NATIONAL RURAL UTILITIES COOPERATIVE FINANCE CORP /DC/

Our loan portfolio, which represents the largest component of assets on our balance sheet, accounts for the substantial majority of our credit risk exposure. We also engage in certain non-lending activities that may give rise to counterparty credit risk, such as entering into derivative transactions to manage interest rate risk and investment in debt and equity securities. We provide additional information on our credit risk-management framework under “Item 7. MD&A—Credit Risk—Credit Risk Management” in our 2026 Form 10-K.

Loan Portfolio Credit Risk

Our primary credit exposure is loans to rural electric cooperatives, which provide essential electric services to end-users, the majority of which are residential customers. We also have a limited portfolio of loans to not-for-profit and for-profit telecommunication companies. The substantial majority of loans to our borrowers are long-term fixed-rate loans with terms of up to 35 years. Long-term fixed-rate loans accounted for 85% and 84% of total loans outstanding as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively.

Because we lend primarily to our rural electric utility cooperative members, we have had a loan portfolio inherently subject to single-industry and single-obligor credit concentration risk since our inception in 1969. We historically, however, have experienced limited defaults and losses in our electric utility loan portfolio due to several factors. First, the majority of our electric cooperative borrowers operate in states where electric cooperatives are not subject to rate regulation. Thus, they are able to make rate adjustments to pass along increased costs to the end customer without first obtaining state regulatory approval, allowing them to cover operating costs and generate sufficient earnings and cash flows to service their debt obligations. Second, electric cooperatives face limited competition, as they tend to operate in exclusive territories not serviced by public investor-owned utilities. Third, electric cooperatives typically are consumer-owned, not-for-profit entities that provide an essential service to end-users, the majority of which are residential customers. As not-for-profit entities, rural electric cooperatives, unlike investor-owned utilities, generally are eligible to apply for assistance from federal and/or state agencies to help recover from major disasters or emergencies. Fourth, electric cooperatives tend to adhere to a conservative core business strategy model that has historically resulted in a relatively stable, resilient operating environment and overall strong financial performance and credit strength for the electric cooperative network. Finally, we generally lend to our members on a senior secured basis, which reduces the risk of loss in the event of a borrower default.

Below we provide information on the credit risk profile of our loan portfolio, including security provisions, credit concentration, credit quality indicators and our allowance for credit losses.

Security Provisions

Except when providing line of credit loans, we generally lend to our members on a senior secured basis. Table 14 presents, by legal entity and member class and by loan type, secured and unsecured loans in our loan portfolio as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026. Of our total loans outstanding, 90% and 89% were secured as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively.

Table 14: Loans—Loan Portfolio Security Profile

(1)Represents the unpaid principal balance, net of discounts, charge-offs and recoveries, of loans as of the end of each period. Excludes unamortized deferred loan origination costs of $20 million and $19 million as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively.

Credit Concentration

Concentrations of credit may exist when a lender has large credit exposures to single borrowers, large credit exposures to borrowers in the same industry sector or engaged in similar activities or large credit exposures to borrowers in a geographic region that would cause the borrowers to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions in the region. As discussed above under “Credit Risk—Loan Portfolio Credit Risk,” because we lend primarily to our rural electric utility cooperative members, our loan portfolio is inherently subject to single-industry and single-obligor credit concentration risk. Loans outstanding to electric utility organizations totaled $37,732 million and $37,821 million as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively, and represented 98% of our total loans outstanding as of each respective date. Our credit exposure is partially mitigated by long-term loans guaranteed by RUS, which totaled $92 million and $95 million as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively.

Single-Obligor Concentration

Table 15 displays the outstanding loan exposure for our 20 largest borrowers, by legal entity and member class, as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026. Our 20 largest borrowers consisted of 13 distribution systems and seven power supply systems as of August 31, 2026 and 12 distribution systems and eight power supply systems as of May 31, 2026. The largest total exposure to a single borrower or controlled group represented approximately 1%of total loans outstanding as of both August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026.

Table 15: Loans—Loan Exposure to 20 Largest Borrowers

(1)We entered into a long-term standby purchase commitment agreement with Farmer Mac during fiscal year 2016. Under this agreement, we may designate certain long-term loans to be covered under the commitment, subject to approval by Farmer Mac, and in the event any such loan later goes into payment default for at least 90 days, upon request by us, Farmer Mac must purchase such loan at par value. See “Note 4—Loans” in this Report for additional information on this agreement with Farmer Mac.

Geographic Concentration

Although our organizational structure and mission result in single-industry concentration, we serve a geographically diverse group of electric and telecommunications borrowers throughout the United States. The consolidated number of borrowers with loans outstanding totaled 896, located in 49 states and the District of Columbia as of August 31, 2026, compared with 903 borrowers located in 49 states as of May 31, 2026. Of the 896 and 903 borrowers with loans outstanding,49 and 50 were electric power supply borrowers as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively. Electric power supply borrowers generally require significantly more capital than electric distribution and telecommunications borrowers.

