MSA Safety Inc

Management’s Reports to Shareholders

Management’s Report on Responsibility for Financial Reporting

Management of MSA Safety Incorporated (the Company) is responsible for the preparation of the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. The consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and include amounts that are based on the best estimates and judgments of management. The other financial information contained in this annual report is consistent with the consolidated financial statements.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment and those criteria, management has concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024.

The Company's Independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report issued an attestation report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ STEVEN C. BLANCO

Steven C. BlancoPresident and Chief Executive Officer

/s/ LEE B. MCCHESNEY

Lee B. McChesneySenior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of MSA Safety Incorporated

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited MSA Safety Incorporated’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, MSA Safety Incorporated (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive loss for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) 2 and our report dated February 14, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/Ernst & Young LLP

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of MSA Safety Incorporated

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of MSA Safety Incorporated (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive loss for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) 2 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 14, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN RETAINED EARNINGS

AND ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies

General Information and Basis of Presentation—The consolidated financial statements of MSA Safety Incorporated ("MSA" or "the Company") are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and require management to make certain judgments, estimates, and assumptions. These may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. They also may affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates upon subsequent resolution of identified matters.

Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated.

Reclassifications—Certain reclassifications of prior years' results have been made to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications relate to aligning prior year deferred tax and accrued warranty reserve with current year presentation within our disclosures.

Currency Translation—The functional currency of all significant non-U.S. operating subsidiaries is the local country currency. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated at year-end exchange rates. Income statement accounts are translated using the average exchange rates for the reporting period. Translation adjustments for these subsidiaries are reported as a component of shareholders’ equity and are not included in net income. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in net income for the reporting period.

Cash Equivalents—Cash equivalents include temporary deposits with financial institutions and highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less.

Restricted Cash—Restricted cash, which is designated for use other than current operations, is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Restricted cash balances were $0.5 million and $2.0 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These balances were used to support letter of credit balances.

Inventories—Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method. It is the Company's general policy to write-down any inventory balance in excess of the last 24 months of consumption and any inventory identified as obsolete.

Property and Depreciation—Property is recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed primarily using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally as follows: buildings 20 to 40 years, and machinery and equipment 3 to 10 years. Expenditures for significant renewals and improvements are capitalized. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Gains or losses on property dispositions are included in other expense (income), net and the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $45.6 million, $41.8 million and $36.7 million, respectively. Properties, plant, and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets or asset groups may not be recoverable.

Software Development Costs—Software development costs are costs incurred to create, enhance and deploy the Company’s broad range of wireless technology and cloud-based computing safety services. Software development costs, other than software development costs qualifying for capitalization, are expensed as incurred. Costs of computer software developed or obtained for internal use that are incurred in the preliminary project and post implementation stages are expensed as incurred. Certain costs incurred during the application and development stage, which primarily include compensation and related expenses, are capitalized. Additionally, costs of upgrades and enhancements are capitalized when it is probable that the upgrades and enhancements will result in added functionality. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, there was $13.0 million, $12.1 million and $8.7 million of software development costs capitalized. The Company has unamortized computer software development costs of $19.9 million and $18.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, included in property, plant and equipment, net.

Capitalized costs are amortized through cost of products sold using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life, which is normally three years, beginning in the period in which the software is ready for its intended use or when the upgrade or enhancement is deployed. Software development amortization expense was $11.3 million, $10.4 million and $7.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Lessee Arrangements—At the inception of our contracts, we determine if the contract is or contains a lease. A contract is or contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. We have elected to not separate the lease and non-lease components within our lease contracts. Right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at commencement. We use our incremental borrowing rate ("IBR") at the recognition date in determining the present value of future payments for leases that do not have a readily determinable implicit rate. Our IBR reflects a fully secured rate based on our credit rating, taking into consideration the repayment timing of the lease and any impacts due to the economic environment in which the lease operates.

Our lease payments are largely fixed. Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate are included in the lease payments and are measured using the prevailing index or rate at the measurement date, with differences between the calculated lease payment and the actual lease payment being expensed in the period of the change. Other variable lease payments, including utilities, consumption and common area maintenance as well as repairs, maintenance and mileage overages on vehicles, are expensed during the period incurred. A majority of our real estate leases include options to extend the lease and options to early terminate the lease. Leases with an early termination option generally involve a termination payment. If we are reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend a lease, the extension period is included as part of the right-of-use asset and the lease liability. Some of our leases contain residual value guarantees. These are guarantees made to the lessor that the value of an underlying asset returned to the lessor at the end of a lease will be at least a specified amount. Our leases do not contain restrictions or covenants that restrict us from incurring other financial obligations. For our leases, we have elected to not apply the recognition requirements to leases of less than twelve months. These leases are expensed on a straight-line basis and are not included within the Company's operating lease asset or liability.

Lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the fixed future lease payments over the lease term. Operating leases are included in Operating lease right-of-use assets, net, Other current liabilities, and Noncurrent operating lease liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance leases are included in Property, plant and equipment, net, Other current liabilities, and Product liability and other noncurrent liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Lease expense for all operating leases is classified in Cost of products sold or Selling, general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. For finance leases, the amortization of the right-of-use asset is included in depreciation and amortization, and the interest is included in interest expense.

Lessor Arrangements—The Company derives a portion of its revenue from various leasing arrangements where the Company is the lessor, primarily managed fire service contracts. Such arrangements provide for payments covering equipment provided, maintenance and interest. These arrangements meet the criteria to be accounted for as sales-type leases under ASC 842 and contain both lease and non-lease components. For a component to be separate, the customer would be able to benefit from the right of use of the component separately or with other resources readily available to the customer and the right of the use is not highly dependent or highly interrelated with the other rights to use the other underlying assets or components.

