KENNAMETAL INC

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Management has conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024 using the criteria in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Based on its assessment, management has concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024, based on the criteria in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Kennametal Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Kennametal Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of shareholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2024, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 8. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Provision for Income Taxes

As described in Notes 2 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded a provision for income taxes of $30.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2024. The Company’s provision for income taxes is calculated based on income and statutory tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates and requires the use of management’s estimates and judgments. Management judgment is required in determining the Company’s worldwide provision for income taxes and recording the related assets and liabilities, including accruals for unrecognized tax benefits and assessing the need for valuation allowances on deferred tax assets.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the provision for income taxes is a critical audit matter are (i) a high degree of auditor effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s provision for income taxes and the related assets and liabilities, including the accruals for unrecognized tax benefits, as well as management’s assessment of the need for valuation allowances on deferred tax assets and (ii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the provision for income taxes, including controls over accruals for unrecognized tax benefits and valuation allowances on deferred tax assets. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing the accuracy of the provision for income taxes, which included the effective tax rate reconciliation and permanent and temporary differences, (ii) evaluating whether the data utilized in the calculations of the provision for income taxes and deferred tax assets and liabilities were appropriate and consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit, (iii) evaluating the identification of accruals for unrecognized tax benefits and the reasonableness of the more likely than not determination in consideration of court decisions, legislative actions, statutes of limitations, and developments in tax examinations by jurisdiction, and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assessment of the realizability of its deferred tax assets based on expectations of the ability to utilize its tax attributes through testing of historical and estimated future taxable income. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the reasonableness of management’s judgments and estimates related to the application of foreign and domestic tax laws and regulations.

/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

August 12, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 —NATURE OF OPERATIONS

With more than 85 years of materials expertise, the Company is a global industrial technology leader, helping customers across the Aerospace & Defense, Earthworks, Energy, General Engineering and Transportation end markets manufacture with precision and efficiency. This expertise includes the development and application of tungsten carbides, ceramics, super-hard materials and solutions used in metal cutting and extreme wear applications to keep customers up and running longer against conditions such as corrosion and high temperatures.

Our standard and custom product offering spans metal cutting and wear applications including turning, milling, hole making, tooling systems and services, as well as specialized wear components and metallurgical powders. End users of the Company's metal cutting products include manufacturers engaged in a diverse array of industries including: the manufacturers of transportation vehicles and components, machine tools and light and heavy machinery; airframe and aerospace components; and energy-related components for the oil and gas industry, as well as power generation. The Company’s wear and metallurgical powders are used by producers and suppliers in equipment-intensive operations such as road construction, mining, quarrying, oil and gas exploration, refining, production and supply, and for aerospace and defense.

Unless otherwise specified, any reference to a “year” is to a fiscal year ended June 30. When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Kennametal Inc. and its subsidiaries.

NOTE 2 —SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The summary of our significant accounting policies is presented below to assist in evaluating our consolidated financial statements.

PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling interest. All intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated.

USE OF ESTIMATES IN THE PREPARATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP), we make judgments and estimates about the amounts reflected in our consolidated financial statements. As part of our financial reporting process, our management collaborates to determine the necessary information on which to base our judgments and develop estimates used to prepare the consolidated financial statements. We use historical experience and available information to make these judgments and estimates. Actual amounts could differ from the estimates reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash investments having original maturities of three months or less are considered cash equivalents. Cash equivalents principally consist of investments in money market funds and bank deposits at June 30, 2024.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE We market our products to a diverse customer base throughout the world. Trade credit is extended based upon periodically updated evaluations of each customer’s ability to satisfy its obligations. We record allowances for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We assess the creditworthiness of our customers based on multiple sources of information and analyze additional factors such as our historical bad debt experience, industry concentrations of credit risk, current economic trends, changes in customer payment terms and forward-looking information.

INVENTORIES We use the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for determining the cost of a significant portion of our United States (U.S.) inventories, and they are stated at the lower of cost or market. The cost of the remainder of our inventories is measured using approximate costs determined on the first-in, first-out basis or using the average cost method, and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. When market conditions indicate an excess of carrying costs over market value, a lower of cost or net realizable value provision or a lower of cost or market provision, as applicable, is recorded. Once inventory is determined to be excess or obsolete, a new cost basis is established that is not subsequently written back up in future periods.

PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost. Major improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Retirements and disposals are removed from cost and accumulated depreciation accounts, with the gain or loss reflected in operating income. Interest related to the construction of major facilities is capitalized as part of the construction costs and is depreciated over the facilities' estimated useful lives.

Depreciation for financial reporting purposes is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: building and improvements over 15-40 years; machinery and equipment over 4-15 years; furniture and fixtures over 5-10 years and computer hardware and software over 3-5 years.

LONG-LIVED ASSETS We evaluate the recoverability of property, plant and equipment, operating lease right-of-use (ROU) assets and intangible assets that are amortized, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of any such assets may not be fully recoverable. Changes in circumstances include technological advances, changes in our business model, capital structure, economic conditions or operating performance. Our evaluation is performed at the asset group level, based upon, among other things, our assumptions about the estimated future undiscounted cash flows these assets are expected to generate. When the sum of the undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, we will recognize an impairment loss to the extent that carrying value exceeds fair value. We apply our best judgment when performing these evaluations to determine if a triggering event has occurred, the undiscounted cash flows used to assess recoverability and the fair value of the asset group.

GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of the net assets of acquired companies. Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment. We perform our annual impairment test during the June quarter in connection with our annual planning process unless there are impairment indicators that warrant a test prior to that quarter. As of June 30, 2024, only the Metal Cutting reporting unit has goodwill recorded. We can use a qualitative test, known as "Step 0," or a quantitative method to determine whether impairment has occurred. In 2024, we elected to implement Step 0 and were not required to conduct the quantitative analysis. In 2023 and 2022, we performed quantitative analyses using a combination of a discounted cash flow analysis and market multiples based upon historical and projected financial information. We apply our best judgment when assessing the reasonableness of the assumptions used to determine the fair value of the reporting unit.

