MDU RESOURCES GROUP INC

Note 12 -Fair value measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value ASC establishes a hierarchy for grouping assets and liabilities, based on the significance of inputs. The estimated fair values of the Company's assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis are determined using the market approach.

The Company measures its investments in certain fixed-income and equity securities at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in income. The Company anticipates using these investments, which consist of insurance contracts, to satisfy its obligations under its unfunded, nonqualified defined benefit and defined contribution plans for executive officers and certain key management employees and invests in these fixed-income and equity securities for the purpose of earning investment returns and capital appreciation. These investments, which totaled $66.2 million, $59.2 million and $59.3 million, at September 30, 2025 and 2024, and December 31, 2024, respectively, are classified as Investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The net unrealized gain on these investments was $2.2 million and $4.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. The net unrealized gain on these investments was $2.4 million and $5.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The change in fair value, which is considered part of the cost of the plan, is classified in Other income on the Consolidated Statements of Income. In the second quarter of 2025 the Company withdrew $5.0 million of cash in excess of 125 percent of the full funding amount, which had no effect on the cost basis of the investments held. In the first quarter of 2024 the Company withdrew $9.0 million of its cost basis, which reduced Investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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The Company did not elect the fair value option, which records gains and losses in income, for its available-for-sale securities, which include mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury securities. These available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value and are classified as Investments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unrealized gains or losses are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Details of available-for-sale securities were as follows:

The Company's assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

* The insurance contracts invest approximately 57 percent in fixed-income investments, 18 percent in common stock of large-cap companies, 10 percent in target date investments, 7 percent in common stock of mid-cap companies, 4 percent in common stock of small-cap companies, 3 percent in cash equivalents, and 1 percent in international investments.

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* The insurance contracts invest approximately 55 percent in fixed-income investments, 18 percent in common stock of large-cap companies, 10 percent in target date investments, 8 percent in common stock of mid-cap companies, 4 percent in common stock of small-cap companies, 4 percent in cash equivalents, and 1 percent in international investments.

* The insurance contracts invest approximately 58 percent in fixed-income investments, 17 percent in common stock of large-cap companies, 8 percent in target date investments, 8 percent in common stock of mid-cap companies, 4 percent in common stock of small-cap companies, 4 percent in cash equivalents, and 1 percent in international investments.

The Company's money market funds are valued at the net asset value of shares held at the end of the period, based on published market quotations on active markets, or using other known sources including pricing from outside sources. The estimated fair value of the Company's mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury securities are based on comparable market transactions, other observable inputs or other sources, including pricing from outside sources. The estimated fair value of the Company's insurance contracts are based on contractual cash surrender values that are determined primarily by investments in managed separate accounts of the insurer. These amounts approximate fair value. The managed separate accounts are valued based on other observable inputs or corroborated market data.

Though the Company believes the methods used to estimate fair value are consistent with those used by other market participants, the use of other methods or assumptions could result in a different estimate of fair value.

The Company applies the provisions of the fair value measurement standard to its nonrecurring, non-financial measurements, including long-lived asset impairments. These assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances. The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that such carrying amounts may not be recoverable.

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The Company's long-term debt is not measured at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the fair value is being provided for disclosure purposes only. The fair value was categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy and was based on discounted future cash flows using current market interest rates. The estimated fair value of the Company's Level 2 long-term debt was as follows:

The carrying amounts of the Company's remaining financial instruments included in current assets and current liabilities approximate their fair values.