans, the benefit obligation is the PBO. The ABO for our international pension plans was $6.8 billion in 2025 and $7.1 billion in 2024. For the postretirement plans, the benefit obligation is the ABO.

(b)For 2025, primarily includes actuarial gains resulting from increases in discount rates for the international pension plans, partially offset by actuarial losses resulting from decreases in discount rates for the U.S. pension and postretirement plans. For 2024, primarily includes actuarial losses resulting from decreases in discount rates for the international pension plans, and other assumption changes for the postretirement plans, largely offset by actuarial gains resulting from increases in discount rates for the U.S. pension plans.

(c)Our U.S. qualified plans, U.S. postretirement plan and many of our larger funded international plans were overfunded as of December 31, 2025.

D. Plan Assets

(a)Certain investments that are measured at NAV per share (or its equivalent) have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented for the total pension benefits plan assets.

(b)Government and agency obligations are inclusive of repurchase agreements.

(c)Mainly includes investments in private equity, private debt and real estate.

(d)Mostly includes investments in hedge funds, real estate and infrastructure.

(e)Reflects postretirement plan assets, which support our U.S. retiree medical plans.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of our pension and postretirement plans’ assets:

•Cash and cash equivalents: Level 1 investments may include cash, cash equivalents and foreign currency valued using exchange rates. Level 2 investments may include short-term investment funds which are commingled funds priced at a stable NAV by the administrator of the funds.

•Equity securities: Level 1 investments may include individual securities that are valued at the closing price or last trade reported on the major market on which they are traded. Level 1 and Level 2 investments may include commingled funds that have a readily determinable fair value based on quoted prices on an exchange or a published NAV derived from the quoted prices in active markets of the underlying securities. Level 3 investments may include individual securities that are unlisted, delisted, suspended, or illiquid and are typically valued using their last available price.

•Fixed income securities: Level 1 investments may include individual securities that are valued at the closing price or last trade reported on the major market on which they are traded. Level 2 investments may include commingled funds that have a readily determinable fair value based on observable prices of the underlying securities. Level 2 investments may include corporate bonds, government and government agency obligations and other fixed income securities valued using bid evaluation pricing models or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Level 3 investments may include securities that are valued using alternative pricing sources, such as investment managers or brokers, which use proprietary pricing models that incorporate unobservable inputs.

•Other investments: Level 1 investments may include individual securities that are valued at the closing price or last trade reported on the major market on which they are traded. Level 2 investments may include insurance contracts which invest in interest bearing cash, U.S. government securities and corporate debt instruments. Level 3 investments may include securities or insurance contracts that are valued using alternative pricing sources, such as investment managers or brokers, which use proprietary pricing models that incorporate unobservable inputs.

Equity securities, Fixed income securities and Other investments may each be combined into commingled funds. Most commingled funds are valued to reflect the interest in the fund based on the reported year-end NAV. Partnership and Other investments are valued based on year-end reported NAV (or its equivalent), with adjustments as appropriate for lagged reporting of up to three months.

Certain investments are authorized to include derivatives, such as equity or bond futures, swaps, options and currency futures or forwards for managing risks and exposures.

Global plan assets are managed with the objective of generating returns that will enable the plans to meet their future obligations, while seeking to manage net periodic benefit costs and cash contributions over the long-term. We utilize long-term asset allocation ranges in the management of our plans’ invested assets. Our long-term return expectations are developed based on a diversified, global investment strategy that takes into account historical experience, as well as the impact of portfolio diversification, active portfolio management, and our view of current and future economic and financial market conditions. As market conditions and other factors change, we may adjust our targets accordingly and our asset allocations may vary from the target allocations.

E. Cash Flows

It is our practice to fund amounts for our qualified pension plans that are at least sufficient to meet the minimum requirements set forth in applicable employee benefit laws and local tax laws.

The above table reflects the total U.S. and international plan benefits projected to be paid from the plans or from our general assets under the current actuarial assumptions used for the calculation of the benefit obligation.

F. Defined Contribution Plans

We have defined contribution plans in the U.S. and other countries. For the majority of the U.S. defined contribution plans, employees may contribute a portion of their salaries and bonuses to the plans, and we match, in cash, a portion of the employee contributions. We also offer a Retirement Savings Contribution which is an annual employer contribution in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. We recorded charges related to the employer contributions to global defined contribution plans of $854 million in 2025, $800 million in 2024 and $843 million in 2023.

Note 12. Equity

A. Common Stock Purchases

We have authorization to purchase our common stock through privately negotiated transactions or in the open market as circumstances and prices warrant. Purchased shares under a share-purchase plan, which is authorized by our BOD, are available for general corporate purposes. In December 2018, the BOD authorized a $10 billion share repurchase program to be utilized over time and share repurchases commenced thereunder in the first quarter of 2019.

We didnot purchase shares of our common stock under our publicly announced share-purchase plan in any of the periods presented. Our remaining share-purchase authorization was $3.3 billion as of December 31, 2025.

B. Preferred Stock

We have 27 million authorized shares of preferred stock without par value; no shares of preferred stock were issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Note 13. Share-Based Payments

Our compensation programs can include share-based payment awards with their value determined by reference to the fair value of our shares and can consist of the grant of shares or options to acquire shares or similar arrangements. The level of our share-based awards are based on competitive survey data and/or industry peer groups used for compensation purposes, and is allocated between different long-term incentive award vehicles, generally in the form of Total Shareholder Return Units (TSRUs), Restricted Stock Units (RSUs), Portfolio Performance Shares (PPSs), Performance Share Awards (PSAs) and stock options, as determined by the Compensation Committee of our BOD.

The Amended and Restated 2019 Stock Plan (2019 Plan) replaced and superseded the original 2019 Stock Plan (Original Plan). The 2019 Plan provides for 320 million shares to be authorized for grants plus any shares remaining available for grant under the Original Plan as of April 25, 2024 (the carryforward shares). Awards granted under the 2019 Plan reduce the shares available for future grants as follows: RSUs count asthree shares, and PPSs and PSAs count assix shares (three shares times 2 (the maximum potential payout)), while TSRUs and stock options count asone share. As of December 31, 2025,313 million shares were available for future award. Although not required to do so, we have used authorized and unissued shares and, to a lesser extent, treasury stock to satisfy our obligations under these programs.

A summary of the awards and valuation details:

(a)Weighted-average GDFV per TSRUs and stock options.

Total share-based payment expense was $799 million, $877 million and $525 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Tax benefit for

share-based compensation expense was $140 million, $165 million and $93 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The table above excludes total expense due to the modification for share-based awards in connection with our cost reduction/productivity initiatives, which waszero for 2025 and not significant for prior years presented and is recorded in Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs (see Note 3). Amounts capitalized as part of inventory cost were not significant for any period presented.

(a)In 2025, we settled 46,110,528 TSRUs with a weighted-average grant price of $31.29 per unit.

