LINCOLN NATIONAL CORP

Details underlying the results for Annuities (in millions) were as follows:

(1)Insurance premiums include primarily our income annuities that have a corresponding offset in benefits. Benefits include primarily changes in income annuity reserves driven by insurance premiums.

(2)Consists primarily of revenues attributable to broker-dealer services, which are subject to market volatility and have a comparable offset in commissions and other expenses; and the net settlement related to certain reinsurance transactions, which has a corresponding offset in net investment income and interest credited. During the second quarter of 2024, we closed the sale of our wealth management business. For more information, see Note 1 in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Income from operations for this segment increased due primarily to the following:

•Higher fee income driven by higher average daily separate account balances.

•Lower federal income tax expense due to unfavorable separate account dividends-received deduction true-ups in 2024.

The increase in income from operations was partially offset by the following:

•Lower net investment income, net of interest credited, which more than offset impacts from higher average general account balances, improving portfolio yields from the current interest rate environment and higher investment income within our surplus portfolio. The lower net investment income, net of interest credited, was experienced in certain reinsured portfolios that have a corresponding increase in other revenues and decrease in benefits.

•Higher commissions and other expenses, net of broker-dealer expenses, driven by higher deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) amortization.

The increase in income from operations was also due to higher commissions and other expenses in the first quarter of 2024 related to a balance sheet true-up in preparation for the close of the sale of the wealth management business.

New deposits are an important component of net flows and key to our efforts to grow our business. Although deposits do not significantly affect current period income from operations, they can significantly impact future income from operations.

The other component of net flows relates to the retention of new business and account balances. An important measure of retention is the reduction in account balances caused by full surrenders, deaths and other contract benefits. These outflows as a percentage of average gross account balances were 11% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Our fixed annuities and RILA have discretionary fixed and indexed crediting rates that reset on an annual or periodic basis and may be subject to surrender charges. Our ability to retain these annuities will be subject to current competitive conditions at the time crediting rates for these products reset. We expect to manage the effects of spreads on near-term income from operations through portfolio management and, to a lesser extent, crediting rate actions, which assumes no significant changes in net flows or other changes that may cause interest rate spreads to differ from our expectations. For information on interest rate spreads and interest rate risk, see “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Changes in interest rates and sustained low interest rates may cause interest rate spreads to decrease, impacting our profitability, and make it more challenging to meet certain statutory requirements,” “Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – Market Conditions – Increases in interest rates and sustained high interest rates may negatively affect our profitability, capital position and the value of our investment portfolio and may also result in increased contract withdrawals and surrenders” and “Part II – Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk – Interest Rate Risk” in our 2024 Form 10-K. For information on the interest rate environment, see “Part II – Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Introduction – Executive Summary – Industry Trends – Interest Rate Environment” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Details underlying fee income (in millions) were as follows:

(1)Presented net of GLB and GDB hedge allowance.

We charge policyholders mortality and expense assessments on variable annuity accounts to cover insurance and administrative expenses. These assessments are a function of the rates priced into the product and the average daily separate account balances. Average daily separate account balances are driven by net flows and variable fund returns. Charges on GLB riders are assessed based on a contractual rate that is applied either to the account balance or the guaranteed amount. We allocate a portion of these fees to support the cost of hedging GLB and GDB riders. For more information, see Note 15. We may collect surrender charges when our fixed and variable annuity policyholders surrender their contracts during the surrender charge period to protect us from premature withdrawals.

(2)Represents net investment income on the required statutory surplus for this segment and includes the effect of investment income on alternative investments for such assets that are held in the portfolios supporting statutory surplus versus the portfolios supporting product liabilities. See “Consolidated Investments – Alternative Investments” below for more information on alternative investments.

A portion of our investment income earned is credited to the policyholders of our deferred fixed annuities, the fixed portion of our variable annuities and our RILA contracts. We expect to earn a spread between what we earn on the underlying general account investments supporting the fixed annuities, fixed portion of the variable annuities and RILA contracts and what we credit to our policyholders’ accounts. Changes in commercial mortgage loan prepayments and bond make-whole premiums, investment income on alternative investments and surplus investment income can vary significantly from period to period due to a number of factors and, therefore, may contribute to investment income results that are not indicative of the underlying trends.

Account Balances

Details underlying account balances (dollars in millions) were as follows:

(1)Excludes the fixed portion of variable annuities and RILA indexed account balances.

(2)We generally use the S&P 500 Index as a benchmark for the performance of our separate account balances. The account balances of our variable annuity contracts are invested by our policyholders in a variety of investment options including, but not limited to, domestic and international equity securities and fixed income, which do not necessarily align with S&P 500 Index performance.

(3)Net of reinsurance.

For more information on account balances, see Notes 9 and 10.

(1)During the second quarter of 2024, we closed the sale of our wealth management business. For more information, see Note 1 in our 2024 Form 10-K.

Commissions and other expenses that result directly from and are essential to the successful acquisition of new or renewal business are deferred to the extent recoverable and are amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts using the groupings and actuarial assumptions consistent with those used for calculating the related policyholder liability balances. Certain types of commissions, such as trail commissions that are based on account balances, are expensed as incurred rather than deferred and amortized.