The majority of our intangible assets with definite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis, while certain customer-related intangible assets are amortized on an accelerated method. Identifiable assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS We sponsor these types of benefit plans for certain employees and retirees. Accounting for the cost of these plans requires the estimation of the cost of the benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over either the expected work life of employees or over the average life of participants participating in these plans, depending on plan status and on participant population. This estimation requires our judgment about the discount rate used to determine these obligations, expected return on plan assets, rate of future compensation increases, withdrawal and mortality rates and participant retirement age. Differences between our estimates and actual results may significantly affect the cost of our obligations under these plans.

In the valuation of our pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities, management utilizes various assumptions. Discount rates are derived by identifying a theoretical settlement portfolio of high quality corporate bonds sufficient to provide for a plan’s projected benefit payments. This rate can fluctuate based on changes in the corporate bond yields.

The long-term rate of return on plan assets is estimated based on an evaluation of historical returns for each asset category held by the plans, coupled with the current and short-term mix of the investment portfolio. The historical returns are adjusted for expected future market and economic changes. This return will fluctuate based on actual market returns and other economic factors.

Future compensation rates, withdrawal rates and participant retirement age are determined based on historical information. These assumptions are not expected to significantly change. Mortality rates are determined based on a review of published mortality tables.

EARNINGS PER SHARE Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period, while diluted earnings per share is calculated to reflect the potential dilution that would occur related to the issuance of capital stock under stock option grants, performance awards and restricted stock units. The difference between basic and diluted earnings per share relates solely to the effect of capital stock options, performance awards and restricted stock units.

The following tables provide the computation of diluted shares outstanding:

REVENUE RECOGNITION The Company's contracts with customers are comprised of purchase orders, and for larger customers, may also include long-term agreements. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties and payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. These contracts with customers typically relate to the manufacturing of products, which represent single performance obligations that are satisfied when control of the product passes to the customer. The Company considers the timing of right to payment, transfer of risk and rewards, transfer of title, transfer of physical possession and customer acceptance when determining when control transfers to the customer. As a result, revenue is generally recognized at a point in time - either upon shipment or delivery - based on the specific shipping terms in the contract. The shipping terms vary across all businesses and depend on the product, customary local commercial terms and the type of transportation. Shipping and handling activities are accounted for as activities to fulfill a promise to transfer a product to a customer and as such, costs incurred are recorded when the related revenue is recognized. Payment for products is due within a limited time period after shipment or delivery, typically within 30 to 90 calendar days of the respective invoice dates. The Company does not generally offer extended payment terms.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods. Amounts billed and due from our customers are classified as accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts on the consolidated balance sheets. Certain contracts with customers, primarily distributor customers, have an element of variable consideration that is estimated when revenue is recognized under the contract. Variable consideration primarily includes volume incentive rebates, which are based on achieving a certain level of purchases and other performance criteria as established by our distributor programs. These rebates are estimated based on projected sales to the customer and accrued as a reduction of net sales as they are earned. The majority of our products are consumed by our customers or end users in the manufacture of their products. Historically, we have experienced very low levels of returned products and do not consider the effect of returned products to be material. We have recorded an estimated returned goods allowance to provide for any potential returns.

We warrant that products sold are free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service when correctly installed, used and maintained. This warranty terminates 30 days after delivery of the product to the customer and does not apply to products that have been subjected to misuse, abuse, neglect or improper storage, handling or maintenance. Products may be returned to Kennametal only after inspection and approval by Kennametal and upon receipt by the customer of shipping instructions from Kennametal. We have included an estimated allowance for warranty returns in our returned goods allowance discussed above.

The Company records a contract asset when it has a right to payment from a customer that is conditioned on events that have occurred other than the passage of time. The Company also records a contract liability when customers prepay but the Company has not yet satisfied its performance obligation. The Company did not have any material remaining performance obligations, contract assets or liabilities as of June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The Company pays sales commissions related to certain contracts, which qualify as incremental costs of obtaining a contract. However, the Company applies the practical expedient that allows an entity to recognize incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that would have been recognized is one year or less. These costs are recorded within operating expense in our consolidated statements of income.

SHIPPING AND HANDLING FEES AND COSTS All fees billed to customers for shipping and handling are classified as a component of sales. All costs associated with shipping and handling are classified as a component of cost of goods sold.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION We recognize stock-based compensation expense for all stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units over the period from the date of grant to the date when the award is no longer contingent on the employee providing additional service (substantive vesting period). Forfeitures are recorded as incurred. We utilize the Black-Scholes valuation method to establish the fair value of all stock option awards. Time vesting stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. Performance vesting stock units with a market condition are valued using a Monte Carlo model.

Capital stock options are granted to eligible employees at fair market value at the date of grant. Capital stock options are exercisable under specified conditions for up to 10 years from the date of grant. The Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2010, as Amended and Restated on October 22, 2013, and further amended on January 27, 2015 (A/R 2010 Plan), by the Kennametal Inc. 2016 Stock and Incentive Plan, and on October 27, 2020 by the Kennametal Inc. 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (2020 Plan) authorize the issuance of up to 9,500,000 shares of the Company’s capital stock plus any shares remaining unissued under the Kennametal Inc. Stock and Incentive Plan of 2002, as amended (2002 Plan). Under the provisions of the A/R 2010 Plan and 2020 Plan, participants may deliver stock, owned by the holder for at least six months, in payment of the option price and receive credit for the fair market value of the shares on the date of delivery. The fair market value of shares delivered during 2024, 2023 and 2022 was immaterial. In addition to stock option grants, the A/R 2010 Plan and the 2020 Plan permit the award of stock appreciation rights, performance share awards, performance unit awards, restricted stock awards, restricted unit awards and share awards to directors, officers and key employees.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS Research and development costs of $44.2 million, $43.1 million and $42.1 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were expensed as incurred. These costs are included in operating expense in the consolidated statements of income.