(b)In 2025,20,968 TSRUs with a weighted-average grant price of $31.31 per unit were converted into 1,620 PTUs.

(c)Market price of our underlying common stock less grant price plus dividend equivalents to date.

(d)The number of TSRUs expected to vest takes into account an estimate of expected forfeitures.

(a)Market price of our underlying common stock less exercise price.

(b)The number of options expected to vest takes into account an estimate of expected forfeitures.

Note 14. Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Pfizer Inc. Common Shareholders

(a)These common stock equivalents were outstanding for the periods presented, but were not included in the computation of diluted EPS for those periods because their inclusion would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

Note 15. Leases

We lease real estate, fleet, and equipment for use in our operations. Our leases generally have lease terms of 1 to 30 years, some of which include options to terminate or extend leases for up to 5 to 10 years or on a month-to-month basis. We include options that are reasonably certain to be exercised as part of the determination of lease terms. We may negotiate termination clauses in anticipation of any changes in market conditions, but generally these termination options have not been exercised. Residual value guarantees are generally not included within our operating leases with the exception of some fleet leases. In addition to base rent payments, the leases may require us to pay directly for taxes and other non-lease components, such as insurance, maintenance and other operating expenses, which may be dependent on usage or vary month-to-month. Variable lease payments amounted to $453 million in 2025, $517 million in 2024 and $444 million in 2023. We elected the practical expedient to not separate non-lease components from lease components in calculating the amounts of ROU assets and lease liabilities for all underlying asset classes.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the contract and we perform the lease classification test as of the lease commencement date. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments.

(a)Reflects lease payments due within 12 months subsequent to the balance sheet date.

Note 16. Contingencies and Certain Commitments

We and certain of our subsidiaries are subject to numerous contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business, including tax and legal contingencies, guarantees and indemnifications. The following outlines our legal contingencies, guarantees and indemnifications. For a discussion of our tax contingencies, see Note 5D.

A. Legal Proceedings

Our legal contingencies include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Patent litigation, which typically involves challenges to the coverage and/or validity of patents on various products, processes or dosage forms. An adverse outcome could result in loss of patent protection for a product, a significant loss of revenues from a product or impairment of the value of associated assets. We are the plaintiff in the majority of these actions.

•Product liability and other product-related litigation related to current or former products, which can include personal injury, consumer fraud, off-label promotion, securities, antitrust and breach of contract claims, among others, and often involves highly complex issues relating to medical causation, label warnings and reliance on those warnings, scientific evidence and findings, actual, provable injury and other matters.

•Commercial and other asserted or unasserted matters, which can include acquisition-, licensing-, intellectual property-, collaboration- or co-promotion-related and product-pricing claims and environmental claims and proceedings, and can involve complexities that will vary from matter to matter.

•Government investigations, which often are related to the extensive regulation of pharmaceutical companies by national, state and local government agencies in the U.S. and in other jurisdictions.

Certain of these contingencies could result in increased expenses and/or losses, including damages, royalty payments, fines and/or civil penalties, which could be substantial, and/or criminal charges.

We believe that our claims and defenses in matters in which we are a defendant are substantial, but litigation is inherently unpredictable and excessive verdicts do occur. We do not believe that any of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial position. However, we could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise our expectations regarding the outcome of matters, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and/or our cash flows in the period in which the amounts are accrued or paid.

We have accrued for losses that are both probable and reasonably estimable. Substantially all of our contingencies are subject to significant uncertainties and, therefore, determining the likelihood of a loss and/or the measurement of any loss can be complex. Consequently, we are unable to estimate the range of reasonably possible loss in excess of amounts accrued. Our assessments, which result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties, are based on estimates and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by management, but that may prove to be incomplete or inaccurate, and unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that might cause us to change those estimates and assumptions.

Amounts recorded for legal and environmental contingencies can result from a complex series of judgments about future events and uncertainties and can rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. For proceedings under environmental laws to which a governmental authority is a party, we have adopted a disclosure threshold of $1 million in potential or actual governmental monetary sanctions.

The principal pending matters to which we are a party are discussed below. In determining whether a pending matter is a principal matter, we consider both quantitative and qualitative factors to assess materiality, such as, among others, the amount of damages and the nature of other relief sought, if specified; our view of the merits of the claims and of the strength of our defenses; whether the action purports to be, or is, a class action and, if not certified, our view of the likelihood that a class will be certified by the court; the jurisdiction in which the proceeding is pending; whether related actions have been transferred to multidistrict litigation; any experience that we or, to our knowledge, other companies have had in similar proceedings; whether disclosure of the action would be important to a reader of our financial statements, including whether disclosure might change a reader’s judgment about our financial statements in light of all of the information that is available to the reader; the potential impact of the proceeding on our reputation; and the extent of public interest in the matter. In addition, with respect to patent matters in which we are the plaintiff, we consider, among other things, the financial significance of the product protected by the patent(s) at issue. Some of the matters discussed below include those which management believes that the likelihood of possible loss in excess of amounts accrued is remote.

A1. Legal Proceedings––Patent Litigation

We are involved in suits relating to our patents (or those of our collaboration/licensing partners to which we have licenses or co-promotion rights), including but not limited to, those discussed below. We face claims by generic drug manufacturers that patents covering our products (or those of our collaboration/licensing partners to which we have licenses or co-promotion rights and to which we may or may not be a party), processes or dosage forms are invalid and/or do not cover the product of the generic drug manufacturer. Also, counterclaims, as well as various independent actions, have been filed alleging that our assertions of, or attempts to enforce, patent rights with respect to certain products constitute unfair competition and/or violations of antitrust laws. In addition to the challenges to the U.S. patents that are discussed below, patent rights to certain of our products or those of our collaboration/licensing partners are being challenged in various other jurisdictions. Some of our collaboration or licensing partners face challenges to the validity of their patent rights in non-U.S. jurisdictions. For example, in April 2022, the U.K. High Court issued a judgment finding invalid a BMS patent related to Eliquis due to expire in 2026, and this judgment is now final. Additional challenges are pending in other jurisdictions. Also, in July 2022, CureVac AG (CureVac) brought a patent infringement action against BioNTech and certain of its subsidiaries in the German Regional Court alleging that Comirnaty infringes certain German utility model patents and certain expired and unexpired European patents. In December 2025, this action was settled on terms not material to Pfizer. Additional challenges involving Comirnaty patents may be filed against us and/or BioNTech in other jurisdictions in the future. Adverse decisions in these matters could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We are also party to patent damages suits in various jurisdictions pursuant to which generic drug manufacturers, payors, governments or other parties are seeking damages from us for allegedly causing delay of generic entry.