Revenue from equipment provided is considered a lease component and recognized with point in time revenue recognition upon lease commencement. Upon the recognition of such revenue, an asset is established for the investment in sales-type leases. Maintenance revenue, which is considered a non-lease component, and interest is recognized over the lease term.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets—Intangible assets with a finite useful life are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives. Indefinite lived intangible assets are assessed for possible impairment annually on October 1st or whenever circumstances change such that the recorded value of the asset may not be recoverable. We performed a quantitative assessment of the indefinite lived trade name intangible asset as outlined in ASC 350 by comparing the estimated fair value of the trade name intangible asset to its carrying value. We estimate the fair value using the relief from royalty income approach. A number of assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the relief from royalty model, including sales volumes and prices, royalty rates and tax rates. Forecasts are based on sales generated by the underlying trade name assets and are generally based on approved business unit operating plans for the early years and historical relationships in later years. Based on these assessments, no impairments were identified during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.

All goodwill is assigned to and evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. Goodwill is not amortized, but evaluated for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The Company may perform either a qualitative assessment of potential impairment or proceed directly to a quantitative assessment of potential impairment. If the Company chooses not to perform a qualitative assessment, or if it chooses to perform a qualitative assessment but is unable to qualitatively conclude that no impairment has occurred, then the Company will perform a quantitative assessment. A quantitative test for goodwill impairment is performed by determining the fair value of the related reporting units.

The Company estimates the fair value of the reporting unit with which the goodwill is associated and compares it to the carrying value. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment charge is recognized for the excess of the reporting unit's carrying value over its fair value. In 2024, we performed a quantitative test at October 1, 2024. We estimate fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of valuation techniques, including the discounted cash flow ("DCF") method, a form of the income approach, and the guideline public company method, a form of the market approach, as we believe each are important indicators of fair value. A number of assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the DCF model, such as discount rates, revenue growth rates, and operating margins which are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions. Cash flow forecasts are generally based on approved reporting unit operating plans for the early years and historical relationships in later years. The market approach methodology measures value through an analysis of peer companies. The analysis entails measuring the multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") at which peer companies are trading. Management performed its evaluation and determined the fair value of each reporting unit is greater than the carrying amount and, accordingly, the Company has not recorded any impairment charges related to goodwill.

There has beenno impairment of our goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Revenue Recognition—We account for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Revenue from the sale of products and solutions is recognized when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement and control passes to the customer. We establish our shipping terms according to local practice and market characteristics. We do not ship product unless we have an order or other documentation authorizing shipment to our customers. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products and solutions offered. The term between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Amounts billed and due from our customers are classified as receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We make appropriate provisions for credit losses, which have historically been insignificant in relation to our net sales. Certain contracts with customers have an element of variable consideration that is estimated when revenue is recognized under the contract to the extent that it is material to the individual contract. Rebates are based on achieving a certain level of purchases and other performance criteria that are documented in established distributor programs. These rebates are estimated based on projected sales to the customer and accrued as a reduction of net sales as they are earned by the customer. Sales, value add and other taxes collected with revenue-producing activities and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue.

Refer to Note 2—Revenue Recognition for additional disclosures on revenue recognition matters.

Product Warranties—Estimated expenses related to product warranties and additional service actions are charged to Cost of products sold in the period in which the related revenue is recognized or when significant product quality issues are identified.

Research and Development—Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes—Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between financial and tax reporting. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. If it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is recognized. We record tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return when such benefits meet a more likely than not threshold. We recognize interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expenses. Deferred taxes are booked for available cash in excess of working capital for non-U.S. subsidiaries as these earnings are not considered to be permanently reinvested. The Company treats any Global Intangible Low Taxed Income as a period cost.

Stock-Based Compensation—We recognize expense for employee and non-employee director stock-based compensation based on the grant date fair value of the awards. Except for retirement-eligible participants, for whom there is no requisite service period, this expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service periods following the date of grant.

Derivative Instruments—We may use derivative instruments from time to time to minimize the effects of changes in currency exchange rates. We do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes and do not hold derivative instruments for trading purposes. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges are recorded in the balance sheet as adjustments to the underlying hedged asset or liability. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as Currency exchange losses, net in the current period.

Commitments and Contingencies—For asserted claims and assessments, liabilities are recorded when a loss is deemed to be probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. Management assesses the probability of an unfavorable outcome with respect to asserted claims or assessments based on many factors such as the nature of the matter, available defenses and case strategy, progress of the matter, views and opinions of legal counsel and other advisors, applicability and success of appeals processes, and the outcome of similar historical matters, among others. Once an unfavorable outcome is assessed to be probable, management evaluates estimates of the potential loss, and the most reasonable loss estimate is recorded (or, if the estimate of the loss is a range, and no amount within the range is considered to be a better estimate than any other amount, the minimum amount in the range is recorded). If a material loss is deemed to be reasonably possible but not probable, the matter is disclosed and no liability is recorded.

With respect to unasserted claims or assessments, management first determines whether it is probable that a claim or assessment may be asserted and then, if so, the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome. If an unfavorable outcome is probable, management assesses whether the amount of potential loss can be reasonably estimated and, if so, accrues the most reasonable estimate of the loss (or, if the estimate of the loss is a range, and no amount within the range is considered to be a better estimate than any other amount, the minimum amount in the range is recorded). If an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible but less than probable, or the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated, then the matter is disclosed and no liability is recorded. Legal matters are reviewed on a continuous basis to determine if there has been a change in management’s judgment regarding the likelihood and/or estimate of a potential loss. Refer to Note 20—Contingencies for further details on product liability related matters.

Concentration of credit and business risks—We sell to customers in a broad mix of industries and are exposed to credit risk in the event of nonpayment. Changes in these industries or other developments may significantly affect our financial performance and management's estimates. We mitigate our exposure to credit risk by performing ongoing credit evaluations and, when deemed necessary, requiring letters of credit, credit insurance, prepayments, guarantees or other collateral. No individual customer represented more than 10% of our receivables as of December 31, 2024, or 2023, or sales for any of the three years ended December 31, 2024.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards and Disclosure Rules—In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 (“ASU 2023-09”), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. This standard also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public business entities, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. With the exception of expanding disclosures, we do not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.

In March 2024, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-11275, The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors. This rule would require registrants to disclose certain climate-related information in registration statements and annual reports. In April 2024, the SEC voluntarily stayed the final rule as a result of pending legal challenges. The disclosure requirements would apply to the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, pending resolution of the stay. The Company is currently evaluating the final rule to determine its impact on the Company's disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 (“ASU 2024-03”), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“DISE”). ASU 2024-03 requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. ASU 2024-03 does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement; rather, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. As revised by ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, the provisions of ASU 2024-03 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. With the exception of expanding disclosures to include more granular income statement expense categories, we do not expect the adoption of ASU 2024-03 to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.

Note 2—Revenue Recognition

We generate revenue primarily from manufacturing and selling a comprehensive line of safety products and solutions to protect the health and safety of workers and facility infrastructures around the world. Our customers generally fall into two categories: distributors and industrial or end-users. All customer categories have similar nature, timing and uncertainty related to cash flows. As a result, the underlying principles of revenue recognition are identical for both categories of customers.

We account for revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Revenue from the sale of products and solutions is recognized when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement and control passes to the customer, which generally occurs either when product is shipped to the customer or, in the case of certain customers, when product is delivered to the customer's site. We establish our shipping terms according to local practice and market characteristics. We do not ship product unless we have an order or other documentation authorizing shipment to our customers. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products and solutions offered; however, in most cases, the term between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Amounts billed and due from our customers are classified as receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We make appropriate provisions for credit losses, which have historically been insignificant in relation to our net sales. Certain contracts with customers may have an element of variable consideration that is estimated when revenue is recognized under the contract to the extent that it is material to the individual contract. Variable consideration could include volume incentive rebates and performance guarantees. Rebates are based on achieving a certain level of purchases and other performance criteria that are documented in established distributor programs. These rebates are estimated based on projected sales to the customer and accrued as a reduction of net sales as they are earned by the customer. Sales, value add and other taxes collected with revenue-producing activities and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue.

Depending on the terms of the arrangement, we may defer revenue for which we have a future obligation, which may include leases where the Company is the lessor, training, extended warranty, software subscriptions, maintenance and technical services, until such time that the obligation has been satisfied. We use an observable price, or a cost plus margin approach when one is not available, to determine the stand-alone selling price for separate performance obligations. We have elected to recognize the cost for shipping and handling as an expense when control of the product has passed to the customer. These costs are included within the Cost of products sold line on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are included in net sales.

Performance Obligations

The Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations identified under the terms of the contract with its customers are satisfied, which generally occurs upon the transfer of control in accordance with the contractual terms and conditions of sale. For most contracts with customers, this results in point-in-time revenue recognition once contractual shipping terms are fulfilled.

Disaggregation of Revenue

Refer to Note 9—Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for disaggregation of revenue by segment and product category, as we believe this best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Lessor Arrangements

The Company derives a portion of its revenue from various leasing contracts where the Company is the lessor, primarily managed fire service contracts entered by Bristol. Such arrangements provide for recurring payments throughout the contract term. These payments cover equipment provided in addition to several services which include maintenance and interest.

Managed fire service contracts meet the criteria to be accounted for as sales-type leases. Under ASC 842, these contracts contain both lease and non-lease components. For a component to be separate, the customer would be able to benefit from the right of use of the component separately or with other resources readily available to the customer and the right of the use is not highly dependent or highly interrelated with the other rights to use the other underlying assets or components.

For managed fire service contracts, revenue from equipment provided is considered a lease component and recognized with point in time revenue recognition upon lease commencement. Upon the recognition of such revenue, an asset is established for the investment in sales-type leases. Maintenance revenue, which is considered a non-lease component, and interest are recognized monthly over the lease term. As of December 31, 2024, remaining maintenance performance obligations for managed fire service contracts were $25.5 million, which are expected to be recognized to revenue over approximately 3 years.

Lease revenues and interest earned by the Company, included in the Consolidated Statements of Income, were not material to any of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Net investment in sales-type leases of $5.6 million and $11.3 million were included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other noncurrent assets, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024. These amounts at December 31, 2024, are expected to be collected over the remaining life of each contract.

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.

We do not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer will be one year or less.

We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Note 3—Cash and Cash Equivalents

Several of the Company's affiliates participate in a notional cash pooling arrangement to manage global liquidity requirements. As part of a master netting arrangement, the participants combine their cash balances in pooling accounts at the same financial institution with the ability to offset bank overdrafts of one participant against positive cash account balances held by another participant. Under the terms of the master netting arrangement, the financial institution has the right, ability and intent to offset a positive balance in one account against an overdrawn amount in another account. Amounts in each of the accounts are unencumbered and unrestricted with respect to use. As such, the net cash balance related to this pooling arrangement is included in Cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company's net cash pool position consisted of the following:

Note 4—Restructuring Charges

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recorded restructuring charges of $6.4 million, $9.9 million and $8.0 million, respectively. These charges were primarily related to our ongoing initiatives to adjust our cost structure and improve productivity.

Americas segment restructuring charges of $1.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, were related to manufacturing footprint optimization activities. International segment restructuring charges of $3.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, were related to ongoing initiatives to optimize our manufacturing footprint and improve productivity as well as management restructuring. Corporate segment restructuring charges of $1.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, were related to management restructuring.

Americas segment restructuring charges of $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, were related to manufacturing footprint optimization activities. International segment restructuring charges of $4.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, were related to ongoing initiatives to drive profitable growth and improve productivity. Corporate segment restructuring charges of $2.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, were related to footprint optimization activities and management restructuring.

Americas segment restructuring charges of $2.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, were related to

various optimization activities. International segment restructuring charges of $5.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, were primarily related to the implementation of our new European Shared Service Center in Warsaw, Poland. Corporate segment restructuring charges of $0.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, were primarily related to programs to

realign the organization and adjust our operations in response to current business conditions.

Activity and reserve balances for restructuring charges by segment were as follows:

Restructuring reserves at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are included in Other current liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Note 5—Inventories

The following table sets forth the components of inventory:

Note 6—Property, Plant, and Equipment

The following table sets forth the components of property, plant and equipment:

Note 7—Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Note 8—Capital Stock

Preferred Stock—The Company has authorized 100,000 shares of $50 par value 4.5% cumulative preferred nonvoting stock which is callable at $52.50. There were 71,340 shares issued and 52,998 shares held in treasury at both December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Treasury shares at cost line of the Consolidated Balance Sheets includes $1.8 million related to preferred stock. There wereno shares of preferred stock purchased and subsequently held in treasury during the years ended December 31, 2024, or 2023. The Company has also authorized 1,000,000 shares of $10 par value second cumulative preferred voting stock. No shares have been issued as of December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Common Stock—The Company has authorized 180,000,000 shares ofno par value common stock. There were 62,081,391 shares issued as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. There were 39,260,080 and 39,317,212 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Treasury Shares—The Company's 2024 stock repurchase program authorizes up to $200.0 million to repurchase MSA common stock in the open market and in private transactions. The share repurchase program has no expiration date. The maximum number of shares that may be purchased is calculated based on the dollars remaining under the program and the respective month-end closing share price. Under this and prior stock repurchase programs, there were 166,292 shares repurchased during 2024, no shares repurchased during 2023, and 251,408 shares repurchased during 2022. There were 22,821,311 and 22,764,179 Treasury shares at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company issues Treasury shares for all stock based benefit plans. Shares are issued from Treasury at the average Treasury share cost on the date of the transaction. There were 149,179 and 132,797 Treasury shares issued for these purposes during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Common stock activity is summarized as follows:

Note 9—Segment Information

The Company is organized into four geographical operating segments that are based on management responsibilities: Northern North America; Latin America; Europe, Middle East & Africa; and Asia Pacific. The operating segments have been aggregated (based on economic similarities, the nature of their products and solutions, end-user markets and methods of distribution) into three reportable segments: Americas, International, and Corporate.

The Americas segment is comprised of our operations in Northern North America and Latin America geographies. The International segment is comprised of our operations in all geographies outside of the Americas. Certain global expenses are allocated to each segment in a manner consistent with where the benefits from the expenses are derived.

The Company's sales are allocated to each segment based primarily on the country destination of the end-customer.

The Company adopted ASU No. 2023-07 (“ASU 2023-07”), Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2024 and applied it retrospectively for all prior periods presented.

Adjusted operating income (loss) is the measure used by the chief operating decision maker, identified as our President and Chief Executive Officer, to evaluate segment performance and identify opportunities when allocating resources. Adjusted operating income (loss) is defined as operating income excluding restructuring charges, currency exchange gains (losses), product liability expense, loss on divestiture of Mine Safety Appliances Company, LLC ("MSA LLC"), net cost for product-related legal matter, transaction costs and acquisition-related amortization.

The accounting principles applied at the operating segment level in determining the segment measure of profit or loss are the same as those applied at the consolidated financial statement level. Sales and transfers between operating segments are accounted for at market-based transaction prices and are eliminated in consolidation.

Reportable segment information is presented in the following table:

A reconciliation of total Adjusted operating income from reportable segments to Income before income taxes is presented in the following table:

Geographic information on Net sales to external customers, based on country of origin:

Geographic information on tangible long-lived assets, net, based on country of origin:

Total Net sales by product category was as follows:

Note 10—Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated common shareholders is computed by dividing net income, after the deduction of preferred stock dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated common shareholders assumes the issuance of common stock for all potentially dilutive share equivalents outstanding not classified as participating securities. Participating securities are defined as unvested stock-based compensation awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends.

Note 11—Income Taxes

Reconciliation of the U.S. federal income tax rates to our effective tax rate:

Components of deferred tax assets and liabilities:

At December 31, 2024, we had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $26.9 million. All net operating loss carryforwards without a valuation allowance may be carried forward for a period of at leastsix years.

A reconciliation of the change in the tax liability for unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would reduce our future effective tax rate. We haveno recognized tax benefits associated with these liabilities in 2024 and recognized $0.6 million of tax liabilities associated with these liabilities in 2023.

We recognize interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expenses. Our liability for accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions was $0.2 million at both December 31, 2024 and 2023.

We are subject to regular review and audit by both foreign and domestic tax authorities. While we believe our tax positions will be sustained, the final outcome of tax audits and related litigation may differ materially from the tax amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements.

We file a U.S. federal income tax return along with various state and foreign income tax returns. Examinations of our U.S. federal returns have been completed through 2018. Various state and foreign income tax returns may be subject to tax audits for periods after 2016.

On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act, which includes a new minimum tax on certain large corporations and an excise tax on stock buybacks. We do not anticipate this legislation will have a material impact for the company.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has a framework to implement a global minimum corporate tax of 15% for companies with global revenues above €750.0 million (referred to as Pillar 2), with effective dates beginning in January 2024. We meet the overall revenue threshold and fall within the scope of Pillar 2 and as such, have complied with the requirements of the legislation for the year ended December 31, 2024. The application of Pillar 2 resulted in additional tax expense of $1.1 million.

Note 12—Stock Plans

The 2023 Management Equity Incentive Plan and its predecessor, the 2016 Management Equity Incentive Plan, provide for various forms of stock-based compensation for eligible employees through May 2033 including stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units. The 2024 Non-Employee Directors' Equity Incentive Plan and its predecessor, the 2017 Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan provides for grants of stock options and restricted stock to non-employee directors through May 2034. Stock options are granted at market prices and expire afterten years. The 2014 MSA Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) permits eligible employees to purchase the Company's shares of common stock at a 15% discount from fair market value, semi-annually, from the stock market. The ESPP plan is considered a compensatory plan. The discount is recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expense in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of December 31, 2024, there were 1,772,153;87,209; and 68,404 shares, respectively, reserved for future grants under the management and non-employee directors’ equity incentive and employee stock purchase plans.

Stock options are exercisable beginning three years after the grant date. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are granted without payment to the Company and generally vest three years after the grant date. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. Performance stock units with a market condition are valued at an estimated fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The final number of shares to be issued for performance stock units may range from zero to 240% of the target award based on achieving the specified performance targets over the performance period and further range based upon the achieved market metric over the performance period. In general, unvested stock options, restricted stock and performance stock units are forfeited if the participant’s employment with the Company terminates for any reason other than retirement, death or disability. We issue Treasury shares for stock option exercises and grants of restricted stock and performance stock. Please refer to Note 8—Capital Stock for further information regarding stock compensation share issuance.

Stock-based compensation expense was as follows:

We did not capitalize any stock-based compensation expense, and all expense is included in Selling, general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

A summary of option activity follows:

For various exercise price ranges, characteristics of outstanding and exercisable stock options at December 31, 2024 were as follows:

Cash received from the exercise of stock options was $0.5 million, $1.5 million and $4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The tax benefit we realized from these exercises was $0.6 million, $0.9 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Stock options become exercisable when they are vested. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercisable and outstanding at December 31, 2024 was $1.8 million.

Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. A summary of restricted stock unit activity follows:

A summary of performance stock unit activity follows:

The 2024 performance adjustments above relate primarily to 2021 performance unit awards which vested in the first quarter of 2024 at 174% of the target award based on both cumulative performance against EBITDA margin and revenue growth targets and MSA's TSR during thethree-year performance period.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the total intrinsic value of stock options exercised (the difference between the market price on the date of exercise and the option price paid to exercise the option) was $1.5 million, $3.7 million and $8.6 million, respectively. The fair values of restricted stock vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $8.3 million, $5.4 million and $5.9 million, respectively. The fair value of performance stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $13.5 million, $6.8 million and $5.6 million, respectively.

On December 31, 2024, there was $20.0 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense. The weighted average period over which this expense is expected to be recognized was approximately 1.5 years.

Note 13—Long-Term Debt

Long-Term Debt

On May 24, 2021, the Company entered into a Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Revolving Credit Facility" or "Facility”) that extended its term through May 24, 2026, and increased the capacity to $900.0 million. The agreement was amended in August 2021 and June 2023 to transition from Sterling LIBOR reference rates and U.S. LIBOR reference rates. Under the amended agreement, the Company may elect either a Base rate of interest (“BASE”) or an interest rate based on Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). The BASE is a daily fluctuating per annum rate equal to the highest of (i)0.00%, (ii) the Overnight Bank Funding Rate, plus 0.5%, (iii) the Prime Rate (iv) the Daily Simple SOFR rate, plus 1.00%. The Company pays a credit spread of 0 to 175 basis points based on the Company’s net EBITDA leverage ratio and elected rate (BASE or SOFR). At December 31, 2024, we had no borrowings outstanding under our $900.0 million senior revolving credit facility. The facility also provides an accordion feature that allows the Company to access an additional $400.0 million of capacity pending approval by MSA’s board of directors and from the bank group.

On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Third Amended and Restated Multi-Currency Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement (the “Prudential Note Agreement”) with PGIM, Inc. (“Prudential”). The Prudential Note Agreement provided for (i) the issuance of $100.0 million of 2.69% Series C Senior Notes due July 1, 2036 and (ii) the establishment of an uncommitted note issuance facility whereby the Company may request, subject to Prudential’s acceptance in its sole discretion, the issuance of up to $335.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes. The Company has outstanding £42.7 million (approximately $53.5 million at December 31, 2024) of 3.4% Series B Senior Notes due January 22, 2031. Remaining maturities of this note are £6.1 million (approximately $7.6 million at December 31, 2024) due annually through January 2031.

On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Note Facility (the “NYL Note Facility”) with NYL Investors. The NYL Note Facility provided for (i) the issuance of $100.0 million of 2.69% Series A Senior Notes due July 1, 2036 and (ii) the establishment of an uncommitted note issuance facility whereby the Company may request, subject to NYL Investors’ acceptance in its sole discretion, the issuance of up to $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes.

On June 29, 2023, the Company issued $50 million of 5.25% Series B Senior Notes due July 1, 2028, pursuant to the NYL Note Facility (the "Notes"). The Notes bear interest at 5.25% per annum, payable semi-annually, and mature on July 1, 2028. The Notes provide for a principal payment of $25 million on July 1, 2027, with the remaining $25 million due on July 1, 2028. The Notes may be redeemed at the Company’s option prior to their maturity at a make-whole redemption price calculated as provided in the NYL Note Facility. The proceeds of the Notes were used on June 29, 2023, to pay down an equivalent amount of borrowings under the Company’s Revolving Credit Facility with PNC Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent.

On January 5, 2023, the Company entered into a new $250 million term loan facility to fund the divestiture of MSA LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary. Under the agreement, the Company may elect either BASE or an interest rate based on SOFR. The Company pays a credit spread of 0 to 200 basis points based on the Company's net EBITDA leverage ratio and elected rate. The Company had a Term Loan interest rate of 5.56% as of December 31, 2024.

The Revolving Credit Facility, Term Loan Facility, Prudential Note Agreement and NYL Note Facility require the Company to comply with specified financial covenants, including a requirement to maintain a minimum fixed charges coverage ratio of not less than 1.50 to 1.00 and a consolidated leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00; except during an acquisition period, defined as four consecutive fiscal quarters beginning with the quarter of acquisition, in which case the consolidated net leverage ratio shall not exceed 4.00 to 1.00; in each case calculated on the basis of the trailing four fiscal quarters. In addition, the agreements contain negative covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness or issue guarantees, create or incur liens, make loans and investments, make acquisitions, transfer or sell assets, enter into transactions with affiliated parties, make changes in its organizational documents that are materially adverse to lenders or modify the nature of the Company's or its subsidiaries' business. All credit facilities excluded MSA LLC prior to the divestiture of this subsidiary on January 5, 2023, as discussed further in Note 20.

As of December 31, 2024, MSA was in full compliance with the restrictive covenants under its various credit agreements.

Approximate maturities on our long-term debt over the next five years are $26.4 million in 2025, $195.1 million in 2026, $32.6 million in 2027, $32.6 million in 2028, $7.6 million in 2029 and $215.3 million thereafter.

The Company had outstanding bank guarantees and standby letters of credit with banks as of December 31, 2024, totaling $9.5 million, of which $1.5 million relate to the senior revolving credit facility. The letters of credit serve to cover customer requirements in connection with certain sales orders and insurance companies. The Company is also required to provide cash collateral in connection with certain arrangements. At December 31, 2024, the Company has $0.5 million of restricted cash in support of these arrangements.

Note 14—Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Changes in goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows:

At December 31, 2024, goodwill of $447.6 million and $173.3 million related to the Americas and International reportable segments, respectively.

Changes in intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, were as follows:

At December 31, 2024, the above intangible assets balance includes a trade name related to the Globe acquisition with an indefinite life totaling $60.0 million.

Intangible asset amortization expense over the next five years is expected to be approximately $17.5 million in 2025, $17.1 million in 2026, $17.0 million in 2027, $16.8 million in 2028, and $16.0 million in 2029.

Note 15—Pensions and Other Post-retirement Benefits

We maintain various defined benefit and defined contribution plans covering the majority of our employees. Our principal U.S. plan is funded in compliance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"). It is our general policy to fund current costs for the international plans according to local requirements and general market practice.

We provide health care benefits and limited life insurance for certain retired employees who are covered by our principal U.S. defined benefit pension plan until they become Medicare-eligible.

Defined benefit pension plan and other post-retirement benefits plan information is provided in the following tables:

The Company utilizes a spot rate approach, which discounts the individual plan specific expected cash flows underlying the service and interest cost using the applicable spot rates derived from a yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. For plans where the discount rate is not derived from plan specific expected cash flows, the Company uses a single weighted-average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the projected benefit obligation at the beginning of the period for measuring both the projected benefit obligations and the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost for pension and other post-retirement benefits.

Information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:

Information for pension plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:

Discount rates for all U.S. and foreign plans were determined using the aforementioned spot rate methodology for 2024 and 2023. Aside from sovereign bonds used in Mexico, the remaining plans' discount rates were determined using various corporate bonds and by matching our projected benefit obligation payment stream to current yields on high quality bonds.

The expected return on assets for the 2024 net periodic pension cost was determined by multiplying the expected returns of each asset class (based on capital market expectations) by the expected percentage of the total portfolio invested in that asset class. A total return was determined by summing the expected returns over all asset classes.

The overall objective of our pension investment strategy is to earn a rate of return over time to satisfy the benefit obligations of the pension plans and to maintain sufficient liquidity to pay benefits and meet other cash requirements of our pension funds. Investment policies for our primary U.S. pension plan are determined by the plan’s Investment Committee and set forth in the plan’s investment policy. Asset managers are granted discretion for determining sector mix, selecting securities and timing transactions, subject to the guidelines of the investment policy. An aggressive, flexible management of the portfolio is permitted and encouraged, with shifts of emphasis among equities, fixed income securities and cash equivalents at the discretion of each manager. No target asset allocations are set forth in the investment policy. For our non-U.S. pension plans, our investment objective is generally met through the use of pooled investment funds and insurance contracts.

The fair values of the Company's pension plan assets are determined using NAV as a practical expedient, or by information categorized in the fair value hierarchy level based on the inputs used to determine fair value, as further discussed in Note 19—Fair Value Measurements.

The fair values of the Company's pension plan assets at December 31, 2024, were as follows:

The fair values of the Company's pension plan assets at December 31, 2023, were as follows:

Equity securities consist primarily of publicly traded U.S. and non-U.S. common stocks. Equities are valued at closing prices reported on the listing stock exchange.

Fixed income securities consist primarily of U.S. government and agency bonds and U.S. corporate bonds. Fixed income securities are valued at closing prices reported in active markets or based on yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings. When quoted prices are not available for identical or similar bonds, the bond is valued under a discounted cash flow approach that maximizes observable inputs, such as current yields of similar instruments, and may include adjustments, for certain risks that may not be observable, such as credit and liquidity risks.

A financial instrument's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Pooled investment funds consist of mutual and collective investment funds that invest primarily in publicly traded equity and fixed income securities. Pooled investment funds are valued using the NAV provided by the administrator of the fund. The NAV is based on the value of the underlying assets owned by the fund, minus its liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding. The underlying securities are generally valued at closing prices reported in active markets, quoted prices of similar securities, or discounted cash flows approach that maximizes observable inputs such as current value measurement at the reporting date. These investments are not classified in the fair value hierarchy in accordance with guidance in ASU 2015-07.

Insurance contracts are valued in accordance with the terms of the applicable collective pension contract. The fair value of the plan assets equals the discounted value of the expected cash flows of the accrued pensions which are guaranteed by the counterparty insurer.

Cash equivalents consist primarily of money market and similar temporary investment funds. Cash equivalents are valued at closing prices reported in active markets.

The preceding methods may produce fair value measurements that are not indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Although we believe the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Level 3 assets:

The following table presents amounts related to Level 3 assets recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss:

We expect to make net contributions between $6 million and $8 million to our pension plans in 2025, which are primarily associated with statutorily required plans in the International reporting segment.

For the 2024 beginning of the year measurement purposes (net periodic benefit expense), a 6.7% increase in the costs of covered health care benefits was assumed, decreasing by 0.2% for each successive year to 4.4% in 2033 and thereafter. For the 2024 end of the year measurement purposes (benefit obligation), a 7.8% increase in the costs of covered health care benefits was assumed, decreasing by approximately 0.3% for each successive year to 4.5% in 2034 and thereafter.

Expense for defined contribution pension plans was $13.6 million in 2024, $13.4 million in 2023 and $12.6 million in 2022.

Estimated pension benefits to be paid under our defined benefit pension plans during the next five years are $30.5 million in 2025, $30.4 million in 2026, $30.7 million in 2027, $31.3 million in 2028 and $31.9 million in 2029, and an aggregated $167.7 million for the five years thereafter. Estimated other post-retirement benefits to be paid during the next five years are $2.1 million in 2025, $2.1 million in 2026, $2.3 million in 2027, $2.2 million in 2028, $2.2 million in 2029, and an aggregated $10.2 million for the five years thereafter.

Note 16—Other Income, Net

During the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, we recognized $7.0 million and $8.2 million of other income, respectively, related to interest earned on cash balances. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $4.2 million of other income related to interest earned on cash balances, short-term investments and notes receivable from insurance companies. The short-term investments and notes receivables from insurance companies were divested as of January 5, 2023.

Note 17—Leases

As a lessee, we have various operating lease agreements primarily related to real estate, vehicles and office and plant equipment. The components of lease expense were as follows:

Rent expense was $13.7 million, $12.0 million and $15.0 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We did not have any lease transactions with related parties. We did not have any significant leases not yet commenced.

At December 31, 2024, future lease payments under operating leases were as follows:

Note 18—Derivative Financial Instruments

As part of our currency exchange rate risk management strategy, we enter into certain derivative foreign currency forward contracts that do not meet the U.S. GAAP criteria for hedge accounting but have the impact of partially offsetting certain foreign currency exposures. We account for these forward contracts at fair value and report the related gains or losses in currency exchange losses, net, in the Consolidated Statements of Income. At December 31, 2024, the notional amount of open forward contracts was $184.0 million and there wereno unrealized gains/losses on these contracts. All open forward contracts will mature during the first quarter of 2025.

The following table presents the Consolidated Balance Sheets location and fair value of assets and liabilities associated with derivative financial instruments:

The following table presents the Consolidated Statements of Income and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows location and impact of derivative financial instruments:

Note 19—Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The valuation methodologies we used to measure financial assets and liabilities were limited to the pension plan assets and the derivative financial instruments described in Note 15—Pensions and Other Post-retirement Benefits and Note 18—Derivative Financial Instruments, respectively. Valuations of these financial assets and liabilities may reflect assumptions about financial markets which may change based on economic conditions. See Note 15 for the fair value hierarchy classification of pension plan assets. We estimate the fair value of the derivative financial instruments, consisting of foreign currency forward contracts, based upon valuation models with inputs that generally can be verified by observable market conditions and do not involve significant management judgment. Accordingly, the fair values of the derivative financial instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. With the exception of our fixed rate long-term debt, we believe that the reported carrying amounts of our remaining financial assets and liabilities approximate their fair values.

The reported carrying amount of fixed rate long-term debt, including the current portion of long-term debt, was $303.5 million and $312.2 million at December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The fair value of this debt was $266.4 million and $278.7 million at December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The fair value of this debt was determined using Level 2 inputs by evaluating similarly rated companies with publicly traded bonds where available or current borrowing rates available for financings with similar terms and maturities.

Note 20—Contingencies

Product liability

The Company and its subsidiaries face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims arising from the alleged failure of our products to prevent the types of personal injury or death against which they are designed to protect.

Single incident product liability claims. Single incident product liability claims involve incidents of short duration that are typically known when they occur and involve observable injuries, which provide an objective basis for quantifying damages. Management has established reserves for the single incident product liability claims of the Company's various subsidiaries, including asserted single incident product liability claims and incurred but not reported ("IBNR") single incident claims. To determine the reserves, Management makes reasonable estimates of losses for single incident claims based on the number and characteristics of asserted claims, historical experience, sales volumes, expected settlement costs, and other relevant information.

Cumulative trauma product liability claims. Cumulative trauma product liability claims involve alleged exposures to harmful substances (e.g., silica, asbestos and coal dust) that occurred years ago and may have developed over long periods of time into diseases such as silicosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma, or coal worker’s pneumoconiosis. A former subsidiary of the Company, Mine Safety Appliances Company, LLC ("MSA LLC"), which was divested as described below, has been named as a defendant in various lawsuits related to such claims. These lawsuits mainly involve respiratory protection products allegedly manufactured and sold by MSA LLC or its predecessors.

On January 5, 2023, the Company entered into a membership interest purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a joint venture between R&Q Insurance Holdings Ltd. and Obra Capital, Inc. (the "Purchaser"). Under the Purchase Agreement, on January 5, 2023, the Company transferred to the Purchaser all of the issued and outstanding limited liability company interests of MSA LLC (the “Sale”). In connection with the closing, the Company contributed $341.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, while the Purchaser contributed an additional $35.0 million.

As MSA LLC was the obligor for the claims to which the Company's legacy cumulative trauma product liability reserves relate and the policyholder of the related insurance assets, the rights and obligations related to these items remained with MSA LLC when it transferred to the Purchaser's ownership pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. In addition, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser and MSA LLC have agreed to indemnify the Company and its affiliates for legacy cumulative trauma product liabilities and other product liabilities, and a subsidiary of the Company has agreed to indemnify MSA LLC for all other historical liabilities of MSA LLC. This indemnification is not subject to any cap or time limitation. In connection with the Sale, the Company and its Board of Directors received a solvency opinion from an independent advisory firm that MSA LLC was solvent and adequately capitalized after giving effect to the transaction.

Following the completion of the transaction, the Company no longer has any obligation with respect to pending and future cumulative trauma product liability claims relating to these matters. As such, all legacy cumulative trauma product liability reserves, related insurance assets, and associated deferred tax assets of the divested subsidiary were derecognized from our balance sheet and the Company incurred a tax-effected loss on the divestiture of MSA LLC of $199.6 million, including transaction related costs of $5.6 million. The Purchaser assumed management of the divested subsidiary, including the management of its claims and associated assets.

Below is a summary of the impact of the divestiture of MSA LLC on our Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended December 31, 2023:

Other Litigation

Globe, a subsidiary of the Company, is defending claims in which plaintiffs assert that certain products allegedly containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”) have caused harm, including injury or health issues. PFAS are a large class of substances that are widely used in everyday products. Specifically, Globe builds firefighter turnout gear from technical fabrics sourced from a small pool of specialty textile manufacturers. These protective fabrics have been tested and certified to meet current National Fire Protection Association safety standards, and some of them as supplied to Globe contain or historically have contained PFAS to achieve performance characteristics such as water, oil, or chemical resistance.

Globe believes it has valid defenses to these claims. These matters are at a very early stage with numerous factual and legal issues to be resolved. Defense costs relating to these lawsuits are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income as incurred. Globe is also pursuing insurance coverage and indemnification related to the lawsuits. As of February 4, 2025, Globe was named as a defendant in approximately 663 lawsuits comprised of about 8,801 claims, predominantly styled as individual personal injury claims and includingtwo putative class actions. Certain of these lawsuits include MSA Safety Inc. or other Globe affiliates as defendants.

MSA LLC is also a defendant in a number of PFAS lawsuits predominantly relating to Aqueous Film-Forming Foam. The Purchaser assumed responsibility for these and any similar future claims specific to MSA LLC, including such claims that have been or may be brought against MSA Safety Inc. or its subsidiaries, under the terms of the Purchase Agreement governing the Company's January 5, 2023, divestiture of MSA LLC. Further information about the transaction can be found in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 6, 2023.

Product Warranty

The Company provides warranties on certain product sales. Product warranty reserves are established in the same period that revenue from the sale of the related products is recognized, or in the period that a specific issue arises as to the functionality of the Company's product. The determination of such reserves requires the Company to make estimates of product return rates and expected costs to repair or to replace the products under warranty.

The amounts of the reserves are based on established terms and the Company's best estimate of the amounts necessary to settle future and existing claims on products sold as of the balance sheet date. If actual return rates and/or repair and replacement costs differ significantly from estimates, adjustments to recognize additional cost of sales may be required in future periods.

The following table reconciles the changes in the Company's accrued warranty reserve:

Warranty expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $11.2 million, $8.9 million and $13.4 million, respectively, and is included in Costs of products sold on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Note 21—Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)