Texas had the largest number of borrowers with loans outstanding in any one state as of each respective date, as well as the largest concentration of loan exposure in any one state with loans totaling $6,252 million and $6,294 million, net of the loans covered by the Farmer Mac standby purchase commitment agreement, as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively, which represented approximately 17% of total loans outstanding as of each period. See “Note 4—Loans” in this Report for additional information on the Texas-based number of borrowers and loans outstanding.

Credit Quality Indicators

Assessing the overall credit quality of our loan portfolio and measuring our credit risk is an ongoing process that involves tracking payment status, modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, nonaccrual loans, charge-offs, the internal risk ratings of our borrowers and other indicators of credit risk. We monitor and subject each borrower and loan facility in our loan portfolio to an individual risk assessment based on quantitative and qualitative factors. Payment status trends and internal risk ratings are indicators, among others, of the probability of borrower default and overall credit quality of our loan portfolio. We believe the overall credit quality of our loan portfolio remained strong as of August 31, 2026.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

We had no loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty entered during Q1 FY2027 and Q1 FY2026.

Loans on Nonaccrual Status

We had one loan to a CFC electric power supply borrower of $5 million and $8 million that was on nonaccrual status, which represented 0.01% and 0.02%of total loans outstanding as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively. The decrease in this outstanding loan balance was due to a loan repayment received during Q1 FY2027. In September 2026, we received a$2 million payment on this loan, which further reduced its outstanding balance to$3 million. We describe our accounting policy related to nonaccrual loans under “Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2026 Form 10-K.

Net Charge-Offs

We had no charge-offs during Q1 FY2027 and Q1 FY2026. Over the past five years, we had three borrower defaults resulting in $14 million of charge-offs. Our electric utility loan portfolio has historically experienced low levels of credit losses.

Borrower Risk Ratings

As part of our management of credit risk, we maintain a credit risk rating framework under which we employ a consistent process for assessing the credit quality of our loan portfolio. We evaluate each borrower and loan facility in our loan portfolio and assign internal borrower and loan facility risk ratings based on consideration of a number of quantitative and qualitative factors. We categorize loans in our portfolio based on our internally assigned borrower risk ratings, which are intended to assess the general creditworthiness of the borrower and probability of default. Our borrower risk ratings align with the U.S. federal banking regulatory agencies’ credit risk definitions of pass and criticized categories, with the criticized category further segmented among special mention, substandard and doubtful. Pass ratings reflect relatively low probability of default, while criticized ratings have a higher probability of default. Our internally assigned borrower risk ratings serve as the primary credit quality indicator for our loan portfolio. Because our internal borrower risk ratings provide important information on the probability of default, they are a key input in determining our allowance for credit losses.

Criticized loans totaled $204 million and $207 million as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively, and represented approximately 1% of total loans outstanding as of each respective date. The decrease in criticized loans was primarily driven by a $3 million payment received from a CFC electric power supply borrower in the doubtful category during Q1 FY2027. Each of the borrowers with loans outstanding in the criticized category was current with regard to all principal and interest amounts due to us as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026.

We provide additional information on our borrower risk rating framework in our 2026 Form 10-K under “Item 7. MD&A—Credit Risk—Loan Portfolio Credit Risk—Credit Quality Indicators.” See “Note 4—Loans” of this Report for detail, by member class, on loans outstanding in each borrower risk rating category.

Allowance for Credit Losses

We are required to maintain an allowance based on a current estimate of credit losses that are expected to occur over the remaining contractual term of the loans in our portfolio. Our allowance for credit losses consists of a collective allowance and an asset-specific allowance. The collective allowance is established for loans in our portfolio that share similar risk characteristics and are therefore evaluated on a collective, or pool, basis in measuring expected credit losses. The asset-specific allowance is established for loans in our portfolio that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans in our portfolio and are therefore evaluated on an individual basis in measuring expected credit losses.

Table 16 presents, by legal entity and member class, loans outstanding and the related allowance for credit losses and allowance coverage ratio as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026 and the allowance components as of each date.

Table 16: Allowance for Credit Losses by Borrower Member Class and Evaluation Methodology

(1)Represents the unpaid principal balance, net of discounts, charge-offs and recoveries, of loans as of each period end. Excludes unamortized deferred loan origination costs of $20 million and $19 million as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively.

(2)Calculated based on the allowance for credit losses attributable to each member class and allowance components at period end divided by the related loans outstanding at period end.

(3)Calculated based on the total allowance for credit losses at period end divided by loans outstanding on nonaccrual status at period end. Nonaccrual loans represented 0.01% and 0.02% of total loans outstanding as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively. We provide additional information on our nonaccrual loans in “Note 4—Loans” in this Report.

Our allowance for credit losses and allowance coverage ratio increased to $34 million and 0.09%, respectively, as of August 31, 2026, compared with $30 million and 0.08%, respectively, as of May 31, 2026. The $4 million increase in the allowance for credit losses was attributable to an increase in the collective allowance, driven primarily by longer weighted-average remaining maturity of our loan portfolio and higher credit risk associated with certain borrowers, partially offset by an improvement in the overall credit quality and risk profile of the loan portfolio.

We discuss our methodology for estimating the allowance for credit losses under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model in “Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Allowance for Credit Losses—Loan Portfolio” and provide information on management’s judgment and the uncertainties involved in our determination of the allowance for credit losses in “MD&A—Critical Accounting Estimates” in our 2026 Form 10-K. We provide additional information on our loans and allowance for credit losses under “Note 4—Loans” and “Note 5—Allowance for Credit Losses” of this Report.

Counterparty Credit Risk

In addition to credit exposure from our borrowers, we enter into other types of financial transactions in the ordinary course of business that expose us to counterparty credit risk, primarily related to transactions involving our cash and cash equivalents, securities held in our investment securities portfolio and derivatives. We mitigate our risk by only entering into these transactions with counterparties with investment-grade ratings, establishing operational guidelines and counterparty exposure limits and monitoring our counterparty credit risk position. We evaluate our counterparties based on certain quantitative and qualitative factors and periodically assign internal risk rating grades to our counterparties.

Cash and Investment Securities Counterparty Credit Exposure

Our cash and cash equivalents and investment securities totaled $203 million and $40 million, respectively, as of August 31, 2026. The primary credit exposure associated with investments held in our investment portfolio is that issuers will not repay principal and interest in accordance with the contractual terms. Our cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions generally have an original maturity of less than one year and pursuant to our investment policy guidelines, all fixed-income debt securities, at the time of purchase, must be rated at least investment grade based on external credit ratings from at least two of the leading global credit rating agencies, when available, or the corresponding equivalent, when not available. We therefore believe that the risk of default by these counterparties is low. As of August 31, 2026, our overall counterparty credit risk was deemed to be satisfactory and not materially changed compared with May 31, 2026.

We provide additional information on the holdings in our investment securities portfolio below under “Liquidity Risk—Investment Securities Portfolio” and in “Note 3—Investment Securities.”

Derivative Counterparty Credit Exposure

Our derivative counterparty credit exposure relates principally to interest rate swap contracts. We generally engage in over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivative transactions, which expose us to individual counterparty credit risk because these transactions are executed and settled directly between us and each counterparty. We are exposed to the risk that an individual derivative counterparty defaults on payments due to us, which we may not be able to collect or which may require us to seek a replacement derivative from a different counterparty. This replacement may be at a higher cost, or we may be unable to find a suitable replacement.

We manage our derivative counterparty credit exposure through diversification of our derivative positions among various counterparties and by executing derivative transactions with financial institutions that have investment-grade credit ratings, as well as by maintaining enforceable master netting arrangements that allow us to net derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty. We also manage the credit risk associated with our derivative counterparties by using internal credit risk analysis, limits and a monitoring process. We had 12 active derivative counterparties with credit ratings ranging from Aa1 to Baa1 by Moody’s as of both August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, and from AA- to BBB+ by S&P as of both August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026. The total outstanding notional amount of derivatives with these counterparties was $6,603 million and $6,566 million as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively. The highest single derivative counterparty concentration, by outstanding notional amount, accounted for approximately 25% of the total outstanding notional amount of our derivatives as of both August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026.

While our derivative agreements include netting provisions that allow for offsetting of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event of default by one of the two parties, we report the fair value of our derivatives on a gross basis by individual contract as either a derivative asset or derivative liability on our consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of our derivatives includes credit valuation adjustments reflecting counterparty credit risk. We estimate our exposure to credit loss on our derivatives by calculating the replacement cost to settle at current market prices, as defined in our derivative agreements, of all outstanding derivatives in a net gain position at the counterparty level where a right of legal offset exists. We provide information on the impact of netting provisions under our master swap agreements and collateral pledged, if any, in “Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities—Impact of Derivatives on Consolidated Balance Sheets.” We believe our exposure to derivative counterparty risk, at any point in time, is equal to the amount of our outstanding derivatives in a net gain position, at the individual counterparty level, which totaled $606 million and $524 million as of August 31, 2026 and May 31, 2026, respectively.

We provide additional detail on our derivative agreements, including a discussion of derivative contracts with credit rating triggers and settlement amounts that would be required in the event of a ratings trigger, in “Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” in this Report.

See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2026 Form 10-K and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Report for additional information about credit risks related to our business.