We also are often involved in other proceedings, such as inter partes review, post-grant review, re-examination or opposition proceedings, before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, the European Patent Office, or other foreign counterparts, as well as court proceedings relating to our intellectual property or the intellectual property rights of others, including challenges to such rights initiated by us. Also, if one of our patents (or one of our collaboration/licensing partner’s patents) is found to be invalid by such proceedings, generic or competitive products could be introduced into the market resulting in the erosion of sales of our existing products. For example, several of the patents in our pneumococcal vaccine portfolio have been challenged ininter partes review and post-grant review proceedings in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, as well as outside the U.S. The invalidation of any of the patents in our pneumococcal portfolio could potentially allow additional competitor vaccines, if approved, to enter the marketplace earlier than anticipated. In the event that any of the patents are found valid and infringed, a competitor’s vaccine, if approved, might be prohibited from entering the market or a competitor might be required to pay us a royalty.

We are also subject to patent litigation pursuant to which one or more third parties seek damages and/or injunctive relief to compensate for alleged infringement of its patents by our commercial or other activities. If one of our marketed products (or a product of our collaboration/licensing partners to which we have licenses or co-promotion rights) is found to infringe valid patent rights of a third party, such third party may be awarded significant damages or royalty payments, or we may be prevented from further sales of that product. Such damages may be enhanced as much as three-fold if we or one of our subsidiaries is found to have willfully infringed valid patent rights of a third party.

Actions In Which We Are The Plaintiff

Vyndaqel-Vyndamax (tafamidis/tafamidis meglumine)

Beginning in June 2023, several generic companies notified us that they had filed ANDAs with the FDA seeking approval to market generic versions of tafamidis capsules (61 mg) or tafamidis meglumine capsules (20 mg), challenging some or all of the patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book for Vyndamax (tafamidis) and Vyndaqel (tafamidis meglumine). Scripps Research Institute (Scripps) owns the composition of matter patent and the method of treatment patents covering the products, and Pfizer is the exclusive licensee. Pfizer separately owns the crystalline form patent. Beginning in August 2023, we and Scripps brought patent infringement actions against the generic filers in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, asserting the validity and infringement of the patents in suit. Pfizer is the sole plaintiff in actions that assert only the infringement and validity of the crystalline form patent.

Oxbryta (voxelotor)

In January 2024, Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., Zydus Lifesciences Limited, and Zydus Worldwide DMCC (collectively, Zydus) and MSN Pharmaceuticals Inc. and MSN Laboratories Private Ltd. (collectively, MSN) separately notified us that they had filed ANDAs with the FDA seeking approval to market generic versions of voxelotor tablets, challenging some of the patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book for Oxbryta (voxelotor tablets in 300 mg and 500 mg strengths and/or for oral suspension) on non-infringement grounds. In March 2024, we filed patent infringement actions against both generic filers in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, asserting the validity and infringement of the challenged patents. Zydus and MSN have not challenged our composition of matter patents or method of treatment patents for Oxbryta.

Nurtec (rimegepant)

In April 2024, Rubicon Research Private Limited, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Changzhou Pharmaceutical Factory, Natco Pharma Limited and Natco Pharma, Inc., MSN, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Apitoria Pharma Private Limited and Aurobindo Pharma U.S.A. Inc. (collectively, Aurobindo) and Apotex Inc. and Apotex Corp. (collectively, Apotex) notified us that they had filed ANDAs with the FDA seeking approval to market generic versions of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablets, claiming noninfringement and/or challenging the validity of some or all of the patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book for Nurtec (rimegepant orally disintegrating tablets Eq 75 mg base). In May 2024, we filed patent infringement actions against all the generic filers in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware.

Xtandi (enzalutamide)

Beginning in August 2024, several generic companies notified us and Astellas that they had filed ANDAs with the FDA seeking approval to market generic versions of Xtandi, challenging some or all of the patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book for Xtandi. Beginning in August 2024, we and Astellas brought patent infringement actions against the generic filers in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, asserting the validity and infringement of the patents in suit.

Actions in Which We are the Defendant

Comirnaty (tozinameran)

In August 2022, ModernaTX, Inc. (ModernaTX) and Moderna US, Inc. (Moderna) sued Pfizer, BioNTech, BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH and BioNTech US Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, alleging that Comirnaty infringes three U.S. patents. In its complaint, Moderna stated that it is seeking damages for alleged infringement occurring after March 7, 2022. In March 2024, the U.S. Patent Office Patent Trial & Appeal Board instituted a review oftwo of thethree patents in suit. In March 2025, the U.S. Patent Office issued a decision holding that thetwo Moderna patents were invalid.

In August 2022, ModernaTX filed a patent infringement action in Germany against Pfizer and certain subsidiary companies, as well as BioNTech and certain subsidiary companies, alleging that Comirnaty infringestwo European patents. In March 2025, a German court found the asserted patents infringed; no decision on invalidity was rendered. In September 2022, ModernaTX filed patent infringement actions in the U.K. and in the Netherlands against Pfizer and certain subsidiary companies, as well as BioNTech and certain subsidiary companies, on the sametwo European patents. In its complaints, ModernaTX stated that it is seeking damages for alleged infringement occurring after March 7, 2022. In November 2023, one of the European patents was revoked by the European Patent Office and, in January 2026, that decision became final. In December 2023, the other European patent was declared invalid by a court in the Netherlands (the invalidity decision is limited to the Netherlands). In July 2024, the U.K. court revokedone patent, ruling that it was invalid, and held that the other patent was valid and infringed. In July 2025, the U.K. Court of Appeal affirmed the lower court ruling that the other patent is valid and infringed. ModernaTX has also filed additional patent infringement actions against Pfizer and BioNTech in certain other ex-U.S. jurisdictions.

In April 2023, Arbutus Biopharma Corporation (Arbutus) and Genevant Sciences GmbH (Genevant) filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Pfizer and BioNTech alleging that Comirnaty and its manufacture infringe five U.S. patents, and seeking unspecified monetary damages.

In April 2024, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA and GlaxoSmithKline LLC (collectively, GSK Group) sued Pfizer and Pharmacia & Upjohn Company LLC, BioNTech, BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH and BioNTech US Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, alleging that Comirnaty infringes five U.S. patents and seeking unspecified money damages. In August 2024, GSK Group filed an amended complaint alleging that Comirnaty infringes three additional U.S. patents. In July 2025, GSK Group sued several Pfizer and BioNTech entities in Ireland, alleging that Comirnaty infringes three European patents. Also in July 2025, GSK Group sued several Pfizer and BioNTech entities in the Unified Patent Court, alleging that Comirnaty infringestwo European patents, both of which are at issue in the Irish lawsuit. Additional patent infringement actions between GSK Group and Pfizer/BioNTech are ongoing in certain other ex-U.S. jurisdictions.

In January 2025, Promosome LLC filed a complaint in the Unified Patent Court, Local Division Munich, against Pfizer and BioNTech and certain of their subsidiaries alleging that Comirnaty infringes a European patent that is in force only in France, Germany and Sweden, and seeking unspecified monetary damages in connection with the manufacture and sale of Comirnaty in France, Germany and Sweden.

In January 2026, Bayer Cropscience LLC, Monsanto Company and Monsanto Technology, LLC filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Pfizer and BioNTech, BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH and BioNTech US Inc, alleging that Comirnaty infringes a U.S. patent issued in 2010 and seeking unspecified money damages.

Paxlovid

In June 2022, Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Enanta) filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts against Pfizer alleging that the active ingredient in Paxlovid, nirmatrelvir, infringes a U.S. patent issued in June 2022, and seeking unspecified monetary damages. In December 2024, the District Court issued an order granting Pfizer’s motion for summary judgment, finding Enanta’s patent invalid.

In August 2025, Enanta filed a patent infringement complaint in the Unified Patent Court, Local Division Munich, against Pfizer alleging that the active ingredient in Paxlovid, nirmatrelvir, infringes a European patent issued in August 2025, and seeking unspecified monetary damages.

Matters Involving Pfizer and its Collaboration/Licensing Partners

Comirnaty (tozinameran)

In July 2022, Pfizer, BioNTech and BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH filed a declaratory judgment complaint against CureVac in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts seeking a judgment of non-infringement forthree U.S. patents relating to Comirnaty. In May 2023, the case was transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. Also in May 2023, CureVac asserted that Comirnaty infringes thethree patents that were the subject of our declaratory judgment complaint, and in May and July 2023, CureVac asserted that Comirnaty infringes a number of additional U.S. patents. In August 2025, the parties signed a settlement agreement and license agreement, and the case was dismissed with prejudice.

Orgovyx (relugolix)

Beginning in January 2025, several generic companies notified us that they had filed ANDAs with the FDA seeking approval to sell a generic form of relugolix (Orgovyx), and challenging one or more patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book for Orgovyx which are licensed to Pfizer. In March 2025, we, along with Sumitomo Pharma Switzerland GBBH, Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc., Takeda and Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG jointly filed separate patent infringement actions in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against the generic companies, asserting the infringement and validity of the patents in suit.

Eliquis (apixaban)

In December 2025, Bristol Myers Squibb Co. and Pfizer filed a patent infringement action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Azurity), alleging that Azurity’s proposed generic apixaban product would infringe a formulation patent expiring in 2031.

A2. Legal Proceedings––Product Litigation

We are defendants in numerous cases, including but not limited to those discussed below, related to our pharmaceutical and other products. Plaintiffs in these cases seek damages and other relief on various grounds for alleged personal injury and economic loss.

Asbestos

Numerous lawsuits against Pfizer and certain of its previously owned subsidiaries are pending in various federal and state courts seeking damages for alleged personal injury from exposure to products allegedly containing asbestos and other allegedly hazardous materials sold by Pfizer and certain of its previously owned subsidiaries.

In addition, between 1967 and 1982, Warner-Lambert owned American Optical Corporation (American Optical), which manufactured and sold respiratory protective devices and asbestos safety clothing. In connection with the sale of American Optical in 1982, Warner-Lambert agreed to indemnify the purchaser for certain liabilities, including certain asbestos-related and other claims. Warner-Lambert was acquired by Pfizer in 2000 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer. Warner-Lambert is actively engaged in the defense of, and will continue to explore various means of resolving, these claims.

There also are a small number of lawsuits pending in various federal and state courts seeking damages for alleged exposure to asbestos in facilities owned or formerly owned by Pfizer or its subsidiaries.

Docetaxel

A number of lawsuits have been filed against Hospira and Pfizer in various federal and state courts alleging that plaintiffs who were treated with Docetaxel developed permanent hair loss. Hospira is a wholly-owned subsidiary that we acquired in September 2015. The significant majority of the cases also name other defendants, including the manufacturer of the branded product, Taxotere. Plaintiffs seek compensatory and punitive damages. Additional lawsuits have been filed in which plaintiffs allege they developed blocked tear ducts following their treatment with Docetaxel.

In 2016, the federal cases were transferred for coordinated pre-trial proceedings to an MDL in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. All of the hair loss cases filed against Hospira and Pfizer have been dismissed with prejudice. In 2022, the eye injury cases were transferred for coordinated pre-trial proceedings to an MDL in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Zantac

A number of lawsuits have been filed against Pfizer in various federal and state courts alleging that plaintiffs developed various types of cancer, or face an increased risk of developing cancer, purportedly as a result of the ingestion of Zantac. The significant majority of these cases also name other defendants that have historically manufactured and/or sold Zantac. Pfizer has not sold Zantac since 2006, and only sold an OTC version of the product. In 2006, Pfizer sold the consumer business that included its Zantac OTC rights to Johnson & Johnson and transferred the assets and liabilities related to Zantac OTC to Johnson & Johnson in connection with the sale. Plaintiffs in these cases seek compensatory and punitive damages.

In February 2020, the federal actions were transferred for coordinated pre-trial proceedings to an MDL in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the Federal MDL Court). Plaintiffs in the MDL filed against Pfizer and many other defendants a master personal injury complaint, a consolidated consumer class action complaint alleging, among other things, claims under consumer protection statutes of all 50 states, and a medical monitoring complaint seeking to certify medical monitoring classes under the laws of 13 states. In December 2022, the Federal MDL Court granted defendants’ Daubert motions to exclude plaintiffs’ expert testimony and motion for summary judgment on general causation, which has resulted in the dismissal of all complaints in the litigation. Plaintiffs have appealed the Federal MDL Court’s rulings.

In addition, (i) Pfizer has received service of Canadian class action complaints naming Pfizer and other defendants, and seeking compensatory and punitive damages for personal injury and economic loss, allegedly arising from the defendants’ sale of Zantac in Canada; and (ii) the State of New Mexico and the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore separately filed civil actions against Pfizer and many other defendants in state courts, alleging various state statutory and common law claims in connection with the defendants’ alleged sale of Zantac in those jurisdictions. In April 2021, a Judicial Council Coordinated Proceeding was created in the Superior Court of California in Alameda County to coordinate personal injury actions against Pfizer and other defendants filed in California state court. Coordinated proceedings have also been created in other state courts. The large majority of the state court cases have been filed in the Superior Court of Delaware in New Castle County.

Many of these Zantac-related cases have been outstanding for a number of years. From time to time, Pfizer has explored and will continue to explore opportunistic settlements of these matters. As of February 2026, Pfizer had settled, or entered into definitive agreements or agreements-in-principle to settle, subject to certain conditions, a substantial majority of the cases filed in state courts in which the plaintiff alleges use of a Pfizer product. The remaining unresolved state court cases continue in various state courts.

Chantix

Beginning in August 2021, a number of putative class actions have been filed against Pfizer in various U.S. federal courts following Pfizer’s voluntary recall of Chantix due to the presence of a nitrosamine, N-nitroso-varenicline. Plaintiffs assert that they suffered economic harm purportedly as a result of purchasing Chantix or generic varenicline medicines sold by Pfizer. Plaintiffs seek to represent nationwide and state-specific classes and seek various remedies, including damages and medical monitoring. In December 2022, the federal actions were transferred for coordinated pre-trial proceedings to an MDL in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Depo-Provera

A number of lawsuits have been filed against Pfizer and certain subsidiaries in various federal and state courts alleging that plaintiffs who used the injectable version of Depo-Provera (active ingredient medroxyprogesterone acetate, or MPA) for contraception developed meningioma. Some cases also name other defendants, including the manufacturers of generic versions of injectable MPA for contraception. Plaintiffs assert claims against Pfizer relating to both Depo-Provera and generic MPA products, and seek compensatory and punitive damages. In February 2025, the federal cases were transferred for coordinated pre-trial proceedings to an MDL in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida. Also, in 2025, coordinated proceedings were established in several U.S. state jurisdictions, including California, Connecticut, Delaware, and New York.

A3. Legal Proceedings––Commercial and Other Matters

Monsanto-Related Matters

In 1997, Monsanto Company (Former Monsanto) contributed certain chemical manufacturing operations and facilities to a newly formed corporation, Solutia Inc. (Solutia), and spun off the shares of Solutia. In 2000, Former Monsanto merged with Pharmacia & Upjohn Company to form Pharmacia. Pharmacia then transferred its agricultural operations to a newly created subsidiary, named Monsanto Company (New Monsanto), which it spun off in a two-stage process that was completed in 2002. Pharmacia was acquired by Pfizer in 2003 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer.

In connection with its spin-off that was completed in 2002, New Monsanto assumed, and agreed to indemnify Pharmacia for, any liabilities related to Pharmacia’s former agricultural business. New Monsanto has defended and/or is defending Pharmacia in connection with various claims and litigation arising out of, or related to, the agricultural business, and has been indemnifying Pharmacia when liability has been imposed or settlement has been reached regarding such claims and litigation.

In connection with its spin-off in 1997, Solutia assumed, and agreed to indemnify Pharmacia for, liabilities related to Former Monsanto’s chemical businesses. As the result of its reorganization under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, Solutia’s indemnification obligations relating to Former Monsanto’s chemical businesses are primarily limited to sites that Solutia has owned or operated. In addition, in connection with its spin-off that was completed in 2002, New Monsanto assumed, and agreed to indemnify Pharmacia for, any liabilities primarily related to Former Monsanto’s chemical businesses, including, but not limited to, any such liabilities that Solutia assumed. Solutia’s and New Monsanto’s assumption of, and agreement to indemnify Pharmacia for, these liabilities apply to pending actions and any future actions related to Former Monsanto’s chemical businesses in which Pharmacia is named as a defendant, including, without limitation, actions asserting environmental claims, including alleged exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. Solutia and/or New Monsanto are defending Pharmacia in connection with various claims and litigation arising out of, or related to, Former Monsanto’s chemical businesses, and have been indemnifying Pharmacia when liability has been imposed or settlement has been reached regarding such claims and litigation. In 2018, Bayer AG acquired Monsanto Company (New Monsanto), which is now a subsidiary of Bayer AG. Since the acquisition, New Monsanto has continued to defend and indemnify Pharmacia for these liabilities.

Environmental Matters

In 2009, as part of our acquisition of Wyeth, we assumed responsibility for environmental remediation at the Wyeth Holdings LLC (formerly known as Wyeth Holdings Corporation and American Cyanamid Company) discontinued industrial chemical facility in Bound Brook, New Jersey. Since that time, we have executed or have become a party to a number of administrative settlement agreements, orders on consent, and/or judicial consent decrees, with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and/or federal and state natural resource trustees to perform remedial design, removal and remedial actions, and related environmental remediation activities, and to resolve alleged damages to natural resources, at the Bound Brook facility. We have accrued for the currently estimated costs of these activities.

We are also party to a number of other proceedings brought under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, and other state, local or foreign laws in which the primary relief sought is the cost of past and/or future remediation.

Contracts with Iraqi Ministry of Health

In 2017, a number of U.S. service members, civilians, and their families brought a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against a number of pharmaceutical and medical devices companies, including Pfizer and certain of its subsidiaries, alleging that the defendants violated the U.S. Anti-Terrorism Act. The complaint alleges that the defendants provided funding for terrorist organizations through their sales practices pursuant to pharmaceutical and medical device contracts with the Iraqi Ministry of Health and seeks monetary relief. In

July 2020, the District Court granted defendants’ motions to dismiss and dismissed all of plaintiffs’ claims. In January 2022, the Court of Appeals reversed the District Court’s decision. In June 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an order granting certiorari, vacating the Court of Appeals’ decision, and remanding the case to the Court of Appeals.

Allergan Complaint for Indemnity

In 2019, Pfizer was named as a defendant in a complaint, along with King, filed by Allergan Finance LLC (Allergan) in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, asserting claims for indemnity related to Kadian, which was owned for a short period by King in 2008, prior to Pfizer’s acquisition of King in 2010. This suit was voluntarily discontinued without prejudice in January 2021.

Breach of Contract – Comirnaty

In 2023, Pfizer and BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH initiated separate formal proceedings against the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Romania and Hungary in Belgium’s Court of First Instance of Brussels. Pfizer and BioNTech are seeking an order from the Court holding those countries to their commitments for COVID-19 vaccine orders, which were placed as part of their contracts signed in 2021.

A4. Legal Proceedings––Government Investigations

Like other multi-national pharmaceutical companies, we are subject to extensive regulation by government agencies in the U.S., other developed markets and multiple emerging markets in which we operate. Criminal charges, substantial fines and/or civil penalties, limitations on our ability to conduct business in applicable jurisdictions, corporate integrity or deferred prosecution agreements, as well as reputational harm and increased public interest in the matter could result from government investigations in the U.S. and other jurisdictions in which we do business. These matters often involve government requests for information on a voluntary basis or through subpoenas after which the government may seek additional information through follow-up requests or additional subpoenas. In addition, in aqui tam lawsuit in which the government declines to intervene, the relator may still pursue a suit for the recovery of civil damages and penalties on behalf of the government. Among the investigations by government agencies are the matters discussed below.

Greenstone Antitrust Litigation

In 2019 and 2020, Attorneys General of more than 50 states and territories filedtwo complaints in the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut against a number of pharmaceutical companies, including Pfizer and Greenstone—a former Pfizer subsidiary that sold generic drugs. As to Greenstone and Pfizer, the complaints allege anticompetitive conduct in violation of federal and state antitrust laws and state consumer protection laws. The State Attorney General complaints were initially transferred to an MDL in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania for coordinated pre-trial proceedings but were transferred back to the District of Connecticut in April 2024. The Greenstone antitrust litigation also includes civil complaints filed in federal and state court by private and governmental plaintiffs against Pfizer, Greenstone, and a number of other defendants. These related civil lawsuits assert allegations that generally overlap with those asserted by the State Attorneys General. All of the related federal lawsuits are part of the MDL pending in Pennsylvania.

Subpoena relating to Tris Pharma/Quillivant XR

In October 2018, we received a subpoena from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York (SDNY) seeking records relating to our relationship with another drug manufacturer and its production and manufacturing of drugs including, but not limited to, Quillivant XR. We have produced records in response to this request and, in June 2025, the SDNY and numerous related states on whose behalf the SDNY had been investigating, declined to intervene in a qui tamaction that had been filed by a relator. The relator is pursuing the action in his individual capacity on behalf of the government.

Government Inquiries relating to Meridian Medical Technologies

In February 2019, we received a Civil Investigative Demand (CID) from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the SDNY. The CID seeks records and information related to alleged quality issues involving the manufacture of auto-injectors at Pfizer’s former Meridian site. In August 2019, we received a HIPAA subpoena issued by the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Missouri, in coordination with the Department of Justice’s Consumer Protection Branch, seeking similar records and information. We have produced records in response to these and subsequent requests.

U.S. Department of Justice Inquiries relating to India Operations

In March 2020, we received an informal request from the U.S. Department of Justice’s Consumer Protection Branch seeking documents relating to our manufacturing operations in India, including at our former facility located at Irrungattukottai in India. In April 2020, we received a similar request from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the SDNY regarding a civil investigation concerning operations at our facilities in India. We have produced records pursuant to these requests.

Zantac––State of New Mexico and Mayor and City Council of Baltimore Civil Actions

See Legal Proceedings––Product Litigation––Zantac above for information regarding civil actions separately filed by the State of New Mexico and the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore alleging various state statutory and common law claims in connection with the defendants’ alleged sale of Zantac in those jurisdictions.

Government Inquiries relating to Xeljanz

In April 2023, we received a HIPAA subpoena issued by the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Virginia, in coordination with the Department of Justice’s Commercial Litigation Branch, seeking records and information related to programs Pfizer sponsored in retail pharmacies relating to Xeljanz. We have produced records pursuant to this request.

B. Guarantees and Indemnifications

In the ordinary course of business and in connection with the sale of assets and businesses and other transactions, we often indemnify our counterparties against certain liabilities that may arise in connection with the transaction or that are related to events and activities prior to or following a transaction. If the indemnified party were to make a successful claim pursuant to the terms of the indemnification, we may be required to reimburse the loss. These indemnifications are generally subject to various restrictions and limitations. Historically, we have not paid significant amounts under these provisions and, as of December 31, 2025, the estimated fair value of these indemnification obligations is not material to Pfizer.

In addition, in connection with our entry into certain agreements and other transactions, our counterparties may be obligated to indemnify us. For example, our global agreement with BioNTech to co-develop a mRNA-based coronavirus vaccine program aimed at preventing COVID-19 infection includes certain indemnity provisions pursuant to which each of BioNTech and Pfizer has agreed to indemnify the other for certain liabilities that may arise in connection with certain third-party claims relating to Comirnaty.

See Note 7D for information on Pfizer Inc.’s guarantee of the debt issued by PNIF in May 2025 and the debt issued by PIE in May 2023. We have also guaranteed the long-term debt of certain subsidiaries of Pfizer and certain companies that we acquired and that now are subsidiaries of Pfizer.

C. Certain Commitments

As of December 31, 2025, we had commitments totaling $5.0 billion that are legally binding and enforceable. These commitments include purchase obligations for goods and services and payments relating to potential milestone payments deemed reasonably likely to occur.

See Note 5A for information on the TCJA repatriation tax liability.

D. Contingent Consideration for Acquisitions

We may be required to make contingent consideration payments to sellers for certain prior Pfizer business combinations that are contingent on future events or outcomes. We also have assumed certain contingent consideration liabilities that were previously promised to sellers by a company subsequently acquired by Pfizer. See Note 1D. The estimated fair value of contingent consideration as of December 31, 2025 is $1.8 billion, of which $95 million is recorded in Other current liabilities and $1.7 billion in Other noncurrent liabilities, and as of December 31, 2024 was $517 million, of which $39 million was recorded in Other current liabilities and $477 million in Other noncurrent liabilities. The increase in the contingent consideration balance from December 31, 2024 is primarily due to a CVR and another assumed contingent consideration liability in connection with our acquisition of Metsera. See Note 2A.

E. Insurance

Our insurance coverage reflects market conditions (including cost and availability) existing at the time it is written, and our decision to obtain insurance coverage or to self-insure varies accordingly. Depending upon the cost and availability of insurance and the nature of the risk involved, the amount of self-insurance may be significant. The cost and availability of coverage have resulted in self-insuring certain exposures, including product liability. If we incur substantial liabilities that are not covered by insurance or substantially exceed insurance coverage and that are in excess of existing accruals, there could be a material adverse effect on our cash flows or results of operations in the period in which the amounts are paid and/or accrued.

Note 17. Segment, Geographic and Other Revenue Information

A. Segment Information

We manage our commercial operations through three operating segments, each led by a single manager: Biopharma, PC1 and Pfizer Ignite. Biopharma is engaged in the discovery, development, manufacture, marketing, sale and distribution of biopharmaceutical products worldwide. PC1 is our contract development and manufacturing organization and a leading supplier of specialty active pharmaceutical ingredients. Pfizer Ignite is an offering that provides strategic guidance and end-to-end R&D services to select innovative biotech companies that align with Pfizer’s R&D focus areas. Biopharma is the only reportable segment. Pfizer’s CODM is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Our CODM uses the revenues and earnings of the operating segments, among other factors, for performance evaluation and resource allocation. The CODM uses segment revenues and earnings in the annual budgeting process when setting strategic goals for the company and considers periodic budget-to-actual variances in segment revenues and earnings when assessing performance of the segments and making decisions about allocating resources to the operating segments. By analyzing segment financial results, the CODM can discern trends, which can inform decisions that align with the company’s goals and objectives, andhelp ensure risks are managed appropriately. We regularly review our operating segments and the approach used by management to evaluate performance and allocate resources.

Within our Biopharma reportable segment, our commercial divisions market, sell and distribute our products, and global operating functions are responsible for the research, development, manufacturing and supply of our products. Each operating segment is supported by our global corporate enabling functions and other corporate functions. At the beginning of 2025, we made the following changes within our Biopharma reportable segment that went into effect on January 1, 2025 to support our continued focus on commercial execution and to further strengthen Pfizer’s capabilities and leadership in discovering and developing breakthrough medicines and vaccines:

•Transitioned all activities within the former Pfizer Oncology Division to other parts of Biopharma. Specifically, within our Biopharma reportable segment the U.S. Oncology commercial organization and the global Oncology marketing organization, which were part of the former Pfizer Oncology Division, became part of the Pfizer U.S. Commercial Division. As of January 1, 2025, the commercial structure within our Biopharma reportable segment was composed of the Pfizer U.S. Commercial Division, which focused on the commercialization of Pfizer’s entire product portfolio in the U.S. and is led by the Chief U.S. Commercial Officer, Executive Vice President, and the Pfizer International Commercial Division, which focused on the commercialization of Pfizer’s entire product portfolio in all international markets and is led by the Chief International Commercial Officer, Executive Vice President.

•Strategically combined our former global Oncology Research and Development and Pfizer Research and Development divisions to form a single Pfizer R&D organization led by the Chief Scientific Officer and President, Research and Development. This organization is responsible for overseeing all R&D activities with end-to-end responsibilities that span from discovery to late-phase clinical development and post-approval activities, including facilitating regulatory submissions, engaging with health authorities and global medical strategies. This organization also includes science-based disciplines, providing comprehensive technical expertise for the development of Pfizer’s medicines and vaccines. A newly formed Chief Medical Office is part of this structure, advancing medical and scientific knowledge by generating evidence-based insights to drive informed regulatory and healthcare decisions. It ensures all stakeholders – including patients, healthcare providers, pharmacists, payors, and health authorities – have complete and up-to-date information on the benefits and risks associated with our products. R&D spending may encompass upfront and pre-approval milestone payments for intellectual property rights related to its programs, which would be recorded as Acquired in-process research and development expenses.

Other Business Activities––Other business activities include the operating results of PC1 and Pfizer Ignite as well as certain pre-tax costs not allocated to our operating segment results, such as costs associated with:

•corporate enabling functions (such as digital, global real estate operations, legal, finance, human resources, compliance and worldwide procurement, among others) and other corporate costs, including, but not limited to, all strategy, business development and portfolio management capabilities and certain compensation, as well as interest income and expense, and gains and losses on investments; and

•our share of equity-method income from Haleon in 2024 and 2023 (see Note 2C).

In 2025, Pfizer made the decision to discontinue Pfizer Ignite and we are winding down this business while collaborating closely with our Ignite partners to ensure continuity and the successful transition of work.

Reconciling Items––Reconciling items include the following items, transactions and events that are not allocated to our operating segments: (i) all amortization of intangible assets; (ii) acquisition-related items, where we incur costs for executing the transaction, integrating the acquired operations and restructuring the combined company, and which may also include purchase accounting impacts, such as the incremental charge to cost of sales from the sale of acquired inventory that was written up to fair value, depreciation related to the increase/decrease in fair value of acquired fixed assets, amortization related to the increase in fair value of acquired debt, and the fair value changes for contingent consideration; and (iii) certain significant items, representing substantive and/or unusual, and in some cases recurring, items that are evaluated on an individual basis by management and that, either as a result of their nature or size, would not be expected to occur as part of our normal business on a regular basis. Such certain significant items can include, but are not limited to, pension and postretirement actuarial remeasurement gains and losses, non-acquisition-related restructuring costs, net gains and losses on investments in equity securities, as well as costs incurred for legal settlements, asset impairments and disposals of assets or businesses, including, as applicable, any associated transition activities.

Segment Assets––We manage our assets on a total company basis, not by operating segment, as our operating assets are shared or commingled. Therefore, our CODM does not regularly review any asset information by operating segment and, accordingly, we do not report asset information by operating segment. Total assets were $208 billion as of December 31, 2025 and $213 billion as of December 31, 2024.

Selected Statement of Operations Information

(a)Income from continuing operations before provision/(benefit) for taxes on income. Biopharma’s earnings include costs related to manufacturing and supply, sales and marketing activities, R&D, and medical and safety activities that are associated with products in our Biopharma segment. Effective in the third quarter of 2025, certain expenses for corporate affairs, such as for U.S. policy and government relations, which were previously reported in the operating results of corporate enabling functions, are reported in the operating results of our Biopharma reportable segment. In connection with this reporting change, we reclassified Selling, informational and administrative expenses of approximately $170 million and $156 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, from Other business activities to Biopharma to conform to the current period presentation.

(b)Certain production facilities are shared. Depreciation is allocated based on estimates of physical production.

(c)Biopharma’s earnings in 2025 reflects credits to Cost of Sales representing favorable revisions of our estimate of accrued royalties. Biopharma’s revenues and earnings in 2024 reflected a non-cash favorable product return adjustment of $771 million recorded in the first quarter of 2024 and in 2023 reflected a non-cash revenue reversal of $3.5 billion (see Note 17C). In 2023, Biopharma earnings included approximately $6.2 billion of inventory write-offs and related charges to Cost of sales mainly due to lower-than-expected demand for our COVID-19 products. Biopharma’s earnings also include dividend income from our investment in ViiV of $265 million in 2025, $272 million in 2024 and $265 million in 2023.

(d)Other business activities include revenues and costs associated with PC1 and Pfizer Ignite as well as costs that we do not allocate to our operating segments, per above. Earnings in 2025 reflects a charge for $1.35 billion recorded in Acquired in-process research and development expenses related to an in-licensing agreement with 3SBio. See Note 2F.

(e)Certain significant items are substantive and/or unusual, and in some cases recurring, items (as noted above). Earnings in 2025 includes, among other items: (i) certain asset impairments of $4.9 billion recorded in Other(income)/deductions––net,(ii) restructuring charges/(credits), inventory write-offs, implementation costs and additional depreciation—asset restructuring of $1.6 billion (primarily recorded in Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs) and (iii) charges for certain legal matters of $1.1 billion recorded in Other(income)/deductions––net, partially offset by (iv) actuarial valuation, pension and other postretirement plan gains of $320 million recorded in Other (income)/deductions––net. Earnings in 2024 included, among other items: (i) intangible asset impairment charges of $3.3 billion recorded in Other (income)/deductions––net, (ii) restructuring charges/(credits) and implementation costs and additional depreciation—asset restructuring of $2.2 billion (primarily recorded in Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs), (iii) actuarial valuation, pension and other postretirement plan losses of $579 million recorded in Other (income)/deductions––net, (iv) charges for certain legal matters of $567 million recorded in Other (income)/deductions––net, and (v) a charge in Other (income)/deductions––netof $420 million related to the expected sale ofone of our facilities resulting from the discontinuation of our DMD program, partially offset by (vi) net gains on equity securities of $1.0 billion and (vii) net gains of $825 million on the partial sales of our previous investment in Haleon in March and October 2024, which were comprised of (a) total gains on the sales of $945 million less (b) $120 million in the fourth quarter (included in Other business activities) representing our pro-rata share of Haleon’s third quarter 2024 adjusted income recorded on a one quarter lag and implicitly included in the gain on the sale of those shares. Earnings in 2023 included, among other items: (i) intangible asset impairment charges of $3.0 billion recorded in Other (income)/deductions––netand (ii) restructuring charges/(credits) and implementation costs and additional depreciation—asset restructuring of $2.2 billion ($290 million recorded in Selling, informational and administrative expensesand the remaining amount primarily recorded in Restructuring charges and certain acquisition-related costs), partially offset by (iii) net gains on equity securities of $1.6 billion recorded in Other (income)/deductions––net. See Notes 3 and 4.

(a)As described above, certain Selling, informational and administrative expenses for corporate affairs, which were previously reported in the operating results of corporate enabling functions, are reported in the operating results of our Biopharma reportable segment. Prior year amounts have been recast to conform to the current period presentation.

B. Geographic Information

(a)Revenues are primarily attributed to countries based on the location of the customer.

Revenues exceeded $500 million in each of 12,11 and 14 countries outside the U.S. in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The U.S. is the only country to contribute more than 10% of total revenue in 2025, 2024 and 2023. As a percentage of Total revenues, China was our largest market outside the U.S. (representing 5% and 4% of total revenues) in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Japan was our largest market outside the U.S. in 2023 (representing 6% of total revenues).

C. Other Revenue Information

Significant Customers

We and our collaboration partner, BioNTech, have entered into agreements to supply pre-specified doses of Comirnaty with multiple developed and emerging nations around the world and are continuing to deliver doses of Comirnaty under such agreements. This includes supply agreements entered into in November 2020 and February and May 2021 with the EC for Comirnaty on behalf of the different EU member states and certain other countries. Each EU member state submits its own Comirnaty vaccine order to us and is responsible for payment pursuant to terms of the supply agreements negotiated by the EC. In May 2023, we and BioNTech amended our contract with the EC to deliver COVID-19 vaccines to the EU. The amended agreement includes rephasing of delivery of doses annually through 2026 and an aggregate volume reduction, providing additional flexibility for those EU member states who agreed to the amended agreement. The EC will maintain access to future adapted COVID-19 vaccines and the ability to donate doses, in alignment with the original agreement.

In 2022 and 2023, we had entered into agreements to supply pre-specified treatment courses of Paxlovid with government and government sponsored customers in multiple developed and emerging nations around the world, which represented most Paxlovid revenues in 2022 and 2023, while commercialization began in some markets in 2023. Internationally, most Paxlovid revenue was generated through commercial channels in 2025. In October 2023, we announced an amended agreement with the U.S. government, which facilitated the transition of Paxlovid to traditional commercial markets in the U.S. starting in November 2023, with prices negotiated with commercial payors and a copay assistance program for eligible privately insured patients, as the U.S. government began to discontinue the distribution of EUA-labeled Paxlovid. We ensured commercial readiness by providing NDA-labeled commercial supply by the end of 2023. However, EUA-labeled Paxlovid remained available free-of-charge to all eligible patients until the end of 2023, and therefore, there was only minimal uptake of NDA-labeled commercial product before January 1, 2024. In connection with this agreement, we recorded a non-cash revenue reversal of $3.5 billion in the fourth quarter of 2023, of which a portion was associated with sales recorded in 2022, related to the expected return of an estimated 6.5 million treatment courses of EUA-labeled U.S. government inventory. In the first quarter of 2024, we recorded a non-cash favorable final adjustment of $771 million to reflect 5.1 million EUA-labeled treatment courses returned through February 29, 2024, which were converted to a volume-based credit that supports continued access to Paxlovid through a U.S. government patient assistance program operated by Pfizer. In the third quarter of 2024, in connection with this amended agreement, we also supplied at no cost to the U.S. government or taxpayers a U.S. SNS of 1.0 million treatment courses to enable future pandemic preparedness through 2028, and recorded revenue of $442 million. While we are recognizing revenue as these treatment courses are delivered, there is no cash consideration for these treatment courses.

Collectively, our three largest U.S. wholesaler customers represented 40% and 34% of total trade accounts receivable as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Significant Revenues by Product

The following provides detailed revenue information for several of our major products:

(a)Reflects alliance revenues and product revenues.

(b)2024 included (i) a $771 million favorable final adjustment recorded in the first quarter to the estimated non-cash revenue reversal of $3.5 billion recorded in the fourth quarter of 2023, reflecting 5.1 million EUA-labeled treatment courses returned by the U.S. government through February 29, 2024 versus the estimated 6.5 million treatment courses that were expected to be returned as of December 31, 2023, and (ii) $442 million of revenue recorded in the third quarter in connection with the creation of the U.S. SNS. 2023 included a non-cash revenue reversal of $3.5 billion recorded in the fourth quarter, of which a portion was associated with sales recorded in 2022, related to the expected return of an estimated 6.5 million treatment courses of EUA-labeled U.S. government inventory.

(c)Primarily reflects alliance revenues and royalty revenues.

(d)Biosimilars are highly similar versions of approved and authorized biological medicines. Oncology biosimilars primarily include Ruxience, Retacrit, Zirabev, Trazimera and Nivestym.

(e)Reflects product revenues and royalty revenues.

(f)Erbitux® is a registered trademark of ImClone LLC.

(g)Reflects alliance revenues.

(h)PC1 includes revenues from our contract manufacturing and our active pharmaceutical ingredient sales operation, as well as revenues related to our manufacturing and supply agreements with legacy Pfizer businesses/partnerships.

(i)Refer to Note 17A above.

Remaining Performance Obligations––Contracted revenue expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations for firm orders in long-term contracts to supply Comirnaty and Paxlovid to our customers totaled approximately $2.1 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2025, which includes amounts received in advance and deferred, as well as amounts that will be invoiced as we deliver these products to our customers in future periods. Of these amounts, current contract terms provide for expected delivery of product with contracted revenue primarily from 2026 through 2028, the timing of which may be renegotiated. Remaining performance obligations are based on foreign exchange rates as of the end of our fiscal fourth quarter of 2025 and exclude arrangements with an original expected contract duration of less than one year. Remaining performance obligations associated with contracts for other products and services were not significant as of December 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Deferred Revenues––Our deferred revenues primarily relate to advance payments received or receivable from various government or government sponsored customers for supply of Paxlovid and Comirnaty. The deferred revenues related to Paxlovid and Comirnaty totaled $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2025, with $689 million and $826 million recorded in current liabilities and noncurrent liabilities, respectively. The deferred revenues related to Paxlovid and Comirnaty totaled $2.2 billion as of December 31, 2024, with $1.4 billion and $785 million recorded in current liabilities and noncurrent liabilities, respectively. The decrease in Paxlovid and Comirnaty deferred revenues during 2025 was primarily driven by amounts recognized in Product revenues as we delivered the products to our customers. During 2025, we recognized revenue of approximately $771 million that was included in the balance of Paxlovid and Comirnaty deferred revenues as of December 31, 2024. The Paxlovid and Comirnaty deferred revenues as of December 31, 2025 will be recognized in Product revenues proportionately as we transfer control of the products to our customers and satisfy our performance obligations under the contracts, with the amounts included in current liabilities expected to be recognized in Product revenues within the next 12 months, and the amounts included in noncurrent liabilities expected to be recognized in Product revenues primarily from December 2026 (which falls in our international first quarter of 2027) through 2028. Deferred revenues associated with contracts for other products were not significant as of December 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.