INCOME TAXESThe Company’s provision for income taxes is calculated based on income and statutory tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates and requires the use of management’s estimates and judgments. Management judgment is required in determining the Company’s worldwide provision for income taxes and recording the related assets and liabilities, including accruals for unrecognized tax benefits and assessing the need for valuation allowances on deferred tax assets. Deferred income taxes are recognized based on the future income tax effects (using enacted tax laws and rates) of differences in the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not (greater than 50 percent) that a tax benefit will not be realized. In evaluating the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all potential sources of taxable income, including income available in carryback periods, future reversals of taxable temporary differences, projections of taxable income, and income from tax planning strategies, as well as all available positive and negative evidence. Positive evidence includes factors such as a history of profitable operations, and projections of future profitability within the carry forward period, including taxable income from tax planning strategies. Negative evidence includes items such as cumulative losses, projections of future losses, or carryforward periods that are not long enough to allow for the utilization of the deferred tax asset based on existing projections of income. Upon changes in facts and circumstances, we may conclude that deferred tax assets for which no valuation allowance is currently recorded may not be realized, resulting in a charge to establish a valuation allowance. Existing valuation allowances are re-examined under the same standards of positive and negative evidence. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will be realized, the appropriate amount of the valuation allowance, if any, is released.

DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES As part of our financial risk management program, we use certain derivative financial instruments. We do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes and, therefore, hold no derivative instruments for trading purposes. We use derivative financial instruments to provide predictability to the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results. Our objective in managing foreign exchange exposures with derivative instruments is to reduce volatility in cash flow, allowing us to focus more of our attention on business operations.

We account for derivative instruments as a hedge of the related asset, liability, firm commitment or anticipated transaction, when the derivative is specifically designated as a hedge of such items. We measure hedge effectiveness by assessing the changes in the fair value or expected future cash flows of the hedged item. Certain currency forward contracts hedging significant cross-border intercompany loans are considered other derivatives and, therefore, do not qualify for hedge accounting.

CASH FLOW HEDGES Range forward contracts (a transaction where both a put option is purchased and a call option is sold) are designated as cash flow hedges and hedge anticipated cash flows from cross-border intercompany sales of products and services. Gains and losses realized on these contracts are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, and are recognized as a component of cost of goods sold when the underlying sale of products or services is recognized into earnings.

NET INVESTMENT HEDGES We designate financial instruments as net investment hedges from time to time to hedge the foreign exchange exposure of our net investment in foreign currency-based subsidiaries. The remeasurements of these non-derivatives designated as net investment hedges are calculated each period with changes reported in foreign currency translation adjustment within accumulated other comprehensive loss. Such amounts will remain in accumulated other comprehensive loss unless we complete or substantially complete liquidation or disposal of our investment in the underlying foreign operations.

CURRENCY TRANSLATION Assets and liabilities of international operations are translated into U.S. dollars using year-end exchange rates, while revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates throughout the year. The resulting net translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. The local currency is the functional currency of most of our locations.

Losses of $4.1 million, $3.9 million and $2.5 million from currency transactions were included in other (income) expense, net in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

NOTE 3 —SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURES

NOTE 4 —SUPPLIER FINANCE PROGRAM

We have a supplier finance program managed through two global financial institutions under which we agree to pay the financial institutions the stated amount of confirmed invoices from our participating suppliers on the invoice due date. We, or the global financial institutions, may terminate our agreements at any time upon 30 days written notice. We do not provide any forms of guarantees under these agreements. Supplier participation in the program is solely up to the supplier. We have no economic interest in a supplier’s decision to participate in the program, and their participation has no bearing on our payment terms or amounts due. The payment terms that we have with our suppliers under this program are considered commercially reasonable. As of June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the obligations outstanding that the Company has confirmed as valid to the financial institutions under the program were $26.1 million and $20.7 million, respectively, and were recorded within trade accounts payable.

NOTE 5 —FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy consists of three levels to prioritize the inputs used in valuations, as defined below:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates); and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3: Inputs that are unobservable.

As of June 30, 2024, the fair values of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are categorized as follows:

As of June 30, 2023, the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are categorized as follows:

(1) Currency derivatives are valued based on observable market spot and forward rates and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

There have been no changes in classification and transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy in the current period.

NOTE 6 — DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

As part of our financial risk management program, we use certain derivative financial instruments. See Note 2 for discussion on our derivative instruments and hedging activities policy.

The fair value of derivatives designated and not designated as hedging instruments in the consolidated balance sheets are as follows:

Certain currency forward contracts that hedge significant cross-border intercompany loans are considered as other derivatives and therefore do not qualify for hedge accounting. These contracts are recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets, with the offset to other (income) expense, net. Losses (gains)related to derivatives not designated as hedging instruments have been recognized as follows:

CASH FLOW HEDGES

Range forward contracts (a transaction where both a put option is purchased and a call option is sold) are designated as cash flow hedges and hedge anticipated cash flows from cross-border intercompany sales of products and services. Gains and losses realized on these contracts are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and are recognized as a component of cost of goods sold when the underlying sale of products or services is recognized into earnings. The notional amount of the contracts translated into U.S. dollars at June 30, 2024 was $6.4 million. There were no such contracts outstanding as of June 30, 2023. The time value component of the fair value of range forward contracts is excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

The following represents losses, net of tax, related to cash flow hedges:

NET INVESTMENT HEDGES

As of June 30, 2024, we had certain foreign currency-denominated intercompany loans payable with a total aggregate principal amount of ¥279.7 million, designated as net investment hedges to hedge the foreign exchange exposure of our net investment in our China-based subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2023, we hadno foreign currency-denominated intercompany loans payable designated as net investment hedges. A loss of $0.2 million and a gain of $0.7 million were recorded as a component of foreign currency translation adjustments in other comprehensive loss as of June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024, the foreign currency-denominated intercompany loans payable designated as net investment hedges consisted of:

(2) Includes principal and accrued interest.

NOTE 7 —INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following at June 30:

We used the LIFO method of valuing inventories for approximately 33 percent of total inventories at June 30, 2024 and 2023.

