GREIF, INC

NOTE 1 —BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) instructions to Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and include all of the information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the interim condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates.

The 2024 fiscal year of Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) began on November 1, 2023 and ended on October 31, 2024. Any references to the 2024 fiscal year or to any quarter of that year, relates to the fiscal year or quarter, as the case may be, ended October 31, 2024, unless otherwise stated. The Company is changing its fiscal year, effective for the 2025 fiscal year. The 2025 fiscal year began on November 1, 2024 and will end on September 30, 2025, and accordingly, will consist of eleven months. The Company’s fourth fiscal quarter of 2025 will be the two-month period ending September 30, 2025. Thereafter, the Company’s fiscal year will begin on October 1 and end on September 30 of the following year.

The information filed herein reflects all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of July 31, 2025 and the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2024, the interim condensed consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income and changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 and the interim condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024 of the Company. The interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Greif, Inc., all wholly-owned and consolidated subsidiaries and investments in limited liability companies, partnerships and joint ventures in which it has controlling influence or is the primary beneficiary. Non-majority owned entities include investments in limited liability companies, partnerships and joint ventures in which the Company does not have controlling interest and are accounted for using either the equity or cost method, as appropriate.

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended October 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”).

Change in Presentation

Discontinued Operations

On June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell its containerboard business, including the CorrChoice sheet feeder system (the “Containerboard Business”). The transaction is expected to close effective as of August 31, 2025, subject to customary closing conditions. The intended Containerboard Business divestiture qualifies as discontinued operations because it represents a strategic shift that will have a major impact on the Company’s operations and financial results. As a result, the Containerboard Business is presented as discontinued operations beginning in the third quarter of 2025. See Note 2 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures.

The Company has reclassified the financial results of the Containerboard Business to discontinued operations, net of tax, in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for all periods presented. The Company also reclassified the related assets and liabilities as assets and liabilities held for sale on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024. Cash flows from the Company’s discontinued operations are not presented separately in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for all periods presented. Unless otherwise noted, the discussion in these Notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statement relates only to continuing operations.

Recast of Certain Prior Period Information

In December 2024, the Company announced changes to its reporting structure, moving to a material solution-based structure. The Company believes this structure will enable the Company to more efficiently utilize its robust scale and global network of facilities, align operations to capitalize on its deep subject matter expertise, enable further innovation and growth, and optimize cross-selling and margin expansion opportunities. This internal re-alignment has resulted in a change in the Company’s reportable segments. Prior period segment information for the 2024 fiscal year has been recast to conform to the way the Company internally manages and monitors its business during the 2025 fiscal year.

The recast of prior period information had no impact on the Company’s interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, interim condensed consolidated statements of income, interim condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, interim condensed consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity and the interim condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

Newly Adopted Accounting Standards

There have been no new accounting standards adopted since the filing of the 2024 Form 10-K that have significance, or potential significance, to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which is intended to improve disclosures related to the Company’s certain income statement expenses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The effective date for the Company to adopt this ASU is for the fiscal year and interim periods beginning October 1, 2027 and October 1, 2028 respectively. The Company is in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flow and disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Tax Disclosures,” which is intended to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The effective date for the Company to adopt this ASU is for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flow and disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The effective date for the Company to adopt this ASU is for the fiscal year and interim periods beginning November 1, 2024 and October 1, 2025 respectively. The Company is in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting this guidance on its financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flow and disclosures.

NOTE 2 —ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES

Divestitures

Intended Soterra Business Divestiture

On August 5, 2025, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell its Soterra land management business, including approximately 173,000 acres of timberland (the “Soterra Business”), for a purchase price of approximately $462.0 million, subject to certain adjustments. The transaction is expected to close October 1, 2025, subject to customary closing conditions. The net cash proceeds from the sale of the Soterra Business will be used for debt repayment. The Soterra Business is reported under the Company’s Sustainable Fiber Solutions segment. The intended Soterra Business divestiture does not qualify as discontinued operations because it does not represent a strategic shift that has had a major impact on the Company’s operations or financial results.

Intended Containerboard Business Divestiture

On June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell the Containerboard Business for a purchase price of $1,800.0 million, subject to certain adjustments. The net cash proceeds from the sale of the Containerboard Business will be used for debt repayment. The transaction is expected to close effective as of August 31, 2025, subject to customary closing conditions. The Containerboard Business was previously reported under the Company’s Sustainable Fiber Solutions segment. The intended Containerboard Business divestiture qualifies as discontinued operations because it represents a strategic shift that will have a major impact on the Company’s operations and financial results.

In accordance with ASC 205-20, Allocation of Interest to Discontinued Operations, the Company elected to allocate interest expense to discontinued operations for the Company’s debt that is not directly attributable to the Containerboard business. Interest expense was allocated based on a ratio of debt repayment expected from sale proceeds to total debt.

The following table presents results of operations of the Containerboard Business from discontinued operations:

For net sales and costs of products sold, which had previously been eliminated in consolidation related to intercompany sales of recycled fiber to the Containerboard Business, $7.2 million and $9.8 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025, and 2024 and $21.0 million and $26.3 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025, and 2024 are now reflected on a gross basis as a component of net sales and costs of sales from continuing operations for all periods presented.

The following tables present assets and liabilities of the Containerboard Business from discontinued operations classified as held for sale:

The following table presents depreciation, amortization, and capital expenditures of the Containerboard Business from discontinued operations:

The Company had no other material noncash operating and investing activities related to the discontinued operations.

Delta Divestiture

During the third quarter of 2024, the Company completed its divestiture of a U.S. business in the Integrated Solutions segment, Delta Petroleum Company, Inc. (the “Delta Divestiture”), for net cash proceeds of $91.2 million. The Delta Divestiture did not qualify as discontinued operations because it did not represent a strategic shift that has had a major impact on the Company’s operations or financial results. The Delta Divestiture resulted in a $46.1 million gain on sale of business, including goodwill allocated to the sale of $26.1 million.

Acquisitions

Ipackchem Acquisition

The Company acquired Ipackchem Group SAS (“Ipackchem”) on March 26, 2024 (the “Ipackchem Acquisition”). Ipackchem isa global market leader in the production of high-performance plastic packaging, including premium barrier and non-barrier jerrycans and other small plastic containers. The total purchase price for this acquisition was $582.1 million. The Company incurred transaction costs of $8.9 million to complete this acquisition.

As of April 30, 2025, the Company had completed the determination of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed related to the Ipackchem Acquisition.

The following table summarizes the consideration transferred to acquire Ipackchem and the final valuation of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

The Company recognized goodwill related to this acquisition of $281.0 million. The goodwill recognized in this acquisition was attributable to the acquired assembled workforce, expected synergies and economies of scale, none of which qualify for recognition as a separate intangible asset. Ipackchem is reported within the Customized Polymer Solutions segment to which the goodwill was assigned. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

The cost approach was used to determine the fair value for land, building, improvements and equipment. The cost approach measures the value by estimating the cost to acquire, or construct, comparable assets and adjusts for age and condition. The Company assigned to land use rights, building and improvements a useful life ranging from 1 year to 21 years and equipment a useful life ranging from 1 year to 10 years. Acquired property, plant and equipment are being depreciated over their estimated remaining useful lives on a straight-line basis.

The fair value for acquired customer relationship intangibles was determined as of the acquisition date based on estimates and judgments regarding expectations for the future after-tax cash flows arising from the revenue from customer relationships that existed on the acquisition date over their estimated lives, including the probability of expected future contract renewals and revenue, less a contributory assets charge, all of which is discounted to present value. The fair value for acquired developed technology was determined as of the acquisition date based on estimates and judgments regarding expectations for the future after-tax cash flows arising from the revenue from developed technology that existed on the acquisition date over their estimated lives. The fair values of the trademark intangible assets were determined utilizing the relief from royalty method, which is a form of the income approach. Under this method, a royalty rate based on observed market royalties is applied to projected revenue supporting the trademarks and discounted to present value using an appropriate discount rate.

Acquired intangible assets are being amortized over the estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. The following table summarizes the final purchase price allocation and weighted average remaining useful lives for identifiable intangible assets acquired as of the acquisition date:

Pro Forma Results

The following unaudited supplemental pro forma data presents consolidated information as if the Ipackchem Acquisition had been completed on November 1, 2022. These amounts were calculated after adjusting Ipackchem’s results to reflect interest expense incurred on the debt to finance the acquisition, additional depreciation and amortization that would have been charged assuming the fair value of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets had been applied from November 1, 2022, the adjusted income tax expense, and related transaction costs.

The pro forma data should not be considered indicative of the results that would have occurred if the acquisition and related financing had been consummated on the assumed completion dates, nor are they indicative of future results.

NOTE 3 —GOODWILL

In December 2024, the Company announced changes to its reporting structure, effective November 1, 2024, moving to a material solution-based structure. This internal re-alignment has resulted in a change in the Company’s reportable segments from three: Global Industrial Packaging; Paper Packaging & Services; and Land Management; tofour: Customized Polymer Solutions; Durable Metal Solutions; Sustainable Fiber Solutions; and Integrated Solutions.

Changes to the Company’s operating segments resulted in a change to the Company’s reporting units: Customized Polymer Solutions – Small Plastics/Jerrycans; Customized Polymer Solutions – Large/Medium Plastics; Customized Polymer Solutions – Intermediate Bulk Containers; Durable Metal Solutions; Sustainable Fiber Solutions – Boxboard & Converted; Sustainable Fiber Solutions – Land Management; and Integrated Solutions. As a result of this segment realignment, the Company allocated goodwill to the reporting units existing under the new organizational structure on a relative fair value basis as of the first quarter of 2025.

In conjunction with the goodwill allocation described above, the Company tested its reporting units for potential impairment immediately before and after the segment realignment and concluded that the estimated fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its respective carrying value.

The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the nine months ended July 31, 2025:

NOTE 4 —RESTRUCTURING CHARGES

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending restructuring reserve balances for the nine months ended July 31, 2025:

The focus for restructuring activities in 2025 is to optimize operations to manage a historical period of industrial activity contraction while simultaneously transforming the Company’s internal processes and portfolio mix for optimal alignment to long-term profitable earnings growth.

During the three months ended July 31, 2025, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $12.7 million, as compared to $2.7 million of restructuring charges recorded during the three months ended July 31, 2024. The restructuring activity for the three months ended July 31, 2025 consisted of $7.0 million in employee separation costs and $5.7 million in other restructuring costs, primarily consisting of costs associated with site closures, professional fees and other fees associated with restructuring activities.

During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $26.6 million, as compared to $1.6 million of restructuring charges recorded during the nine months ended July 31, 2024. The restructuring activity for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 consisted of $17.6 million in employee separation costs and $9.0 million in other restructuring costs, primarily consisting of costs associated with site closures, professional fees and other fees associated with restructuring activities.

The following is a reconciliation of the total amounts expected to be incurred from open restructuring plans or plans that are being formulated and have not been announced as of the filing date of this Form 10-Q. Remaining amounts expected to be incurred were $30.3 million as of July 31, 2025:

NOTE 5 —DEBT

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt is summarized as follows:

Credit Agreements

The Company and certain of its subsidiaries are parties to a senior secured credit agreement (the “2022 Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions.

The 2022 Credit Agreement provides for (a) an $800.0 million secured revolving credit facility, consisting of a $725.0 million multicurrency facility and a $75.0 million U.S. dollar facility, maturing on March 1, 2027, (b) a $1,100.0 million secured term loan A-1 facility with quarterly principal installments that commenced on July 31, 2022 and continue through January 31, 2027, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan A-1 facility being due and payable on maturity on March 1, 2027, (c) a $515.0 million secured term loan A-2 facility with quarterly principal installments that commenced on July 31, 2022 and continue through January 31, 2027, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan A-2 being due and payable on maturity on March 1, 2027, and (d) as further described below, a $300.0 million incremental secured term loan A-4 facility with quarterly principal installments that commenced on April 30, 2024 and continue through January 31, 2027, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan A-4 being due and payable on maturity on March 1, 2027. Subject to the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement, the Company has an option to borrow additional funds under the 2022 Credit Agreement with the agreement of the lenders.

On March 25, 2024, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an incremental term loan agreement (the “Incremental Term Loan A-4 Agreement”) with a syndicate of financial institutions. The Incremental Term Loan A-4 Agreement is an amendment to the 2022 Credit Agreement. The Incremental Term Loan A-4 Agreement provided for a loan in the aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million that was made available in a single draw on March 25, 2024 (the “Incremental Term Loan A-4”). Amounts repaid or prepaid in respect of the Incremental Term Loan A-4 may not be reborrowed. The Incremental Term Loan A-4 amortizes at 2.50% per annum in equal quarterly principal installments, with the remaining outstanding principal balance due on March 1, 2027. The terms and provisions of the Incremental Term Loan A-4 are identical in all material respects to the terms and provisions of the other term loans made under the 2022 Credit Agreement. The Company’s obligations with respect to the Incremental Term Loan A-4 are secured and guaranteed with the other obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement on apari passu basis. The Company used the proceeds from the Incremental Term Loan A-4 to repay funds drawn on the revolving credit facility under the 2022 Credit Agreement for the purchase of Ipackchem on March 26, 2024.

Interest accruing under the 2022 Credit Agreement is based on Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a credit spread adjustment or a base rate that resets periodically plus, in each case, a calculated margin amount that is based on the Company’s leverage ratio.

On May 17, 2023, the Company and Greif Packaging LLC, a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Greif, Inc. (“Greif Packaging”), entered into a $300.0 million senior secured credit agreement (the “2023 Credit Agreement” and, together with the 2022 Credit Agreement, the “2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements”) with a syndicate of financial institutions, of which CoBank, ACB (“CoBank”) acted as a lender and as the lead administrative agent. The 2023 Credit Agreement is permitted incremental equivalent debt under the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement. The 2023 Credit Agreement provides for a $300.0 million secured term loan facility on apari passu basis with the 2022 Credit Agreement, with quarterly principal installments that commenced on July 31, 2023 and will continue through January 31, 2028, with any outstanding principal balance of such term loan being due and payable on maturity on May 17, 2028. The Company used the borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement to repay and refinance a portion of the outstanding borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement.

Interest accruing under the 2023 Credit Agreement is based on SOFR plus a credit spread adjustment or a base rate that resets periodically plus, in each case, a calculated margin amount that is based on the Company’s leverage ratio.

As of July 31, 2025, $2,320.1 million was outstanding under the 2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements. The current portion was $95.8 million, and the long-term portion was $2,224.3 million. The weighted average interest rate for borrowings under the 2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements was 5.86% for the nine months ended July 31, 2025. The actual interest rate for borrowings under the 2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements was 6.07% as of July 31, 2025. The deferred financing costs associated with the term loan portion of the 2022 and 2023 Credit Agreements totaled $5.0 million as of July 31, 2025 and are recorded as a reduction of long-term debt on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets. The deferred financing costs associated with the revolving portion of the 2022 Credit Agreement totaled $1.7 million as of July 31, 2025 and are recorded within other long-term assets on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Short-Term Debt

Short-term debt is summarized as follows:

Accounts Receivable Credit Facilities

Greif Receivables Funding LLC (“Greif Funding”), Greif Packaging, and certain other U.S. subsidiaries of the Company are parties to an amended and restated U.S. Receivables Financing Facility Agreement (the “U.S. RFA”). On May 16, 2025, the maturity date of the U.S. RFA was extended to May 15, 2026. The U.S. RFA provides an accounts receivable financing facility of $290.0 million. As of July 31, 2025, there was a $284.3 million ($273.7 million as of October 31, 2024) outstanding under the U.S. RFA. The weighted average interest rate for borrowings under the U.S. RFA was 5.48% for the nine months ended July 31, 2025. The deferred financing costs associated with the U.S. RFA totaled $0.1 million as of July 31, 2025 and are recorded as a reduction of short-term debt on the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets.

On August 28, 2025, the U.S. RFA was amended to provide an accounts receivable financing facility of $200.0 million.

Greif Funding is a direct subsidiary of Greif Packaging and is included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. However, because Greif Funding is a separate and distinct legal entity from the Company, the assets of Greif Funding are not available to satisfy the liabilities and obligations of the Company, Greif Packaging or other subsidiaries of the Company, and the liabilities of Greif Funding are not the liabilities or obligations of the Company or its other subsidiaries.

Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. and Greif Services Belgium BV, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Greif, Inc., are parties to an amended and restated Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Financing Agreement (the “European RFA”) with affiliates of a major international bank. On April 1, 2025, the maturity date of the European RFA was extended to April 21, 2026. The European RFA provides an accounts receivable financing facility of up to €100.0 million ($115.5 million as of July 31, 2025) secured by certain European accounts receivable. As of July 31, 2025, $102.3 million ($84.2 million as of October 31, 2024) was outstanding under the European RFA. The weighted average interest rate for borrowings under the European RFA was 3.73% for the nine months ended July 31, 2025.

NOTE 6 —FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents the fair value for those assets and (liabilities) measured on a recurring basis as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024:

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, accounts payable, current liabilities and short-term borrowings as of July 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these items and are not included in this table.

Interest Rate Derivatives

As of July 31, 2025, the Company has various interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $1,362.5 million ($1,400.0 million as of October 31, 2024), maturing between March 1, 2027 and July 16, 2029. The Company will receive variable rate interest payments based upon one-month U.S. dollar SOFR, and in return the Company will be obligated to pay interest at a weighted average fixed interest rate of 2.99%. This effectively converted the borrowing rate on an amount of debt equal to the notional amount of the interest rate swaps from a variable rate to a fixed rate.

These derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the gain or loss on these derivative instruments is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction and in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. See Note 12 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures of the aggregate gain or loss included within other comprehensive income (loss). The assumptions used in measuring fair value of these interest rate derivatives are considered level 2 inputs, which are based upon observable market rates, including SOFR and interest paid based upon a designated fixed rate over the life of the swap agreements.

Gains reclassified to earnings under these contracts were $4.6 million and $8.4 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. Gains reclassified to earnings under these contracts were $14.8 million and $27.0 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. A derivative gain of $14.0 million, based upon interest rates at July 31, 2025, is expected to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings in the next twelve months.

Foreign Exchange Hedges

The Company conducts business in various international currencies and is subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. The Company’s objective is to reduce volatility associated with foreign exchange rate changes. Accordingly, the Company enters into various contracts that change in value as foreign exchange rates change to protect the value of certain existing foreign currency assets and liabilities, commitments and anticipated foreign currency cash flows. As of July 31, 2025, and October 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts in the notional amount of $219.6 million and $74.1 million, respectively.

Adjustments to fair value are recognized in earnings, offsetting the impact of the hedged profits. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of foreign exchange hedges are considered level 2 inputs, which are based on observable market pricing for similar instruments, principally foreign exchange futures contracts.

For the three months ended July 31, 2025, and 2024, the Company recorded realized losses of $0.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively, under fair value contracts in other expense, net. For the nine months ended July 31, 2025, and 2024, the Company recorded realized gains of $0.8 million and $2.1 million, respectively, under fair value contracts in other expense, net.

For the three months ended July 31, 2025, and 2024, the Company recorded unrealized net gains (losses) of $0.9 million and $(0.1) million, respectively, in other expense, net. For the nine months ended July 31, 2025, and 2024, the Company recorded unrealized net gains (losses) of $0.2 million and $(0.5) million, respectively, in other expense, net.

Cross Currency Swap

The Company has operations and investments in various international locations and is subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. As of July 31, 2025, the Company has various cross currency interest rate swaps that synthetically swap $534.9 million ($447.6 million as of October 31, 2024) of U.S. fixed rate debt to Euro denominated fixed rate debt. The Company receives a weighted average rate of 1.64% on these swaps. These agreements are designated as either net investment hedges or cash flow hedges for accounting purposes and will mature between October 5, 2026 and November 3, 2028.

The gain or loss on these net investment hedge derivative instruments is included in the foreign currency translation component of other comprehensive income (loss) until the net investment is sold, diluted, or liquidated. See Note 12 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures of the aggregate gain or loss included within other comprehensive income (loss). The gain or loss on the cash flow hedge derivative instruments is included in the unrealized foreign exchange component of other expense, offset by the underlying gain or loss on the underlying cash flows that are being hedged. Interest payments received for the cross currency swap are excluded from the net investment hedge effectiveness assessment and are recorded in interest expense, net on the consolidated statements of income. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of the cross currency swap are considered level 2 inputs, which are based upon the Euro to United States dollar exchange rate market.

For the three months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, gains recorded in interest expense, net under the cross currency swap agreements were $2.2 million and $1.5 million, respectively. For the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, gains recorded in interest expense, net under the cross currency swap agreements were $5.5 million and $5.0 million, respectively.

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company executed a cash settlement of certain cross-currency swap contracts and simultaneously entered into new cross-currency swaps at prevailing market rates. The net cash settlement from restriking these swaps resulted in a cash receipt of $22.5 million of which $11.5 million related to cross-currency swap contracts designated as net investment hedges and $11.0 million related to cross-currency swap contracts designated as cash flow hedges.

The net investment hedges that were settled resulted in a final gain of $11.3 million, which is included in the foreign currency translation component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and the final OCI balance on these transactions is maintained on the balance sheet until the underlying hedged subsidiary is either sold or substantially liquidated. For the cash flow hedges that were settled, the gain will be recognized to income, through interest expense, over time through an amortization of the remaining OCI balance at termination. This OCI balance amounted to $1.8 million and will be recognized on a straight-line basis to the income statement through the transaction’s original maturity date of October 5, 2026.

Other Financial Instruments

The fair values of the Company’s 2022 Credit Agreement, the 2023 Credit Agreement, the U.S. RFA, and the European RFA do not materially differ from carrying value as the Company’s cost of borrowing is variable and approximates current borrowing rates. The fair values of the Company’s long-term obligations are estimated based on either the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues or the current interest rates offered for the debt of the same remaining maturities, which are considered level 2 inputs in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.”

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used to determine the fair value of the impairment of long-lived assets held and used and net assets held for sale for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024:

For nine months ended July 31, 2025, the Company wrote down long-lived assets with a carrying value of $47.9 million to a fair value of $24.8 million, resulting in recognized asset impairment charges of $23.1 million. These charges include $0.7 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Customized Polymer Solutions reportable segment, $2.2 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Durable Metal Solutions reportable segment, $17.3 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Sustainable Fiber Solutions reportable segment, $0.3 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net in the Integrated Solutions reportable segment, $2.4 million related to definite-lived intangibles in the Customized Polymer Solutions reportable segment and $0.2 million related to definite-lived intangibles in the Integrated Solutions reportable segment. For nine months ended July 31, 2025, the Company also recognized impairment charges of $4.7 million related to net assets held for sale in the Sustainable Fiber Solutions reportable segment.

For nine months ended July 31, 2024, the Company wrote down long-lived assets with a carrying value of $4.2 million to a fair value of $2.3 million, resulting in recognized asset impairment charges of $1.9 million. These charges include $0.4 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Durable Metal Solutions reportable segment, $1.3 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Sustainable Fiber Solutions reportable segment and $0.2 million related to properties, plants and equipment, net, in the Integrated Solutions reportable segment.

The assumptions used in measuring fair value of long-lived assets are considered level 3 inputs, which include bids received from third parties, recent purchase offers, market comparable information, and discounted cash flows based on assumptions that market participants would use.

NOTE 7 –STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Long-Term Incentive Plan

The Company granted 123,800 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) on December 13, 2024, for the performance period commencing on November 1, 2024 and ending September 30, 2027. The weighted average fair value of the RSUs granted on that date was $66.61.

During 2025, the Company issued 49,269 shares of Class A Common Stock, which excludes shares withheld for the payment of taxes owed by recipients for RSUs vested, for the performance period commenced on November 1, 2021 and ended October 31, 2024.

The Company granted 215,953 performance stock units (“PSUs”) on December 13, 2024, for the performance period commencing on November 1, 2024 and ending September 30, 2027. If earned, the PSUs are to be awarded in shares of Class A Common Stock. The weighted average fair value of the PSUs granted on that date was $61.19.

During 2025, the Company issued 161,641 shares of Class A Common Stock, which excludes shares withheld for the payment of taxes owed by recipients for PSUs vested, for the performance period commenced on November 1, 2021 and ended October 31, 2024.

NOTE 8 —INCOME TAXES

Income tax expense for the quarter and year-to-date was calculated according to ASC 740-270, “Income Taxes - Interim Reporting.” This method uses forecasted annual earnings and other amounts, such as uncertain tax positions and withholding taxes, to estimate annual tax expense. Losses from jurisdictions with a valuation allowance are excluded from the annual estimated tax rate. Each quarter’s income tax expense is based on the year-to-date annual estimated tax rate, adjusted for discrete taxable events during the interim period.

For the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, income tax expense was $38.0 million and $16.0 million, respectively. The $22.0 million increase was primarily attributable to a one-time discrete tax benefit of $48.1 million recognized in 2024 related to the onshoring of certain intangible property and $1.2 million related to other miscellaneous discrete items. This was partially offset by a gain of $17.3 million from the Delta Divestiture in 2024 and a $10.0 million increase in tax expense in 2024 driven by higher pre-tax earnings and changes in the geographic mix of earnings across tax jurisdictions.

On July 4, 2025, H.R. 1, commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”), was enacted into law. The OBBBA permanently extends several major provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing, enhanced business interest deductibility, and modifications to the international tax framework. The Company has evaluated the impact of the OBBBA and determined that it does not have a material effect on the current quarter’s income tax provision. Most provisions of the OBBBA, except for bonus depreciation, will not affect the Company until the 2026 fiscal year.

As part of the Ipackchem Acquisition, a deferred tax liability of $63.6 million has been recorded through purchase accounting. This liability arises from the temporary differences between the fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis through the measurement period. The primary components of the deferred tax liability include intangible assets, property, plant and equipment, and inventory. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes.

NOTE 9 —POST RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS

The components of net periodic pension cost include the following:

The Company expects to make employer contributions of $5.9 million, including benefits paid directly by the Company, during 2025.

The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic post-retirement benefit, other than the service cost components, are included in the line item “Other expense, net” in the interim condensed consolidated statements of income.

NOTE 10 —CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVES

Litigation-related Liabilities

The Company may become involved from time-to-time in litigation and regulatory matters incidental to its business, including governmental investigations, enforcement actions, personal injury claims, product liability, employment health and safety matters, commercial disputes, intellectual property matters, disputes regarding environmental clean-up costs, litigation in connection with acquisitions and divestitures, and other matters arising out of the normal conduct of its business. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself in such litigation. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any pending litigation will have a material adverse effect on its interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company may accrue for contingencies related to litigation and regulatory matters if it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Because litigation is inherently unpredictable and unfavorable resolutions can occur, assessing contingencies is highly subjective and requires judgments about future events. The Company regularly reviews contingencies to determine whether its accruals are adequate. The amount of ultimate loss may differ from these estimates.

Environmental Reserves

As of July 31, 2025, and October 31, 2024, the Company’s environmental reserves were $17.1 million and $16.5 million, respectively (including $9.8 million for the Diamond Alkali Superfund Site in the New Jersey). These reserves are principally based on environmental studies and cost estimates provided by third parties, but also take into account management estimates. The estimated liabilities are reduced to reflect the anticipated participation of other potentially responsible parties in those instances where it is probable that such parties are legally responsible and financially capable of paying their respective shares of relevant costs. For sites that involve formal actions subject to joint and several liabilities, these actions have formal agreements in place to apportion the liability. It is possible that there could be resolution of uncertainties in the future that would require the Company to record charges that could be material to future earnings.

The Company’s exposure to adverse developments with respect to any individual site is not expected to be material. Although environmental remediation could have a material effect on results of operations if a series of adverse developments occur in a particular quarter or year, the Company believes that the chance of a series of adverse developments occurring in the same quarter or year is remote. Future information and developments will require the Company to continually reassess the expected impact of these environmental matters.

NOTE 11 —EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company hastwo classes of common stock and, as such, applies the “two-class method” of computing earnings per share (“EPS”) as prescribed in ASC 260, “Earnings Per Share.” In accordance with this guidance, earnings are allocated in the same fashion as dividends would be distributed. Under the Company’s certificate of incorporation, any distribution of dividends in any year must be made in proportion ofone cent a share for Class A Common Stock to one and one-half cents a share for Class B Common Stock, which results in a 40% to 60% split to Class A and B shareholders, respectively. In accordance with this, earnings are allocated first to Class A and Class B Common Stock to the extent that dividends are actually paid and the remainder is allocated assuming all of the earnings for the period have been distributed in the form of dividends.

The Company calculates EPS as follows:

*Diluted Class B EPS calculation is identical to Basic Class B calculation

The following table provides EPS information for each period, respectively:

The Class A Common Stock has no voting rights unless four quarterly cumulative dividends upon the Class A Common Stock are in arrears. The Class B Common Stock has full voting rights. There is no cumulative voting for the election of directors.

The following table summarizes the shares of the Company’s Class A and Class B Common Stock as of the specified dates:

The following is a reconciliation of the shares used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share:

NOTE 12 —COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table provides the rollforward of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the nine months ended July 31, 2025:

The following table provides the rollforward of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the nine months ended July 31, 2024:

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) above are presented net of tax, as applicable.

NOTE 13 —BUSINESS SEGMENT INFORMATION

As previously described, effective November 1, 2024, the Company implemented changes to its reporting structure, moving to a material solution-based structure. The Company realigned its organizational structure tofour operating segments andfour reportable business segments: Customized Polymer Solutions; Durable Metal Solutions; Sustainable Fiber Solutions; and Integrated Solutions.

The Company’s reportable business segments offer different products and services. The products and services included in each of these reportable segments are as follows:

•Customized Polymer Solutions: Operations in the Customized Polymer Solutions reportable segment involve the production and sale of a comprehensive line of polymer based packaging products, such as plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers and small plastics. The polymer-based packaging products and services are sold on a global basis to customers in industries such as chemicals, food and beverage, agricultural, pharmaceutical and mineral products, among others.

•Durable Metal Solutions: Operations in the Durable Metal Solutions reportable segment involve the production and sale of metal-based packaging products, including a wide variety of steel drums. The metal-based packaging products are sold on a global basis to customers in industries such as chemicals, petroleum, agriculture and paints and coatings, among others.

•Sustainable Fiber Solutions: Operations in the Sustainable Fiber Solutions reportable segment involve the production and sale of fiber-based packaging products, including fibre drums, uncoated recycled board, coated recycled board, tubes and cores and specialty partitions made from containerboard, uncoated recycled board and coated recycled board. The fiber-based packaging products are sold in North America in industries such as packaging, automotive, construction, food and beverage and building products. In addition, this reportable segment is involved in the management and sale of timber, timberland and special use properties in the southeastern United States.

•Integrated Solutions: Operations in the Integrated Solutions reportable segment involve the production and sale of complimentary packaging products, such as paints, linings and closure systems for industrial packaging products and related services. In addition, this reportable segment is involved in the purchase and sale of recycled fiber and the production and sale of adhesives, which can be used in containerboard and paperboard products. These products and services are used internally by the Company and are also sold to external customers.

The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) is the Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s CODM reviews financial information presented on material solution-based operating segments for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance. Intercompany balances were eliminated in consolidation and are not reviewed when evaluating segment performance.

As disclosed above, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell the Containerboard Business. The Containerboard Business was previously reported under the Company’s Sustainable Fiber Solutions segment. The intended Containerboard Business divestiture qualifies as discontinued operations. The Company’s allocation of corporate expenses to each reportable segment was updated to reflect how management measures performance and allocates resources with the Containerboard Business being excluded from continuing operations. The Company has recast data from prior periods to reflect this change to conform to the current year presentation.

The accounting policies of the reportable business segments are substantially the same as those described in the “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” note in the 2024 Form 10-K.

The following tables present net sales disaggregated by geographic area for each reportable segment for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025:

The following tables present net sales disaggregated by geographic area for each reportable segment for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024:

The following segment information is presented for the periods indicated:

The following table presents total assets by segment and total properties, plants and equipment, net by geographic area:

NOTE 14 —REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS

Redeemable noncontrolling interests related to joint ventures are held by the respective noncontrolling interest owners. The holders of these interests share in the profits and losses of these entities on a pro-rata basis with the Company. However, the noncontrolling interest owners have the right to put all or a portion of those noncontrolling interests to the Company at a formulaic price after a set period of time, specific to each agreement.

On May 30, 2025, the Company redeemed the remaining 20% ownership interest in one of its noncontrolling interests, increasing ownership from 80% to 100% in an all-cash transaction for $38.7 million.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests are reflected in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets at redemption value. The following table summarizes the change in redeemable noncontrolling interest for the nine months ended July 31, 2025: