NATIONAL RURAL UTILITIES COOPERATIVE FINANCE CORP /DC/

NOTE 1—SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The Company

National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation (“CFC”) is a tax-exempt, member-owned cooperative association incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia in April 1969. CFC’s principal purpose is to provide its members with financing to supplement the loan programs of the Rural Utilities Service (“RUS”) of the United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”). CFC makes loans to its rural electric members so they can acquire, construct and operate electric distribution systems, electric generation and transmission (“power supply”) systems and related facilities. CFC also provides its members and associates with credit enhancements in the form of letters of credit and guarantees of debt obligations. As a cooperative, CFC is owned by and exclusively serves its membership, which consists of not-for-profit entities or subsidiaries or affiliates of not-for-profit entities.

National Cooperative Services Corporation (“NCSC”) is a taxable cooperative incorporated in 1981 in the District of Columbia as a member-owned cooperative association. NCSC’s principal purpose is to provide financing to its members and associates, which consists oftwo classes: NCSC electric and NCSC telecommunications. NCSC electric members and associates consist of membersof CFC, entities eligible to be members of CFC, government or quasi-government entities that own electric utility systems that meet the Rural Electrification Act definition of “rural,” and the for-profit and not-for-profit entities that are owned, operated or controlled by, or provide significant benefit to, certain members of CFC. NCSC telecommunication (“telecom”) members and associates consist of rural telecommunications members and their affiliates.

Cooperative Securities LLC (“Cooperative Securities”) is a limited liability company organized and incorporated in 2021 in Delaware and a wholly-owned subsidiary of NCSC. Cooperative Securities is a broker-dealer registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. Cooperative Securities provides institutional debt placement services, which may include advising, arranging and structuring private debt financing transactions, for NCSC’s members, and for-profit and not-for-profit entities that are owned, operated or controlled by, or provide a significant benefit to certain rural utility providers.

Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CFC and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where CFC is the primary beneficiary. NCSC is a VIE that is required to be consolidated by CFC. Prior to December 1, 2023, Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (“RTFC”) qualified as a VIE that was required to be consolidated by CFC. RTFC was a taxable Subchapter T cooperative association that provided financing for its rural telecommunications members and their affiliates. RTFC was dissolved following the sale of RTFC’s business to NCSC (hereon referred to as the“RTFC sale transaction”), which was completed on December 1, 2023. For additional discussion of the “RTFC Sale Transaction,” see “Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2024 (“2024 Form 10-K”).

All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Unless stated otherwise, references to “we,” “our” or “us” relate to CFC and its consolidated entities.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and related disclosures during the period. Management’s most significant estimates and assumptions involve determining the allowance for credit losses. These estimates are based on information available as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. While management makes its best judgments, actual amounts or results could differ from these estimates. In the opinion of management, these unaudited interim financial statements reflect all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature that are necessary for the fair statement of results for the periods presented. The results in the interim financial statements included in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended February 28, 2025 (“this Report”) are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the full fiscal year, and the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements included in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Our fiscal year begins on June 1 and ends on May 31. References to “Q3 FY2025” and “YTD FY2025” refer to three and nine months ended February 28, 2025, respectively. References to “Q3 FY2024” and “YTD FY2024” refer to three and nine months ended February 29, 2024, respectively.

Leases

Our lease program is intended to provide equipment financing for leased assets, such as vehicles, to our members. We determine whether an arrangement is a lease and the lease classification under ASC Topic 842, Leasesat lease inception for all lease transactions with an initial term greater than one year. We recorded a total finance lease liability of $6 million and $3 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, which were included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest expenses and variable lease cost from the finance leases were not material for Q3 FY2025, Q3 FY2024, YTD FY2025 and YTD FY2024. We recorded a total net investment in leases for sales-type leases of $6 million and $3 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, which were included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Interest income and variable lease payment income from the sales-type leases were not material for Q3 FY2025, Q3 FY2024, YTD FY2025 and YTD FY2024.

New Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

Income Statement—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income— Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The amendments require public entities to disclose, in interim and annual reporting periods, additional information about certain expenses in notes to financial statements, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and other specific expense categories. ASU 2024-03 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. Upon adoption, ASU 2024-03 should be applied on a prospective basis, while retrospective application is also permitted. We expect to adopt the guidance in our annual report for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2028, and the interim disclosure requirements in the quarterly report for the quarter ended August 31, 2028. We are currently in the process of reviewing the guidance and evaluating its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Segment Reporting—Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which introduced key amendments to enhance disclosures for public entities’ reportable segments. The amendments require disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items to reconcile to segment profit or loss, and the title and position of the entity’s CODM. The amendments also expand the interim segment disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We expect to adopt the guidance in our annual report for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025, and the interim disclosure requirements in the quarterly report for the quarter ended August 31, 2025. We are currently in the process of reviewing the guidance and evaluating its impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Disclosure Improvements—Codification Amendment in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements—Codification Amendment in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. The amendments in this update modify the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) in response to the SEC’s Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, and align the ASC’s requirements with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosure requirements, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective. However, if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the related disclosure from its regulations, the amendments will be removed from the Codification and not become effective. Early adoption is prohibited. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the amendment on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

NOTE 2—INTEREST INCOME AND INTEREST EXPENSE

The following table displays the components of interest income, by interest-earning asset type, and interest expense, by debt product type, presented in our consolidated statements of operations.

Table 2.1: Interest Income and Interest Expense

(1)Includes loan conversion fees, which are generally deferred and recognized in interest income over the period to maturity using the effective interest method, late payment fees, commitment fees and net amortization of deferred loan fees and loan origination costs.

(2)Includes amortization of debt discounts and premiums, and debt issuance costs, which are generally deferred and recognized as interest expense over the period to maturity using the effective interest method. Issuance costs related to dealer commercial paper, however, are recognized in interest expense immediately as incurred.

(3)Includes fees related to funding arrangements, such as up-front fees paid to banks participating in our committed bank revolving line of credit agreements. Based on the nature of the fees, the amount is either recognized immediately as incurred or deferred and recognized in interest expense ratably over the term of the arrangement.

Deferred income reported on our consolidated balance sheets of $32 million and $33 million as February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, consists primarily of deferred loan conversion fees that totaled $22 million and $24 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively.

NOTE 3—INVESTMENT SECURITIES

Our investment securities portfolio consists of debt securities classified as trading and equity securities with readily determinable fair values. We therefore record changes in the fair value of our debt and equity securities in earnings and report these unrealized changes together with realized gains and losses from the sale of securities as a component of non-interest income in our consolidated statements of operations.

Debt Securities

The following table presents the composition of our investment debt securities portfolio and the fair value as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 3.1: Investments in Debt Securities, at Fair Value

(1)Consists of securities backed by the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”).

(2)Consists primarily of securities backed by auto lease loans, equipment-backed loans, auto loans and credit card loans.

We recognized net unrealized gains on our debt securities of $1 million and $7 million for Q3 FY2025 and YTD FY2025, respectively. We recognized net unrealized gains of $5 million and $13 million for Q3 FY2024 and YTD FY2024, respectively.

We sold $14 million in principal amount of debt securities during YTD FY2025 and realized gains on the sale of these securities of less than $1 million during the period. We didnot sell any debt securities during Q3 FY2025 or YTD FY2024; therefore, no realized gains or losses were recorded during these periods for sale of securities.

Equity Securities

The following table presents the composition of our equity security holdings and the fair value as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 3.2: Investments in Equity Securities, at Fair Value

On July 18, 2024, Farmer Mac redeemed its Series C noncumulative preferred stock at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any declared and unpaid dividends through and including the redemption date. We recorded an immaterial loss as part of this transaction.

We recognized net unreal ized losses on our equity securities of less than $1 million and net unrealized gains of $1 million for Q3 FY2025 and YTD FY2025, respectively. We recognized net unrealized gains on our equity securities of $1 million for both Q3 FY2024 and YTD FY2024.

NOTE 4—LOANS

Our loan portfolio is segregated into segments by borrower member class, which is based on the utility sector of the borrowers because the key operational, infrastructure, regulatory, environmental, customer and financial risks of each sector are similar in nature. Total loan portfolio member class consists of CFC distribution, CFC power supply, CFC statewide and associate, NCSC electric and NCSC telecom. We offer both long-term and line of credit loans to our borrowers. Under our long-term loan facilities, a borrower may select a fixed interest rate or a variable interest rate at the time of each loan advance. Line of credit loans are generally revolving loan facilities and have a variable interest rate.

Loans to Members

Loans to members consist of loans held for investment and loans held for sale. The outstanding amount of loans held for investment is recorded based on the unpaid principal balance, net of discounts, net charge-offs and recoveries, of loans and deferred loan origination costs. The outstanding amount of loans held for sale is recorded based on the lower of cost or fair value. The following table presents loans to members by legal entity, member class and loan type, as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 4.1: Loans to Members by Member Class and Loan Type

(1)Represents the unpaid principal balance, net of discounts, charge-offs and recoveries, of loans as of the end of each period.

(2)Deferred loan origination costs are recorded at CFC segment.

Loan Sales

We may transfer whole loans and participating interests to third parties. These transfers are typically made concurrently or within a short period of time with the closing of the loan sale or participation agreement at par value and meet the accounting criteria required for sale accounting.

We sold CFC and NCSC loans, at par for cash, totaling $376 million and $208 million during YTD FY2025 and YTD FY2024, respectively. We recorded immaterial losses on the sale of these loans attributable to the unamortized deferred loan origination costs associated with the transferred loans. We had loans held for sale totaling $5 million as of February 28, 2025. We had loans held for sale totaling $3 million as of May 31, 2024, which were sold at par for cash during YTD FY2025.

Accrued Interest Receivable

We report accrued interest on loans separately on our consolidated balance sheets as a component of the line item accrued interest receivable rather than as a component of loans to members. Accrued interest on loans totaled $156 million and $147 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable amounts generally represent three months or less of accrued interest on loans outstanding. Because our policy is to write off past-due accrued interest receivable in a timely manner, we elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable on loans outstanding. We also elected to exclude accrued interest receivable from the credit quality disclosures required under CECL.

Credit Concentration

Concentrations of credit may exist when a lender has large credit exposures to single borrowers, large credit exposures to borrowers in the same industry sector or engaged in similar activities or large credit exposures to borrowers in a geographic region that would cause the borrowers to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions in the region. As a tax-exempt, member-owned finance cooperative, CFC’s principal focus is to provide funding to its rural electric utility cooperative members to assist them in acquiring, constructing and operating electric distribution systems, power supply systems and related facilities.

Because we lend primarily to our rural electric utility cooperative members, we have had a loan portfolio subject to single-industry and single-obligor concentration risks since our inception in 1969. Loans outstanding to electric utility organizations of $35,860 million and $33,930 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, accounted for 98% of total loans outstanding as of each respective date. The remaining loans outstanding in our portfolio were to members, affiliates and associates in the telecommunications industry. Our credit exposure is partially mitigated by long-term loans guaranteed by RUS, which totaled $107 million and $114 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively.

Single-Obligor Concentration

The outstanding loan exposure for our 20 largest borrowers totaled $7,065 million and $6,851 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, representing 19% and 20% of total loans outstanding as of each respective date. Our 20 largest borrowers consisted of 13 distribution systems andseven power supply systems as of both February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. The largest total outstanding exposure to a single borrower or controlled group represented approximately 1% of total loans outstanding as of both February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

We entered into a long-term standby purchase commitment agreement with Farmer Mac during fiscal year 2016. Under this agreement, we may designate certain long-term loans to be covered under the commitment, subject to approval by Farmer Mac, and in the event any such loan later goes into payment default for at least 90 days, upon request by us, Farmer Mac must purchase such loan at par value. We are required to pay Farmer Mac a monthly fee based on the unpaid principal balance of loans covered under the purchase commitment. The aggregate unpaid principal balance of designated and Farmer Mac approved loans was $350 million and $370 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. Loan exposure to our 20 largest borrowers covered under the Farmer Mac agreement totaled $151 million and $226 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, which reduced our exposure to the 20 largest borro wers to$6,914 million and $6,625 million as of each respective date. We have hadno loan defaults for loans covered under this agreement; therefore, no loans have been put to Farmer Mac for purchase pursuant to the standby purchase agreement as of February 28, 2025.

Geographic Concentration

Although our organizational structure and mission result in single-industry concentration, we serve a geographically diverse group of electric and telecommunications borrowers throughout the U.S. The consolidated number of borrowers with loans outstanding totaled 895 and 885 as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, located in 49 states and the District of Columbia. Of the 895 and 885 borrowers with loans outstanding,48 and 50 were electric power supply borrowers as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. Electric power supply borrowers generally require significantly more capital than electric distribution and telecommunications borrowers.

Texas accounted for the largest number of borrowers with loans outstanding in any one state as of both February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, as well as the largest concentration of loan exposure. The following table presents the Texas-based number of borrowers and loans outstanding by legal entity and member class, as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 4.2: Loan Exposure to Texas-Based Borrowers

Credit Quality Indicators

Assessing the overall credit quality of our loan portfolio and measuring our credit risk is an ongoing process that involves tracking payment status, modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, nonperforming loans, charge-offs, the internal risk ratings of our borrowers and other indicators of credit risk. We monitor and subject each borrower and loan facility in our loan portfolio to an individual risk assessment based on quantitative and qualitative factors. Payment status trends and internal risk ratings are indicators, among others, of the probability of borrower default and overall credit quality of our loan portfolio.

Payment Status of Loans

Loans are considered delinquent when contractual principal or interest amounts become past due 30 days or more following the scheduled payment due date. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when payment of principal or interest is 90 days or more past due or management determines that the full collection of principal and interest is doubtful. The following table presents the payment status, by legal entity and member class, of loans outstanding as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 4.3: Payment Status of Loans Outstanding

We had a CFC electric power supply loan outstanding of$42 million and$49 million on nonaccrual status as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

We actively monitor problem loans and, from time to time, attempt to work with borrowers to manage such exposures through loan workouts or modifications that better align with the borrower’s current ability to pay. Therefore, as part of our loss mitigation efforts, we may provide modifications to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty to improve long-term collectability of the loan and to avoid the need for exercising remedies. We consider the impact of all loan modifications when estimating the credit quality of our loan portfolio and establishing the allowance for credit losses.

We hadno loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty entered during Q3 FY2025, YTD FY2025 and Q3 FY2024. We hadone loan modification to an NCSC telecom borrower experiencing financial difficulty entered during YTD FY2024. This loan received a term extension and had an amortized cost of $3 million, representing 1% of the NCSC telecom loan portfolio as of February 29, 2024. The loan has been performing in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement after the modification. There wereno unadvanced loan commitments related to this loan as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Nonperforming Loans

We had a loan toone CFC electric power supply borrower of $42 million and$49 million classified as nonperforming, which represented 0.12% and 0.14% of total loans outstanding as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. The reduction in nonperforming loan was due to a payment received on the nonperforming loan during YTD FY2025. In March 2025, we received a $16 million payment on this nonperforming loan, which reduced its outstanding balance to $26 million as of the date of this Report.

Net Charge-Offs

We hadno charge-offs during YTD FY2025 and YTD FY2024. We recorded $1 million in net loan recoveries to previously charged-off loan amounts related totwo CFC electric power supply loans during YTD FY2024. Prior to thetwo CFC electric power supply loan defaults in fiscal years 2021 and 2022, we hadnot experienced any defaults or charge-offs in our electric utility and telecommunications loan portfolios since fiscal year 2013 and 2017, respectively.

Borrower Risk Ratings

As part of our management of credit risk, we maintain a credit risk rating framework under which we employ a consistent process for assessing the credit quality of our loan portfolio. We evaluate each borrower and loan facility in our loan portfolio and assign internal borrower and loan facility risk ratings based on the consideration of a number of quantitative and qualitative factors. Each risk rating is reassessed annually following the receipt of the borrower’s audited financial statements; however, interim risk-rating adjustments may occur as a result of updated information affecting a borrower’s ability to fulfill its obligations or other significant developments and trends. We categorize loans in our portfolio based on our internally assigned borrower risk ratings, which are intended to assess the general creditworthiness of the borrower and probability of default. Our borrower risk ratings align with the U.S. federal banking regulatory agencies’ credit risk definitions of pass and criticized categories, with the criticized category further segmented among special mention, substandard and doubtful. Pass ratings reflect relatively low probability of default, while criticized ratings have a higher probability of default.

The following is a description of the borrower risk rating categories.

•Pass: Borrowers that are notincluded in the categories of special mention, substandard or doubtful.

•Special Mention: Borrowers that may be characterized by a potential credit weakness or deteriorating financial condition thatis not sufficiently serious to warrant a classification of substandard or doubtful.

•Substandard: Borrowers that display a well-defined credit weakness that may jeopardize the full collection of principal and interest.

•Doubtful: Borrowers that have a well-defined credit weakness or weaknesses that make full collection of principal and interest, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions and collateral values, highly questionable and improbable.

Our internally assigned borrower risk ratings serve as the primary credit quality indicator for our loan portfolio. Because our internal borrower risk ratings provide important information on the probability of default, they are a key input in determining our allowance for credit losses.

Table 4.4 displays total loans outstanding, by borrower risk rating category and by legal entity and member class, as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. The borrower risk rating categories presented below correspond to the borrower risk rating categories used in calculating our collective allowance for credit losses. If a parent company provides a guarantee of full repayment of loans of a subsidiary borrower, we include the loans outstanding in the borrower risk-rating category of the guarantor parent company rather than the risk rating category of the subsidiary borrower for purposes of calculating the collective allowance.

We present term loans outstanding as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, by fiscal year of origination for each year during the five-year annual reporting period beginning in fiscal year 2021 and 2020, and in the aggregate for periods prior to fiscal year 2021 and 2020, respectively. The origination period represents the date CFC advances funds to a borrower, rather than the execution date of a loan facility for a borrower. Revolving loans are presented separately. The substantial majority of loans in our portfolio represent fixed-rate advances under secured long-term facilities with terms up to 35 years, and as indicated in Table 4.4 below, term loan advances made to borrowers prior to fiscal year 2021 totaled $18,786 million, representing 52% of our total loans outstanding as of February 28, 2025. In comparison, term loan advances made to borrowers prior to fiscal year 2020 totaled $17,519 million, representing 51% of our total loans outstanding as of May 31, 2024. The average remaining maturity of our long-term loans, which accounted for 87% and 90% of total loans outstanding as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, was 19 years, as of each respective date.

Table 4.4: Loans Outstanding by Borrower Risk Ratings and Origination Year

Criticized loans totaled $248 million and $249 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, and represented approxima tely 1%of total loans outstanding as of each respective date. The decrease of $1 million in criticized loans was primarily due to a $6 million payment received from a CFC electric power supply borrower in the doubtful category, partially offset by a $5 million net increase in loans outstanding in the special mention category during YTD FY2025. The increase in loan outstanding in the special mention category was primarily driven byone CFC electric distribution borrower discussed below. Each of the borrowers with loans outstanding in the criticized category was current with regard to all principal and interest amounts due to us as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Special Mention

One CFC electric distribution borrower with loans outstan ding of $192 million and $185 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, accounted for the substantial majority of loans in the special mention loan category amount of $205 million and $200 million as of each respective date. This borrower experienced an adverse financial impact from restoration costs incurred to repair damage caused bytwo successive hurricanes. We expect that the borrower will continue to receive grant funds from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the state where it is located for the full reimbursement of the hurricane damage-related restoration costs.

Substandard

We didnot have any loans classified as substandard as of February 28, 2025 or May 31, 2024.

Doubtful

We hadone loan outstanding classified as doubtful totaling $42 million and $49 million to a CFC electric power supply borrower as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. In March 2025, we received a $16 million payment on this nonperforming loan, which reduced its outstanding balance to $26 million as of the date of this Report.

Unadvanced Loan Commitments

Unadvanced loan commitments represent approved and executed loan contracts for which funds have not been advanced to borrowers. The following table presents unadvanced loan commitments, by member class and by loan type, as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 4.5: Unadvanced Commitments by Member Class and Loan Type(1)

(1)Excludes the portion of any commitment to advance funds under swingline loan facilities in excess of CFC’s total commitment amount in a syndicated credit facility. Other syndicate lenders have an absolute obligation to acquire participations in such swingline loans upon CFC’s election, including during a default by the borrower.

(2)The interest rate on unadvanced loan commitments is not set until an advance is made; therefore, all unadvanced long-term loan commitments are reported as variable rate. However, the borrower may select either a fixed or a variable rate when an advance is drawn under a loan commitment.

The following table displays, by loan type, the available balance under unadvanced loan commitments as of February 28, 2025, and the related maturities in each fiscal year during the five-year period ended May 31, 2029, and thereafter.

Table 4.6: Unadvanced Loan Commitments

Unadvanced line of credit commitments accounted for 59% of total unadvanced loan commitments as of February 28, 2025. Unadvanced line of credit commitments are typically revolving facilities for periods not to exceed five years and generally serve as supplemental back-up liquidity to our borrowers. Historically, borrowers have not drawn the full commitment amount for line of credit facilities, and we have experienced a very low utilization rate on line of credit loan facilities regardless of whether or not we are obligated to fund the facility when a material adverse change has occurred.

Because we historically have experienced a very low utilization rate on line of credit loan facilities, which account for the majority of our total unadvanced loan commitments, we believe the unadvanced loan commitment total of $17,536 million as of February 28, 2025 is not necessarily representative of our future funding requirements.

Our unadvanced long-term loan commitments typically have afive-year draw period under which a borrower may draw funds prior to the expiration of the commitment. We expect that the majority of the long-term unadvanced loan commitments of $7,250 million will be advanced prior to the expiration of the commitment.

Unadvanced Loan Commitments—Conditional

The substantial majority of our line of credit commitments and all of our unadvanced long-term loan commitments include material adverse change clauses. Unadvanced loan commitments subject to material adverse change clauses totaled $14,171 million and $13,379 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. Prior to making an advance on these facilities, we confirm that there has been no material adverse change in the business or condition, financial or otherwise, of the borrower since the time the loan was approved and confirm that the borrower is currently in compliance with loan terms and conditions. In some cases, the borrower’s access to the full amount of the facility is further constrained by the designated purpose, imposition of borrower-specific restrictions or by additional conditions that must be met prior to advancing funds.

Unadvanced Loan Commitments—Unconditional

Unadvanced loan commitments not subject to material adverse change clauses at the time of each advance consisted of unadvanced committed lines of credit totaling $3,365 million and $3,614 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. We are required to advance amounts on these committed facilities as long as the borrower is in compliance with the terms and conditions of the facility. The following table summarizes the available balance under unconditional committed lines of credit as of February 28, 2025, and the related maturity amounts in each fiscal year during the five-year period ending May 31, 2029, and thereafter.

Table 4.7: Unconditional Committed Lines of Credit—Available Balance

Pledged Collateral—Loans

We are required to pledge eligible mortgage notes or other collateral in an amount at least equal to the outstanding balance of our secured debt. Table 4.8 displays the borrowing amount under each of our secured borrowing agreements and the corresponding loans outstanding pledged as collateral as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. See “Note 6—Short-Term Borrowings” and “Note 7—Long-Term Debt” in this Report for information on our secured borrowings and other borrowings.

Table 4.8: Pledged Loans

NOTE 5—ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

We are required to maintain an allowance based on a current estimate of credit losses that are expected to occur over the remaining term of the loans in our portfolio. Our allowance for credit losses consists of a collective allowance and an asset-specific allowance. The collective allowance is established for loans in our portfolio that share similar risk characteristics and are therefore evaluated on a collective, or pool, basis in measuring expected credit losses. The asset-specific allowance is established for loans in our portfolio that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans in our portfolio and are therefore evaluated on an individual basis in measuring expected credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses—Loan Portfolio

The following tables summarize, by legal entity and member class, changes in the allowance for credit losses for our loan portfolio and present the allowance components for the periods presented.

Table 5.1: Changes in Allowance for Credit Losses

The following tables present, by legal entity and member class, the components of our allowance for credit losses as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 5.2: Allowance for Credit Losses Components

(1)Represents the unpaid principal amount of loans as of the end of each period. Excludes unamortized deferred loan origination costs of $16 million and $14 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively.

(2)Calculated based on the collective allowance component at period end divided by collectively evaluated loans outstanding at period end.

(3)Calculated based on the asset-specific allowance component at period end divided by individually evaluated loans outstanding at period end.

(4)Calculated based on the total allowance for credit losses at period end divided by total loans outstanding at period end.

Our allowance for credit losses and allowance coverage ratio decreased to approximately $44 million and 0.12%, respectively, as of February 28, 2025, compared with $49 million and 0.14%, respectively, as of May 31, 2024. The decrease in the allowance for credit losses reflected a reduction in the asset-specific allowance of $7 million, part ially offset by an increase in the collective allowance of $3 million. The decrease in theasset-specific allowance was attributable to an increase in the expected payments on a nonperforming CFC power supply loan. The increase in the collective allowance was primarily due to loan portfolio growth.

Reserve for Credit Losses—Unadvanced Loan Commitments

In addition to the allowance for credit losses for our loan portfolio, we maintain an allowance for credit losses for unadvanced loan commitments, which we refer to as our reserve for credit losses because this amount is reported as a component of other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We measure the reserve for credit losses for unadvanced loan commitments based on expected credit losses over the contractual period of our exposure to credit risk arising from our obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by us. The reserve for credit losses related to our off-balance sheet exposure for unadvanced loan commitments was less than $1 million asof both February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

NOTE 6—SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS

Short-term borrowings consist of borrowings with an original contractual maturity ofone year or less and do not include the current portion of long-term debt. Our short-term borrowings totaled $4,236 million as of February 28, 2025, compared with $4,333 million as of May 31, 2024, and accounted for 12% and 13% of total debt outstanding as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. The following table provides information on our short-term borrowings as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 6.1: Short-Term Borrowings Sources

(1)Advanced under the revolving purchase agreement with Farmer Mac dated March 24, 2011. See “Note 7—Long-Term Debt” in the Report for additional information on this revolving note purchase agreement with Farmer Mac.

Committed Bank Revolving Line of Credit Agreements

The following table presents the amount available for access under our bank revolving line of credit agreements as of February 28, 2025.

Table 6.2: Committed Bank Revolving Line of Credit Agreements Available Amounts

(1)Facility fee determined by CFC’s senior unsecured credit ratings based on the pricing schedules put in place at the inception of the related agreement.

On December 5, 2024, we amended ourthree-year andfour-year committed bank revolving line of credit agreements to extend the maturity dates to November 28, 2027 and November 28, 2028, respectively, and to increase commitments by $250 million (excluding the $150 million commitment termination described below) under each of thethree-year andfour-year revolving credit agreements. Commitments of $150 million that were scheduled to mature on November 28, 2025 were terminated under thethree-year revolving credit agreement and commitments of $150 million will continue to expire at the prior maturity date of November 28, 2026 under thefour-year revolving credit agreement.

The total commitment amount under thethree-year facility and thefour-year facility was $1,595 million and $1,705 million, respectively, resulting in a combined total commitment amount under thetwo facilities of $3,300 million as of February 28, 2025. We didnot have any outstanding borrowings under our committed bank revolving line of credit agreements as of February 28, 2025; however, we had letters of credit outstanding of $7 million under thefour-year committed bank revolving agreement as of this date. These agreements allow us to request up to $300 million of letters of credit, which, if requested, results in a reduction in the total amount available for our use. We were in compliance with all covenants and conditions under the agreements as of February 28, 2025.

NOTE 7—LONG-TERM DEBT

The following table displays, by debt product type, long-term debt outstanding as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. Long-term debt outstanding totaled $27,536 million as of February 28, 2025, compared with $25,901 million as of May 31, 2024, and accounted for 80% and 79% of total debt outstanding as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively.

Table 7.1: Long-Term Debt by Debt Product Type

(1)Collateral trust bonds represent secured obligations sold to investors in the capital markets, including also those issued in a private placement transaction.

Secured Debt

Long-term secured debt of $17,203 million and $16,595 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, represented 62% and 64% of total long-term debt outstanding as of each respective date. We were in compliance with all covenants and conditions under our secured debt indentures as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. We are required to pledge eligible mortgage notes in an amount at least equal to the outstanding balance of our secured debt. See “Note 4—Loans” in this Report for information on pledged collateral under our secured debt agreements.

Collateral Trust Bonds

Collateral trust bonds represent secured obligations sold to investors in the capital markets. Collateral trust bonds are secured by the pledge of mortgage notes or eligible securities in an amount at least equal to the principal balance of the bonds outstanding. We issued $350 million of 5.00% fixed-rate collateral trust bonds due August 15, 2034 and repaid $505 million in principal amount of collateral trust bonds that matured during YTD FY2025. In addition, we also issued an aggregate amount of $300 million collateral trust bonds at a fixed rate of 5.23% with weighted average term of 13.3 years in a private placement transaction during YTD FY2025.

Guaranteed Underwriter Program Notes Payable

We borrowed $300 million andrepaid$280 millionof notes payable outstanding under the Guaranteed Underwriter Program during YTD FY2025. We had up to $1,350 million available for access under the Guaranteed Underwriter Program as of February 28, 2025.

On December 18, 2024, we closed on a $450 million Series V committed loan facility from the U.S. Treasury Department’s Federal Financing Bank (“FFB”) under the Guaranteed Underwriter Program. Pursuant to this facility, we may borrow any time before July 15, 2029. Each advance is subject to quarterly amortization and a final maturity not longer than 30 years from the date of the advance.

The notes outstanding under the Guaranteed Underwriter Program contain a provision that if during any portion of the fiscal year, our senior secured credit ratings do not have at least two of the following ratings: (i) A3 or higher from Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), (ii) A- or higher from S&P Global Inc. (“S&P”), (iii) A- or higher from Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”) or (iv) an equivalent rating from a successor rating agency to any of the above rating agencies, we may not make cash patronage capital distributions in excess of 5% of total patronage capital. We are required to pledge eligible distribution system or power supply system loans as collateral in an amount at least equal to the total principal amount of notes outstanding under the Guaranteed Underwriter Program.

Farmer Mac Notes Payable

We have a revolving note purchase agreement with Farmer Mac which allows us to borrow, repay and re-borrow funds at any time through maturity, provided the outstanding principal does not exceed the agreement limit. Each borrowing is documented with a pricing agreement setting forth the interest rate, maturity date and other terms. We may select a fixed or variable rate for each advance. On January 14, 2025, we amended our revolving note purchase agreement with Farmer Mac to increase the maximum borrowing availability to $6,500 million from $6,000 million, and extend the draw period from June 30, 2027 to January 14, 2030, with successiveone-year renewals upon sixty days’ notice by CFC, subject to approval by Farmer Mac and Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation. During YTD FY2025, we borrowed an aggregate principal amount of $500 million and repaid $63 million in long-term notes under the Farmer Mac note purchase agreement. As of February 28, 2025, $3,800 million was outstanding with$2,700 million available for borrowing. We are required to pledge eligible electric distribution system or electric power supply system loans as collateral at least equal to the total principal amount of notes outstanding under this agreement.

Unsecured Debt

Long-term unsecured debt of $10,333 million and $9,306 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, represented 38% and 36% of total long-term debt outstanding as of each respective date.

Medium-Term Notes

Medium-term notes represent unsecured obligations that may be issued through dealers in the capital markets or directly to our members. During YTD FY2025, we issued an aggregate principal amount of dealer medium-term notes totaling $1,800 million at an average fixed interest rate of 4.65% with an average term offour years, and an aggregate principal amount of dealer medium-term notes totaling $600 million at floating interest rates with an average term oftwo years. We repaid $1,414 million in principal amount of dealer medium-term notes that matured during YTD FY2025.

See “Note 7—Long-Term Debt” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on our various long-term debt product types.

NOTE 8—SUBORDINATED DEFERRABLE DEBT

Subordinated deferrable debt represents long-term debt that is subordinated to all debt other than subordinated certificates held by our members. We had subordinated deferrable debt outstanding of $1,321 million and $1,287 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. See “Note 8—Subordinated Deferrable Debt” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on the terms and conditions, including maturity and call dates, of our subordinated deferrable debt outstanding issued prior to May 31, 2024.

Subordinated Notes

On November 1, 2024, we entered into an agency agreement with InspereX LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC and Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC, as agents, to launch a program through which we may offer and sell, from time to time, an unlimited aggregate principal amount of our subordinated deferrable interest notes (“subordinated notes”). On November 1, 2024, we filed a prospectus supplement with the SEC related to these subordinated notes, which are issued under our effective shelf registration statement filed with the SEC in October 2023.

The subordinated notes are unsecured and rank subordinate in right of payment to all of our current and future senior indebtedness. The subor dinated notes are senior to our members’ subordinated certificates and rank equal in right of payment and upon liquidation to our outstanding subordinated deferrable debt and any other equally-ranked subordinated notes we may issue.

We issued an aggregate principal amount of$35 million subordinated notes that mature in 30 years during YTD FY2025 under this new program.

NOTE 9—DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

We are an end user of derivative financial instruments and do not engage in derivative trading. Derivatives may be privately negotiated contracts, which are often referred to as over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives, or they may be listed and traded on an exchange. We generally engage in OTC derivative transactions. Our derivative instruments are an integral part of our interest rate risk-management strategy. Our principal purpose in using derivatives is to manage our aggregate interest rate risk profile within prescribed risk parameters. The derivative instruments we use primarily consist of interest rate swaps, which we typically hold to maturity. In addition, we may use treasury locks to manage the interest rate risk associated with future debt issuance or debt that is scheduled to reprice in the future. We typically designate the treasury locks as cash flow hedges. We did not have any derivatives designated as accounting hedges as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. We provide a discussion of our accounting for derivatives policy in “Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Notional Amount of Derivatives Not Designated as Accounting Hedges

The notional amount is used only as the basis on which interest payments are determined and is not the amount exchanged, nor recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. The following table shows, by derivative instrument type, the notional amount, the weighted-average rate paid and the weighted-average rate received for our interest rate swaps as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. For the substantial majority of interest rate swap agreements, the daily compounded Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) is used as the basis for determining variable interest payment amounts each period.

Cash Flow Hedges

We use treasury locks to manage the interest rate risk associated with future debt issuance or debt that is scheduled to reprice in the future. We typically designate the treasury locks as cash flow hedges.

During YTD FY2025, we executed five treasury lock agreements with an aggregate notional amount of $700 million to hedge interest rate risk on anticipated debt issuances. We terminated the treasury locks upon the pricing of the debt issuances and recorded a net gain of $1 million in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”), which is reclassified into interest expense over the terms of the related debt.

During YTD FY2024, we executedtwo treasury lock agreements with an aggregate notional amount of $300 million to hedge interest rate risk on anticipated debt issuances. We terminated the treasury locks upon the pricing of the anticipated debt and recorded a net settlement gain of less than $1 million in AOCI during YTD FY2024, which is reclassified into interest expense over the terms of the related debt. In addition, during YTD FY2024, we reclassified an $8 million gain related to prior settled treasury locks from AOCI to earnings as a component of derivative gains (losses) in our consolidated statements of operations, as the hedged forecasted transaction did not occur in the time period specified in the hedge documentation.

We didnot have any derivatives designated as accounting hedges as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 9.1: Derivative Notional Amount and Weighted Average Rates

Impact of Derivatives on Consolidated Balance Sheets

The following table displays the fair value of the derivative assets and derivative liabilities, by derivatives type, recorded on our consolidated balance sheets and the related outstanding notional amount as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 9.2: Derivative Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value

All of our master swap agreements include netting provisions that allow for offsetting of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event of default by one of the two parties. However, we report derivative asset and liability amounts on a gross basis by individual contract. The following table presents the gross fair value of derivative assets and liabilities reported on our consolidated balance sheets as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, and provides information on the impact of netting provisions under our master swap agreements and collateral pledged, if any.

Table 9.3: Derivative Gross and Net Amounts

Impact of Derivatives on Consolidated Statements of Operations

The primary factors affecting the fair value of our derivatives and the derivative gains (losses) recorded in our consolidated statements of operations include changes in interest rates, the shape of the swap curve and the composition of our derivative portfolio. We generally record derivative losses when interest rates decline and derivative gains when interest rates rise, as our derivative portfolio consists of a higher proportion of pay-fixed swaps than receive-fixed swaps.

The following table presents the components of the derivative gains (losses) reported in our consolidated statements of operations. Derivative cash settlements interest income (expense) represents the net periodic contractual interest amount for our interest rate swaps during the reporting period. Derivative forward value gains (losses) represent the change in fair value of our interest rate swaps during the reporting period due to changes in expected future interest rates over the remaining life of our derivative contracts. We classify the derivative cash settlement amounts for the net periodic contractual interest expense on our interest rate swaps as an operating activity in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Table 9.4: Derivative Gains (Losses)

Credit Risk-Related Contingent Features

Our derivative contracts typically contain mutual early-termination provisions, generally in the form of a credit rating trigger. Under the mutual credit rating trigger provisions, either counterparty may, but is not obligated to, terminate and settle the agreement if the credit rating of the other counterparty falls below a level specified in the agreement. If a derivative contract is terminated, the amount to be received or paid by us would be equal to the prevailing fair value, as defined in the agreement, as of the termination date.

During YTD FY2025, Moody’s, Fitch and S&P affirmed CFC’s credit ratings and stable outlook. Our senior unsecured credit ratings from Moody’s, S&P and Fitch were A2, A- and A, respectively, as of February 28, 2025. Moody’s, S&P and Fitch had our ratings onstable outlook as of February 28, 2025. Our credit ratings and outlook remain unchanged as of the date of this Report.

The following table displays the notional amounts of our derivative contracts with rating triggers as of February 28, 2025, and the payments that would be required if the contracts were terminated as of that date because of a downgrade of our unsecured credit ratings or the counterparty’s unsecured credit ratings below A3/A-, below Baa1/BBB+, to or below Baa2/BBB, or to or below Ba2/BB+ by Moody’s or S&P, respectively. In calculating the payment amounts that would be required upon termination of the derivative contracts, we assume that amounts for each counterparty would be netted in accordance with the provisions of the master netting agreements with the counterparty. The net payment amounts are based on the fair value of the underlying derivative instrument, excluding the credit risk valuation adjustment, plus any unpaid accrued interest amounts.

Table 9.5: Derivative Credit Rating Trigger Exposure

(1)Rating trigger for CFC falls below A3/A-, while rating trigger for counterparty falls below Baa1/BBB+ by Moody’s or S&P, respectively.

(2)Rating trigger for CFC falls to or below Baa2/BBB, while rating trigger for counterparty falls to or below Ba2/BB+ by Moody’s or S&P, respectively.

We have interest rate swaps withone counterparty that are subject to a ratings trigger and early termination provision in the event of a downgrade of CFC’s senior unsecured credit ratings below Baa3, BBB- or BBB- by Moody’s, S&P or Fitch, respectively. The outstanding notional amount of these swaps, which is not included in the above table, totaled $265 million as of February 28, 2025. These swaps were in an unrealized gain position of $34 million as of February 28, 2025.

The aggregate fair value amount, including the credit valuation adjustment, of all interest rate swaps with rating triggers that were in a net liability position was $2 million as of February 28, 2025.

Derivative Counterparty Credit Exposure

Our interest rate swap contracts are subject to credit risk associated with counterparties to these derivative contracts. As mentioned above, we generally engage in OTC derivative transactions, which expose us to individual counterparty credit risk because these transactions are executed and settled directly between us and each counterparty. To manage this risk, we diversify our derivative positions among counterparties with investment-grade credit ratings, perform an internal credit risk analysis and maintain enforceable master netting arrangements, allowing us to net derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty. The fair value of our derivatives includes credit valuation adjustments reflecting counterparty credit risk.

We had 12 active derivative counterparties with credit ratings ranging from Aa1 to Baa1 by Moody’s as of both February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, and from AA- to BBB+ by S&P as of both February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. Our largest counterparty exposure, based on the outstanding notional amount, accounted for approximately 24% of the total outstanding notional amount of our derivatives as of both February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. We believe our exposure to derivative counterparty risk, at any point in time, is equal to the amount of our outstanding derivatives in a net gain position, at the individual counterparty level based on the legally enforceable netting provisions under our master swap agreements, which totaled$483 million and$611 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, as presented in Table 9.3 above.

NOTE 10—EQUITY

Total equity increased $19 million to $3,031 million as of February 28, 2025 compared to May 31, 2024. The increase was attributable primarily to the impact of our reported net income of $67 million for YTD FY2025, partially offset by the CFC Board of Directors’ authorized patronage capital retirements of$47 million during the period, as discussed below.

Allocation of Net Earnings and Retirement of Patronage Capital

The amount of patronage capital allocated each year by CFC’s Board of Directors is based on adjusted net income, which excludes the impact of derivative forward value gains (losses). See “MD&A—Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” in this Report for information on adjusted net income. In May 2024, the CFC Board of Directors authorized the allocation of $1 million of net earnings for fiscal year 2024 to the cooperative educational fund. In July 2024, the CFC Board of Directors authorized the allocation of net earnings for fiscal year 2024 as follows: $61 million to members in the form of patronage capital and $228 million to the members’ capital reserve.

In July 2024, the CFC Board of Directors also authorized the retirement of allocated net earnings totaling $47 million, of which $30 million represented 50% of the patronage capital allocation for fiscal year 2024 and $17 million represented the portion of the allocation from net earnings for fiscal year 1999 that had been held for 25 years pursuant to the CFC Board of Directors’ policy. The authorized patronage capital retirement amount of $47 million was returned to members in cash in September 2024. The remaining portion of the patronage capital allocation for fiscal year 2024 will be retained by CFC for 25 years pursuant to the guidelines adopted by the CFC Board of Directors in June 2009.

See “Note 11—Equity” in our 2024 Form 10-K for additional information on our policy for allocation and retirement of patronage capital.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents, by component, changes in AOCI for the periods presented and the balance of each component as of the end of each respective period.

Table 10.1: Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(1)Of the derivative gains reclassified to earnings, a portion is reclassified as a component of the derivative gains (losses) line item and the remainder is reclassified as a component of the interest expense line item in our consolidated statements of operations.

(2) Reclassified to earnings as a component of the other non-interest expense line item presented in our consolidated statements of operations.

See “Note 9—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” in this Report for discussion on ourderivatives designated as accounting hedges. We expect to reclassify realized net gains of less than $1 million attributable to derivative cash flow hedges from AOCI into earnings over the next 12 months.

NOTE 11—GUARANTEES

We guarantee certain contractual obligations of our members so they may obtain various forms of financing. We use the same credit policies and monitoring procedures in providing guarantees as we do for loans and commitments. If a member system defaults on its obligation to pay debt service, then we are obligated to pay any required amounts under our guarantees. Meeting our guarantee obligations satisfies the underlying obligation of our member systems and prevents the exercise of remedies by the guarantee beneficiary based upon a payment default by a member system. In general, the member system is required to repay any amount advanced by us with interest, pursuant to the documents evidencing the member system’s reimbursement obligation.

The following table displays the notional amount of our outstanding guarantee obligations, by guarantee type and by member class, as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 11.1: Guarantees Outstanding by Type and Member Class

(1)Represents the outstanding principal amount of long-term variable-rate guaranteed bonds.

(2)Reflects our maximum potential exposure for letters of credit, which also includes interest due, if any.

(3)Under a hybrid letter of credit facility, we had $24 million and $30 million of commitments that may be used for the issuance of letters of credit as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively.

(4)Includes CFC guarantees to NCSC telecom members totaling $47 million and $41 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively.

We had guarantees outstanding totaling $1,174 million and $1,010 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. Guarantees under which our right of recovery from our members was not secured totaled $761 million and $718 million and represented 65% and 71% of total guarantees as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. We were not required to perform pursuant to any of our guarantee obligations during YTD FY2025 or YTD FY2024.

Long-term tax-exempt bonds of $50 million and$74 millionas of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, consist of adjustable or variable-rate bonds that may be converted to a fixed rate as specified in the applicable indenture for each bond offering. We are unable to determine the maximum amount of interest that we may be required to pay related to the remaining adjustable and variable-rate bonds. Many of these bonds have a call provision that allows us to call the bond in the event of a default, which would limit our exposure to future interest payments on these bonds. Our maximum potential exposure generally is secured by mortgage liens on the members’ assets and future revenue. If a member’s debt is accelerated because of a determination that the interest thereon is not tax-exempt, the member’s obligation to reimburse us for any guarantee payments will be treated as a long-term loan. The maturities for long-term tax-exempt bonds and the related guarantees extend through calendar year 2037.

Of the outstanding letters of credit of $940 million and $752 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively, $338 million and $194 million were secured at each respective date. The maturities for the outstanding letters of credit as of February 28, 2025 extend through calendar year 2044.

In addition to the outstanding letters of credit listed in the table above, under master letter of credit facilities in place as of February 28, 2025, we may be required to issue up to an additional $136 million in letters of credit to third parties for the benefit of our members. All of our master letter of credit facilities were subject to material adverse change clauses at the time of issuance as of February 28, 2025. Prior to issuing a letter of credit, we would confirm that there has been no material adverse change in the business or condition, financial or otherwise, of the borrower since the master letter of credit facility was approved and confirm that the borrower is currently in compliance with the terms and conditions of the agreement governing the facility.

The maximum potential exposure for other guarantees was $184 million as of both February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, of which $25 million was secured as of both February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. The maturities for these other guarantees listed in the table above extend through calendar year 2025.

In addition to the guarantees described above, we were also the liquidity provider for $50 million of variable-rate tax-exempt bonds as of February 28, 2025, issued for our member cooperatives. While the bonds are in variable-rate mode, in return for a fee, we have unconditionally agreed to purchase bonds tendered or put for redemption if the remarketing agents are unable to sell such bonds to other investors. We werenot required to perform as liquidity provider pursuant to these obligations during YTD FY2025 or YTD FY2024.

Guarantee Liability

We recorded a total guarantee liability for noncontingent and contingent exposures related to guarantees and liquidity obligations of $15 million and $16 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. The noncontingent guarantee liability, which pertains to our obligation to stand ready to perform over the term of our guarantees and liquidity obligations we have entered into or modified since January 1, 2003 and accounts for the substantial majority of our guarantee liability, totaled $14 million and $15 million as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, respectively. The remaining amount pertains to our contingent guarantee exposures.

NOTE 12—FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT

Fair value, also referred to as an exit price, is defined as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value accounting guidance provides a three-level fair value hierarchy for classifying financial instruments. This hierarchy is based on the markets in which the assets or liabilities trade and whether the inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value are observable or unobservable. The fair value measurement of a financial asset or liability is assigned a level based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The levels, in priority order based on the extent to which observable inputs are available to measure fair value, are Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. The accounting guidance for fair value measurements requires that we maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs in determining fair value.

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of all of our financial instruments, including those carried at amortized cost, as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024. The table also displays the classification level within the fair value hierarchy based on the degree of observability of the inputs used in the valuation technique for estimating fair value.

Table 12.1: Fair Value of Financial Instruments

For additional information regarding fair value measurements, the fair value hierarchy and a description of the methodologies we use to estimate fair value, see “Note 14—Fair Value Measurement” to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Transfers Between Levels

We monitor the availability of observable market data to assess the appropriate classification of financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy and transfer between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 accordingly. Observable market data include but are not limited to quoted prices and market transactions. Changes in economic conditions or market liquidity generally will drive changes in availability of observable market data. Changes in availability of observable market data, which also may result in changes in the valuation technique used, are generally the cause of transfers between levels. We did not have any transfers into or out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during YTD FY2025 or YTD FY2024.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents the carrying value and fair value of financial instruments reported on our consolidated financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024, and the classification of the valuation technique within the fair value hierarchy. We didnot have any assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs during YTD FY2025 or YTD FY2024.

Table 12.2: Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

We may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis on our consolidated balance sheets. These assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as in the application of the lower of cost or fair value accounting or when we evaluate assets for impairment. We didnot have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during YTD FY2025 or YTD FY2024.

NOTE 13—VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

NCSC meets the definition of a VIE because it does not have sufficient equity investment at risk to finance its activities without financial support. CFC is the primary source of funding for NCSC. Under the terms of management agreements with NCSC, CFC manages the business operations of NCSC. CFC also unconditionally guarantees full indemnification for any loan losses of NCSC pursuant to guarantee agreements with NCSC. CFC earns management and guarantee fees from its agreements with NCSC.

All loans that require NCSC board approval also require CFC board approval. CFC is not a member of NCSC and does not elect directors to the NCSC board. If CFC becomes a member of NCSC, it would control the nomination process forone NCSC director. NCSC members elect directors to the NCSC board based onone vote for each member. NCSC is a Class C member of CFC.

NCSC creditors have no recourse against CFC in the event of a default by NCSC, unless there is a guarantee agreement under which CFC has guaranteed NCSC debt obligations to a third party. The following table provides information on incremental consolidated assets and liabilities of VIE included in CFC’s consolidated financial statements, after intercompany eliminations, which include NCSC’s consolidated assets and liabilities as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 13.1: Consolidated Assets and Liabilities of Variable Interest Entities

The following table provides information on CFC’s credit commitments and potential exposure to loss under these commitments to NCSC as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024.

Table 13.2: CFC Exposure Under Credit Commitments to NCSC

(1)Intercompany borrowings payable by NCSC to CFC as of February 28, 2025 and May 31, 2024 are eliminated in consolidation.

(2)Excludes interest due on these instruments.

Under a loan and security agreement with CFC, NCSC has access to $2,000 million revolving line of credit and a $3,000 million revolving term loan from CFC which will mature in 2067. CFC loans to NCSC are secured by all assetsand revenue of NCSC. CFC’s maximum potential exposure, including interest due, for the credit enhancements totaled $71 million as of February 28, 2025. The maturities for obligations guaranteed by CFC extend through 2043.

NOTE 14—BUSINESS SEGMENTS

Our activities were previously conducted through three operating segments, which were based on each of the legal entities included in our consolidated financial statements: CFC, NCSC and RTFC. We reported segment information for CFC separately; however, we aggregated segment information for NCSC and RTFC intoone reportable segment because neither entity met the quantitative materiality threshold for separate reporting under the accounting guidance governing segment reporting. On December 1, 2023, RTFC completed the sale of its business to NCSC. Following the RTFC sale transaction, our operating segments for Q3 FY2025, YTD FY2025 and Q3 FY2024 consist of CFC and NCSC, which are based on each of the legal entities included in our consolidated financial statements. As we aggregated segment information for NCSC and RTFC intoone reportable segment in YTD FY2024, the RTFC sale transaction did not cause a change in the composition of our reportable segments. We present the results of our business segments on the basis in which management internally evaluates operating performance to establish short- and long-term performance goals, develop budgets and forecasts, identify potential trends, allocate resources and make compensation decisions. We describe the business segment reporting methodology in “Note 16—Business Segments” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Segment Results and Reconciliation

The following tables display segment results of operations for Q3 FY2025, YTD FY2025, Q3 FY2024 and YTD FY2024, assets attributable to each segment as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024 and a reconciliation of total segment amounts to our consolidated total amounts.

Table 14.1: Business Segment Information