NOTE 8 — GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

As of June 30, 2024, $271.6 million of goodwill was allocated to the Metal Cutting reporting unit. We completed annual tests of goodwill impairment and recorded no impairments during 2024, 2023 or 2022 for our Metal Cutting reporting unit. We can use a qualitative test, known as "Step 0," or a quantitative method to determine whether impairment has occurred. In 2024, we elected to implement Step 0 and were not required to conduct the quantitative analysis. In 2023 and 2022, we performed quantitative analyses using a combination of a discounted cash flow analysis and market multiples based upon historical and projected financial information.

In 2024, the Company completed a business combination for total consideration of approximately $6.5 million. Goodwill of approximately $3.8 million was recorded in the Metal Cutting segment as a result of the acquisition.

A summary of the carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each segment, as well as the changes in such, is as follows:

During 2024, the Company determined that certain trademarks were no longer considered indefinite-lived and commenced amortization. The components of our other intangible assets were as follows:

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $11.6 million, $12.6 million and $13.0 million for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for 2025 through 2029 is $10.6 million, $10.3 million, $8.8 million, $7.8 million, and $7.7 million, respectively.

NOTE 9 —LEASES

At the inception of our contracts, we determine if the contract is or contains a lease. A contract is or contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at commencement. For leases that do not have a readily determinable implicit rate, we use a discount rate based on our incremental borrowing rate, which is determined considering factors such as the lease term, our credit rating and the economic environment of the location of the lease as of the commencement date.

We account for non-lease components separately from lease components. These costs often relate to the payments for a proportionate share of real estate taxes, insurance, common area maintenance and other operating costs in addition to base rent. We also do not recognize ROU assets and liabilities for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. Lease costs associated with leases of less than 12 months were $5.9 million, $7.0 million and $3.7 million for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As a lessee, we have various operating lease agreements primarily related to real estate, vehicles and office and plant equipment. Our real estate leases, which are comprised primarily of manufacturing, warehousing, office and administration facilities, represent a majority of our lease liability. Our lease payments are largely fixed. Any variable lease payments, including utilities, common area maintenance and repairs and maintenance, are expensed during the period incurred. Variable lease costs were immaterial for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022. A majority of our real estate leases include options to extend the lease and options to early terminate the lease. Leases with an early termination option generally involve a termination payment. We review all options to extend, terminate, or purchase the ROU assets at the inception of the lease and account for these options when they are reasonably certain of being exercised. Our lease agreements generally do not contain any material residual value guarantees or materially restrictive covenants. We do not have any material leases that have been signed but not commenced, and we did not have any material lease transactions with related parties.

Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in operating expense on our consolidated statements of income. Operating lease cost was $22.3 million, $22.0 million and $21.3 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table sets forth supplemental balance sheet information related to our operating leases:

The following table sets forth supplemental cash flow information related to our operating leases:

The following table sets forth the maturities of our operating lease liabilities and reconciles the respective undiscounted payments to the operating lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2024:

NOTE 10 —OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Other current liabilities consisted of the following at June 30:

NOTE 11 — LONG-TERM DEBT

Long-term debt consisted of the following at June 30:

In February 2021, we issued $300.0 million of 2.800 percent Senior Unsecured Notes with a maturity date of March 1, 2031. Interest is paid semi-annually on March 1 and September 1 of each year. On June 7, 2018, we issued $300.0 million of 4.625 percent Senior Unsecured Notes with a maturity date of June 15, 2028. Interest on these notes is paid semi-annually on June 15 and December 15 of each year.

Future principal maturities of long-term debt are $300.0 million in 2028 and $300.0 million in 2031.

Fixed rate debt had a fair market value of $545.9 million and $527.4 million at June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Level 2 fair value is determined based on the quoted market prices for similar debt instruments as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

NOTE 12 —REVOLVING AND OTHER LINES OF CREDIT AND NOTES PAYABLE

During fiscal 2022, we entered into the Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of June 14, 2022 (the Credit Agreement). The Credit Agreement is afive-year, multi-currency, revolving credit facility, which we use to augment cash from operations and as an additional source of funds. The Credit Agreement provides for revolving credit loans of up to $700.0 million for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement allows for borrowings in U.S. dollars, euros, pounds sterling and Japanese yen. Interest payable under the Credit Agreement is based upon the type of borrowing under the facility and may be (1) Euro Interbank Offered Rate (EURIBOR), Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA), Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate (TIBOR), and Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) for any borrowings in euros, pounds sterling, yen, and U.S. dollars, respectively, plus an applicable margin, (2) the greater of the prime rate or the Federal Funds effective rate plus an applicable margin, or (3) fixed as negotiated by us. The Credit Agreement matures in June 2027.

The Credit Agreement requires us to comply with various restrictive and affirmative covenants, including one financial covenant: a maximum leverage ratio where debt, net of domestic cash in excess of $25 million and sixty percent of the unrestricted cash held outside of the United States, must be less than or equal to 3.75 times trailing twelve months EBITDA, adjusted for certain non-cash expenses.

As of June 30, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants of the Credit Agreement and we hadno borrowings outstanding and $700.0 million of availability. There wereno borrowings outstanding as of June 30, 2023. The weighted average interest rate on borrowings under the Credit Agreement was 6.3 percent for the year ended June 30, 2024.

Borrowings on other lines of credit and notes payable were $1.4 million and $0.7 million at June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The lines of credit represented short-term borrowings under credit lines with commercial banks in the various countries in which we operate. The availability of these credit lines, translated into U.S. dollars at June 30, 2024 exchange rates, totaled $56.2 million.

NOTE 13 —INCOME TAXES

Income (loss) before income taxes consisted of the following for the years ended June 30:

Swiss tax reform

Legislation was effectively enacted during the December quarter of fiscal 2020 when the Canton of Schaffhausen approved the Federal Act on Tax Reform and AHV Financing on October 8, 2019 (Swiss tax reform). Significant changes from Swiss tax reform include the abolishment of certain favorable tax regimes and the creation of a multi-year transitional period at both the federal and cantonal levels.

The transitional provisions of Swiss tax reform allow companies to utilize a combination of lower tax rates and tax basis adjustments to fair value, which are used for tax depreciation and amortization purposes resulting in deductions over the transitional period. To reflect the federal and cantonal transitional provisions, as they apply to us, we recorded a deferred tax asset of $14.5 million during the December quarter of fiscal 2020. We considered the deferred tax asset from Swiss tax reform to be an estimate based on our current interpretation of the legislation, which was subject to change based on further legislative guidance, review with the Swiss federal and cantonal authorities, and modifications to the underlying valuation. During the December quarter of our fiscal 2023, we adjusted the calculation of the transitional provisions of Swiss tax reform after a review and receipt of a ruling from the Swiss federal and cantonal authorities and recorded a $2.2 million tax benefit to adjust the deferred tax asset and income tax liabilities related to fiscal years 2021 and 2022.

The reconciliation of income taxes computed using the statutory U.S. income tax rate and the provision for income taxes was as follows for the years ended June 30:

During 2024, we recorded a tax benefit of $7.8 million to record the effects of a tax rate increase enacted by the cantonal and municipal tax authorities where we operate in Switzerland. The impact of this item is included in the tax reconciliation table under the caption "Combined effects of Swiss tax reform."

During 2024, we recorded a tax benefit of $6.2 million to reduce an accrual for an unrecognized tax benefit due to the lapse of the statute of limitation. The impact of this item is included in the tax reconciliation table under the caption "Change in valuation allowance and other uncertain tax positions."

During 2024, we recorded a tax charge of $3.1 million to settle income tax litigation in Italy. The impact of this item is included in the tax reconciliation table under the caption "Change in valuation allowance and other uncertain tax positions."

During 2023, we released a $2.9 million valuation allowance that was previously recorded against our net deferred tax assets in Brazil. The impact of this item is included in the tax reconciliation table under the caption “Change in valuation allowance and other uncertain tax positions.”

During 2023, we recorded a tax benefit of $2.2 million to reflect the adjustment of our calculation of the transitional provisions of Swiss tax reform. The impact of this item is included in the tax reconciliation table under the caption "Combined effects of Swiss tax reform."

The components of net deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows at June 30:

Included in deferred tax assets at June 30, 2024 is $18.2 million associated with tax credits and other carryforward items in the U.S. and Europe. Of that amount, $17.4 million expires through 2044, and $0.8 million does not expire.

Included in deferred tax assets at June 30, 2024 is $20.3 million associated with NOL carryforwards in U.S. state and foreign jurisdictions. Of that amount, $2.9 million expires through 2029, $0.8 million expires through 2034, $0.9 million expires through 2039, $3.4 million expires through 2044, and the remaining $12.3 million does not expire. The realization of these tax benefits is primarily dependent on future taxable income in these jurisdictions.

A valuation allowance of $5.9 million has been placed against deferred tax assets primarily in U.S. state, Hong Kong and Bolivia jurisdictions, all of which would be allocated to income tax expense upon realization of the deferred tax assets. As the respective operations generate sufficient income, the valuation allowances will be partially or fully reversed at such time we believe it will be more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. In 2024, the valuation allowance related to these deferred tax assets decreased by $2.4 million.

We consider the majority of the $1.6 billion unremitted earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries to be permanently reinvested. With regard to these unremitted earnings, we have not, nor do we anticipate the need to, repatriate funds to the U.S. to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with our domestic debt service requirements. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to indefinitely reinvested earnings is not practicable due to our legal entity structure and the complexity of U.S. and local tax laws. With regard to the small portion of unremitted earnings that are not indefinitely reinvested, we maintain a deferred tax liability for foreign withholding and U.S. state income taxes. The deferred tax liability associated with unremitted earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries not permanently reinvested is $6.9 million as of June 30, 2024.

In 2012, we received an assessment from the Italian tax authority that denied certain tax deductions primarily related to our 2008 tax return. Attempts at negotiating a reasonable settlement with the tax authority were unsuccessful; and as a result, we decided to litigate the matter which was eventually settled during 2024. We continue to believe the assessment was baseless and that our 2008 tax return was compliant, in all material respects, with Italian income tax rules and regulations. Accordingly, no income tax liability had been recorded in connection with this assessment in any period. During fiscal 2023, the Italian government launched a tax amnesty program aimed at reducing the number of tax disputes pending before the Italian courts. Pursuant to program guidelines, payments made to successfully resolve a dispute had to be received by the Italian government no later than September 30, 2023. Due to the prolonged amount of time the case had been pending, and the inherent costs and risks of further litigating the matter, we decided to negotiate a settlement with the Italian tax authority that resulted in an income tax charge of $3.1 million during fiscal 2024. With this settlement, the matter is officially closed.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (excluding interest and penalty) is as follows as of June 30:

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate in 2024, 2023 and 2022 is $1.3 million, $6.9 million and $7.6 million, respectively. We believe that it is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by approximately $0.1 million within the next twelve months.

Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of income. We recognized a decrease of $0.9 million and $0.3 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and an increase of $0.1 million in 2022. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the amount of interest accrued was $0.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the amount of penalty accrued was $0.1 million.

With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2019. The Internal Revenue Service has audited, or the statute of limitations has expired, for all U.S. tax years prior to 2020. Various state and foreign jurisdiction tax authorities are in the process of examining our income tax returns for various tax years ranging from 2017 to 2023. We continuously review our uncertain tax positions and evaluate any potential issues that may lead to an increase or decrease in the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits recorded.

NOTE 14 —PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS

Defined Benefit Pension Plans

We have defined benefit pension plans that cover certain employees in the U.S., Germany, the UK, Switzerland, Canada, India and Israel. Pension benefits under defined benefit pension plans are based on years of service and, for certain plans, on average compensation for specified years preceding retirement. We fund pension costs in accordance with the funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), as amended, for U.S. plans and in accordance with local regulations or customs for non-U.S. plans. The accrued benefit for all participants in the Kennametal Inc. Retirement Income Plan was frozen as of December 31, 2016. The majority of our defined benefit pension plans are closed to future participation.

We have an Executive Retirement Plan for certain executives and a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan both of which are closed to future participation as of June 15, 2017 and July 26, 2006, respectively.

We presently provide varying levels of postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to certain employees and retirees. By fiscal 2019, participants over the age of 65 were transitioned to a private exchange and some received a fixed Health Retirement Account (HRA) contribution to offset the cost of their coverage. Postretirement health and life benefits are closed to future participants as of December 31, 2016.

We use a June 30 measurement date for all of our plans. During fiscal 2021, as part of the plan to wind-up the fully frozen, overfunded Canadian defined benefit pension plans, the Company purchased an upfront annuity for retirees. The Company expects to complete the wind-up of the Canadian plans by fiscal 2025.

During 2023, the Company annuitized a portion of its UK defined benefit pension plans through the purchase of a full buy-in policy. The Company expects to progress to a buy-out and an eventual wind-up of this portion of the UK plans after completing customary procedures including obtaining relevant regulatory approvals, the timing of which is expected to occur over the next year.

The funded status of our pension plans and amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as of June 30 were as follows:

The pre-tax amounts related to our defined benefit pension plans recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss were as follows at June 30:

To the best of our knowledge and belief, the asset portfolios of our defined benefit pension plans do not contain our capital stock. Apart from the partial annuitization of the Canadian and UK plans as previously mentioned, we do not issue insurance contracts to cover future annual benefits of defined benefit pension plan participants. The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $674.2 million and $695.3 million as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Included in the above information are plans with accumulated benefit obligations exceeding the fair value of plan assets as of June 30 as follows:

The components of net periodic pension income include the following as of June 30:

As of June 30, 2024, the projected benefit payments, including future service accruals for these plans for 2025 through 2029, are $57.6 million, $55.6 million, $55.9 million, $54.7 million and $54.2 million, respectively, and $254.3 million in 2030 through 2034.

The amounts of accumulated other comprehensive loss expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during 2025 related to net actuarial losses are $8.4 million. The amount of accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during 2025 related to transition obligations and prior service cost is immaterial.

We expect to contribute approximately $10.0 million to our pension plans in 2025, which is primarily for international plans.

Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

The funded status of our other postretirement benefit plans and the related amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:

The pre-tax amounts related to our other postretirement benefit plans which were recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss were as follows at June 30:

The components of net periodic other postretirement benefit cost include the following for the years ended June 30:

As of June 30, 2024, the projected benefit payments, including future service accruals for our other postretirement benefit plans for 2025 through 2029, are $1.0 million, $1.0 million, $0.9 million, $0.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and $2.9 million in 2030 through 2034.

The amounts of accumulated other comprehensive loss expected to be recognized in net periodic other postretirement benefits cost during 2025 related to net actuarial losses and related to prior service credit are costs of $0.1 million and income of $0.3 million, respectively.

We expect to contribute $1.0 million to our other postretirement benefit plans in 2025.

The service cost component of net periodic pension income of $1.2 million, $1.0 million and $1.1 million for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, was reported as a component of cost of goods sold and operating expense. The other components of net periodic pension income and net periodic other postretirement benefit cost totaling a net benefit of $2.9 million, $2.6 million and $16.8 million for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were presented as a component of other (income) expense, net.

Assumptions

The significant actuarial assumptions used to determine the present value of net benefit obligations for our defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows:

The significant assumptions used to determine the net periodic income for our pension and other postretirement benefit plans were as follows:

The rates of return on plan assets are based on historical performance, as well as future expected returns by asset class considering macroeconomic conditions, current portfolio mix, long-term investment strategy and other available relevant information.

The annual assumed rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered benefits (the health care cost trend rate) for our postretirement benefit plans was no longer applicable in 2024. The assumptions were as follows for 2023 and 2022:

Plan Assets

The primary objective of certain of our pension plans' investment policies is to ensure that sufficient assets are available to provide the benefit obligations at the time the obligations come due. The overall investment strategy for the defined benefit pension plans' assets combines considerations of preservation of principal and moderate risk-taking. The assumption of an acceptable level of risk is warranted in order to achieve satisfactory results consistent with the long-term objectives of the portfolio. Fixed income securities comprise a significant portion of the portfolio due to their plan-liability-matching characteristics and to address the plans' cash flow requirements. Additionally, diversification of investments within each asset class is utilized to further reduce the effect of losses in single investments.

Investment management practices for U.S. defined benefit pension plans must comply with ERISA and all applicable regulations and rulings thereof. The use of derivative instruments is permitted where appropriate and necessary for achieving overall investment policy objectives. Currently, the use of derivative instruments is not significant when compared to the overall investment portfolio.

The Company utilizes a liability driven investment strategy (LDI) for the assets of its U.S. defined benefit pension plans in order to reduce the volatility of the funded status of these plans and to meet the obligations at an acceptable cost over the long term. This LDI strategy entails modifying the asset allocation and duration of the assets of the plans to more closely match the liability profile of these plans. The asset reallocation involves increasing the fixed income allocation, reducing the equity component and adding alternative investments. Longer duration interest rate swaps have been utilized periodically in order to increase the overall duration of the asset portfolio to more closely match the liabilities.

Our defined benefit pension plans’ asset allocations as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 and target allocations for 2025, by asset class, were as follows:

The following sections describe the valuation methodologies used to measure the fair value of the defined benefit pension plan assets, including an indication of the level in the fair value hierarchy in which each type of asset is generally classified (see Note 5 for the definition of fair value and a description of the fair value hierarchy).

Corporate fixed income securities Investments in corporate fixed income securities consist of corporate debt and asset backed securities. These investments are classified as level two and are valued using independent observable market inputs such as the treasury curve, swap curve and yield curve.

Common stock Common stocks are classified as level one and are valued at their quoted market price.

Government securities Investments in government securities consist of fixed income securities such as U.S. government and agency obligations and foreign government bonds and asset and mortgage backed securities such as obligations issued by government sponsored organizations. These investments are classified as level two and are valued using independent observable market inputs such as the treasury curve, credit spreads and interest rates.

Other fixed income securities Investments in other fixed income securities are classified as level two and valued based on observable market data.

Other Other investments consist primarily of state and local obligations and short term investments including cash, corporate notes, and various short term debt instruments which can be redeemed within a nominal redemption notice period. These investments are primarily classified as level two and are valued using independent observable market inputs.

The fair value methods described may not be reflective of future fair values. Additionally, while the Company believes the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

The following table presents the fair value of the benefit plans' assets by asset category as of June 30, 2024:

The following table presents the fair value of the benefit plans' assets by asset category as of June 30, 2023:

(3)Investments in common / collective trusts invest primarily in publicly traded securities and are valued using net asset value (NAV) of units of a bank collective trust. Therefore, these amounts have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy and are presented in the tables to reconcile the fair value hierarchy to the total fair value of plan assets.

Defined Contribution Plans

We sponsor several defined contribution retirement plans. Costs for defined contribution plans were $16.3 million, $15.8 million and $14.2 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Certain U.S. employees are eligible to participate in the Kennametal Thrift Plus Plan (Thrift), which is a qualified defined contribution plan under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under the Thrift, eligible employees receive a full match of their contributions up to 6 percent of eligible compensation.

All contributions, including the company match and discretionary, are made in cash and invested in accordance with participants’ investment elections. There are no minimum amounts that must be invested in company stock, and there are no restrictions on transferring amounts out of company stock to another investment choice, other than excessive trading rules applicable to such investments. Employee contributions and our matching and discretionary contributions vest immediately as of the participants' employment dates.

NOTE 15 —ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

The components of and changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) were as follows, net of tax, for the year ended June 30, 2024 (in thousands):

The components of and changes in AOCL were as follows, net of tax, for the year ended June 30, 2023 (in thousands):

The components of and changes in AOCL were as follows, net of tax, for the year ended June 30, 2022 (in thousands):

Reclassifications out of AOCL for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

The amount of income tax allocated to each component of other comprehensive loss for the year ended June 30, 2024:

The amount of income tax allocated to each component of other comprehensive loss for the year ended June 30, 2023:

The amount of income tax allocated to each component of other comprehensive income for the year ended June 30, 2022:

NOTE 16 —RESTRUCTURING AND OTHER CHARGES, NET

In the June quarter of fiscal 2023, we announced an initiative to streamline our cost structure while continuing to invest in our high-return commercial and operational excellence initiatives. Total restructuring and related charges for this program of $20.1 million, compared to a target of approximately $25 million, were recorded through June 30, 2024, consisting of $14.8 million in Metal Cutting and $5.3 million in Infrastructure. The majority of the remaining charges are expected to be recognized in fiscal 2025.

Annual Restructuring Charges

During 2024, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $12.4 million, which consisted of $8.5 million in Metal Cutting and $3.9 million in Infrastructure. These amounts are inclusive of a reversal of restructuring and related charges of $1.1 million related to prior actions, including $0.4 million in operating expense. Also included in restructuring and other charges, net during 2024 is a net benefit of $0.6 million primarily due to the sale of properties.

During 2023, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $6.6 million, which consisted of $5.3 million in Metal Cutting and $1.3 million in Infrastructure. These amounts are inclusive of a reversal of restructuring and related charges of $0.8 million related to prior actions. Also included in restructuring and other charges, net during 2023 is a net benefit of $2.5 million primarily due to the sale of properties.

During 2022, we recorded restructuring and related charges of $4.2 million which consisted of $3.6 million in Metal Cutting and $0.6 million in Infrastructure. Of this amount, a net benefit from the reversal of restructuring charges totaled $1.2 million and restructuring-related charges of $5.5 million were included in cost of goods sold.

As of June 30, 2024, $8.4 million of the restructuring accrual is recorded in other current liabilities and $2.4 million is recorded in other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. As of June 30, 2023, $9.4 million of the restructuring accrual is recorded in other current liabilities and $0.5 million is recorded in other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. The amounts are as follows:

NOTE 17 —FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The methods used to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments are as follows:

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Revolving and Other Lines of Credit and Notes Payable The carrying amounts approximate their fair value because of the short maturity of the instruments.

Long-Term Debt, Including Current Maturities Fixed rate debt had a fair market value of $545.9 million and $527.4 million at June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Level 2 fair value is determined based on the quoted market prices for similar debt instruments as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of temporary cash investments and trade receivables. By policy, we make temporary cash investments with high credit quality financial institutions and limit the amount of exposure to any one financial institution. With respect to trade receivables, concentrations of credit risk are significantly reduced because we serve numerous customers in many industries and geographic areas.

We are exposed to counterparty credit risk for nonperformance of derivatives and, in the unlikely event of nonperformance, to market risk for changes in interest and currency exchange rates, as well as settlement risk. We manage exposure to counterparty credit risk through credit standards, diversification of counterparties and procedures to monitor concentrations of credit risk. We do not anticipate nonperformance by any of the counterparties. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, we had no significant concentrations of credit risk.

NOTE 18 —STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Stock Options

Changes in our stock options for 2024 were as follows:

As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to options outstanding. All options were fully vested as of June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Tax benefits relating to excess stock-based compensation deductions are presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows as operating cash inflows. Tax benefits resulting from stock-based compensation deductions were less than the amounts reported for financial reporting purposes by $1.5 million and $0.8 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and greater than the amounts reported for financial reporting purposes by $0.2 million in 2022.

The amount of cash received from the exercise of capital stock options during 2024, 2023 and 2022 waszero, zero and $0.2 million, respectively. The related tax benefit waszero in 2024, 2023 and 2022. The total intrinsic value of options exercised in 2024, 2023 and 2022 waszero, zero and $0.1 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units – Time Vesting and Performance Vesting

Performance vesting restricted stock units are earned based on both annual and three-year performance targets. The performance vesting restricted stock units are subject to a service condition that requires the individual to be employed by the Company at the payment date after athree-year period, with the exception of retirement eligible grantees. Time vesting stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. Performance vesting stock units with a market condition are valued using a Monte Carlo model.

Changes in our performance vesting and time vesting restricted stock units for 2024 were as follows:

During 2024, 2023 and 2022, compensation expense related to performance vesting and time vesting restricted stock units was $23.4 million, $23.3 million and $20.1 million, respectively. Performance vesting stock units were adjusted by 37,378 units during 2024 related to the fiscal 2023 performance year. As of June 30, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested performance vesting and time vesting restricted stock units was $21.5 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years.

NOTE 19—ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

The operation of our business has exposed us to certain liabilities and compliance costs related to environmental matters. We are involved in various environmental cleanup and remediation activities at certain sites associated with our current or former operations.

We establish and maintain accruals for estimated liabilities associated with certain environmental matters. At June 30, 2024, the balance of such accruals was $11.0 million, of which $1.6 million was current. At June 30, 2023, the balance was $12.0 million, of which $1.7 million was current, respectively. These accruals are generally not discounted.

We record a loss contingency when the available information indicates it is probable that we have incurred a liability and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. The likelihood of a loss with respect to a particular environmental matter is often difficult to predict, and determining a meaningful estimate of the loss or a range of loss may not be practicable based on information available. When a material loss contingency is probable but a reasonable estimate cannot be made, or when a material loss contingency is at least reasonably possible, disclosure is provided. The accruals we have established for estimated environmental liabilities represent our best current estimate of the probable and reasonably estimable costs of addressing identified environmental situations, based on our review of currently available evidence, and taking into consideration our prior experience in remediation and that of other companies, as well as public information released by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), other governmental agencies and by the Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) groups in which we are participating. The accrued liabilities for all environmental concerns could change substantially due to factors such as the nature and extent of contamination, changes in remedial requirements, technological changes, discovery of new information, the financial strength of other PRPs, the identification of new PRPs and the involvement of and direction taken by the government or the courts on these matters.

Among other environmental laws, we are subject to the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), under which we have been identified by the USEPA or other third party as a PRP with respect to environmental remedial costs at certain Superfund sites. We have evaluated our claims and estimated liability associated with these sites based upon the best information currently available to us. We believe our environmental accruals are adequate to cover our portion of the environmental remedial costs at the sites where we have been designated a PRP, to the extent these expenses are probable and reasonably estimable.

NOTE 20 —COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Matters Various lawsuits arising during the normal course of business are pending against us. In our opinion, the ultimate liability, if any, resulting from these matters will have no significant effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. During 2023, we recorded a litigation settlement of $3 million related to legacy operations within other (income) expense, net.

Lease Commitments We lease a wide variety of facilities, primarily for warehousing, production and offices, as well as vehicles and equipment that are considered operating leases. Refer to Note 9 for more information.

Purchase Commitments We have purchase commitments for materials, supplies and machinery and equipment as part of the ordinary conduct of business. Some of these commitments extend beyond one year and are based on minimum purchase requirements. We believe these commitments are not at prices in excess of current market.

Other Contractual Obligations We do not have material financial guarantees or other contractual commitments that are reasonably likely to adversely affect our liquidity.

Related Party Transactions Sales to affiliated companies were immaterial in 2024, 2023 and 2022. We do not have any other related party transactions that affect our operations, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

NOTE 21 —SEGMENT DATA

The Company manages and reports its business in the followingtwo segments: Metal Cutting and Infrastructure. The Company's reportable operating segments have been determined in accordance with the Company's internal management structure, which is organized based on operating activities, the manner in which we organize segments for making operating decisions and assessing performance and the availability of separate financial results. We do not allocate certain corporate expenses related to executive retirement plans, the Company’s Board of Directors and strategic initiatives, as well as certain other costs and report them in Corporate. Our reportable operating segments do not represent the aggregation of two or more operating segments.

Sales to a single customer did not aggregate to more than five percent of total sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022.

METAL CUTTING The Metal Cutting segment develops and manufactures high performance tooling and metal cutting products and services and offers an assortment of standard and custom metal cutting solutions to diverse end markets, including Aerospace & Defense, General Engineering, Energy and Transportation. The products include milling, hole making, turning, threading and toolmaking systems used in the manufacture of airframes, aero engines, trucks and automobiles, ships and various types of industrial equipment. We leverage advanced manufacturing capabilities in combination with varying levels of customization to solve our customers’ toughest challenges and deliver improved productivity for a wide range of applications. Metal Cutting markets its products under the Kennametal®, WIDIA®, WIDIA Hanita® and WIDIA GTD® brands through its direct sales force, a network of independent and national distributors, integrated supplier channels and via the Internet. Application engineers and technicians are critical to the sales process and directly assist our customers with specified product design, selection, application and support.

INFRASTRUCTUREOur Infrastructure segment produces engineered tungsten carbide and ceramic components, earth-cutting tools, and advanced metallurgical powders, primarily for the Aerospace & Defense, Energy, Earthworks and General Engineering end markets. These wear-resistant products include compacts, nozzles, frac seats and custom components used in oil and gas and petrochemical industries; rod blanks and abrasive water jet nozzles for general industries; earth cutting tools and systems used in underground mining, trenching and foundation drilling and road milling; tungsten carbide powders for the oil and gas, aerospace and process industries; high temperature critical wear components, tungsten penetrators and armor solutions for aerospace and defense; and ceramics used by the packaging industry for metallization of films and papers. We combine deep metallurgical and engineering expertise with advanced manufacturing capabilities, such as 3D printing, to deliver solutions that drive improved productivity for our customers. Infrastructure markets its products primarily under the Kennametal® brand and sells through a direct sales force as well as through distributors.

Segment data is summarized as follows:

(4) Metal Cutting and Infrastructure segment assets are principally accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts; inventories; property, plant and equipment, net; goodwill; other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization; and operating lease ROU assets. Corporate assets are principally cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, long-term prepaid pension benefit, deferred income taxes and other assets.

Geographic information for sales, based on country where the sale originated, and long-lived assets is as follows:

(5) Other does not contain any country that individually exceeds 2 percent of total sales or total long-lived assets, respectively.

(6)Total long-lived assets as of June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022 include property, plant, and equipment, net.

The following table presents Kennametal's revenue disaggregated by segment by geography:

The following table presents Kennametal's revenue disaggregated by segment by end market: