FNB CORP/PA/

(Unaudited)

March 31, 2025

The terms “FNB,” “the Corporation,” “we,” “us” and “our” throughout this Report mean F.N.B. Corporation and our consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context indicates that we refer only to the parent company, F.N.B. Corporation. When we refer to "FNBPA" in this Report, we mean our bank subsidiary, First National Bank of Pennsylvania, and its subsidiaries.

NATURE OF OPERATIONS

F.N.B. Corporation, headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a diversified financial services company operating inseven states and the District of Columbia. Our market coverage spans several major metropolitan areas including: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; Cleveland, Ohio; Washington, D.C.; Charlotte, Raleigh, Durham and the Piedmont Triad (Winston-Salem, Greensboro and High Point) in North Carolina; and Charleston, South Carolina. As of March 31, 2025, we had 351 branches throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Washington D.C. and Virginia.

We provide a full range of commercial banking, consumer banking and wealth management solutions through our subsidiary network which is led by our largest affiliate, FNBPA, founded in 1864. Commercial banking solutions include corporate banking, small business banking, investment real estate financing, government banking, business credit, capital markets and lease financing. Consumer banking provides a full line of consumer banking products and services, including deposit products, mortgage lending, consumer lending and a complete suite of mobile and online banking services. Wealth management services include asset management, private banking and insurance.

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

Our accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) include subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. We own and operate FNBPA, First National Trust Company, First National Investment Services Company, LLC, F.N.B. Investment Advisors, Inc., First National Insurance Agency, LLC, Bank Capital Services, LLC, F.N.B. Capital Corporation, LLC and Waubank Securities, LLC, and include results for each of these entities in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Companies in which we hold a controlling financial interest, or are a VIE in which we have the power to direct the activities of an entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and have an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits which could potentially be significant to the VIE, are consolidated. For a voting interest entity, a controlling financial interest is generally where we hold more than 50% of the outstanding voting shares. VIEs in which we do not hold the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance or an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits which could potentially be significant to the VIE are not consolidated. Investments in companies that are not consolidated are accounted for using the equity method when we have the ability to exert significant influence. Investments in private investment partnerships that are accounted for under the equity method or the cost method are included in other assets and our proportional interest in the equity investments’ earnings are included in other non-interest income. Investment interests accounted for under the cost and equity methods are periodically evaluated for impairment.

The accompanying interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include all adjustments that are necessary, in the opinion of management, to fairly reflect our financial position and results of operations in accordance with GAAP. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on our net income and shareholders' equity. Events occurring subsequent to March 31, 2025 have been evaluated for potential recognition or disclosure in the Consolidated Financial Statements through the date of the filing of the Consolidated Financial Statements with the SEC.

Certain information and Note disclosures normally included in Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. The interim operating results are not necessarily indicative of operating results we expect for the full year. These interim unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025.

Use of Estimates

Our accounting and reporting policies conform with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited). Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes include the ACL, fair value of financial instruments, goodwill and other intangible assets and income taxes and deferred tax assets, which are listed in the critical accounting estimates. For a detailed description of our significant accounting policies and critical accounting estimates, see Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and the "Application of Critical Accounting Policies" section in the MD&A, both in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

NOTE 2. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

The following table summarizes accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB that we recently adopted or will be adopting in the future.

TABLE 2.1

NOTE 3. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS debt securities are presented in the table below. There wasno ACL associated with the AFS portfolio at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $14.4 million at March 31, 2025 and $14.3 million at December 31, 2024, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and assessed separately in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accordingly, we have excluded accrued interest receivable from both the fair value and amortized cost basis of AFS debt securities.

TABLE 3.1

The amortized cost and fair value of HTM debt securities are presented in the following table. The ACL for the HTM portfolio was $0.24 million and $0.25 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $14.0 million and $14.6 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and assessed separately in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accordingly, we have excluded accrued interest receivable from both the fair value and amortized cost basis of HTM debt securities.

TABLE 3.2

There wereno significant gross gains or gross losses realized on investment securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or 2024. Net unrealized losses on the AFS and HTM portfolios are primarily due to the increase in market interest rates since the time of purchase, with 85.8% of these securities backed or sponsored by the U.S. government as of March 31, 2025.

As of March 31, 2025, the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities, by contractual maturities, were as follows:

TABLE 3.3

Actual maturities may differ from contractual terms because security issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties. Periodic principal payments are received on residential MBS based on the payment patterns of the underlying collateral.

Following is information relating to investment securities pledged:

TABLE 3.4

Following are summaries of the fair values of AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for which an ACL has not been recorded, segregated by security type and length of time in a continuous loss position:

TABLE 3.5

We evaluated the AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2025. Based on the credit ratings and implied government guarantee for these securities, we concluded the loss position is temporary and caused by the significant movement of interest rates since 2022 and does not reflect any expected credit losses. We do not intend to sell these AFS debt securities and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of their amortized cost basis.

Credit Quality Indicators

We use credit ratings and the most recent financial information to help evaluate the credit quality of our credit-related AFS and HTM securities portfolios. Management reviews the credit profile of each issuer on an annual basis, and more frequently as needed. Based on the nature of the issuers and current conditions, we have determined that investment securities backed by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHLB, Ginnie Mae, and the SBA have zero expected credit loss.

Our municipal bond portfolio, with a carrying amount of $1.0 billion as of March 31, 2025 is highly rated with an average rating of AA and 98% of the portfolio is rated A or better. All of the investment securities in the municipal portfolio are general obligation bonds. Geographically, municipal bonds support our primary footprint as 59% of the securities are from municipalities located in the primary states within which we conduct business. The average holding size of the securities in the municipal bond portfolio is $2.5 million.

The ACL on the HTM municipal bond portfolio is calculated on each bond using:

•The bond’s underlying credit rating, time to maturity and exposure amount;

•Credit enhancements that improve the bond’s credit rating (e.g., insurance); and

•Moody’s U.S. Municipal Bond Default and Recovery Rates, 1970-2023.

By using these components, we derive the expected credit loss on the HTM general obligation municipal bond portfolio. We further refine the expected credit loss by factoring in economic forecast data using our Commercial and Industrial Non-Manufacturing loan portfolio forecast adjustment as derived through our assessment of the loan portfolio as a proxy for our municipal bond portfolio.

Our corporate bond portfolio, with a carrying amount of $57.0 million as of March 31, 2025 consists of debentures of banks within our footprint. The average holding size of the securities in the corporate bond portfolio is $3.4 million.

The ACL on the HTM corporate bond portfolio is calculated using:

•The bond’s credit rating, time to maturity and exposure amount;

•Moody’s Annual Default Study, 02/28/2025; and

•The most recent financial statements.

By using these components, we derive the expected credit loss on the HTM corporate bond portfolio. We further refine the expected credit loss by factoring in economic forecast data using our bank-wide loan portfolio forecast adjustment as derived through our assessment of FNBPA's loan portfolio as a proxy for our corporate bond portfolio.

For the year-to-date periods ending March 31, 2025 and 2024, we had no significant provision expense and no charge-offs or recoveries for the investment securities portfolio. The ACL on the HTM portfolio was $0.24 million, consisting of $0.07 million relating to the municipal bond portfolio and $0.17 million relating to other debt securities, as of March 31, 2025, and $0.07 million relating to the municipal bond portfolio and $0.18 million relating to other debt securities as of December 31, 2024. The AFS securities portfolios didnot have an ACL at March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024 and there were no investment securities that were past due or on non-accrual at either date.

NOTE 4. LOANS AND LEASES

Accrued interest receivable on loans and leases, which totaled $128.4 million at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and assessed separately in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for both periods and is not included in the following tables.

Loans and Leases by Portfolio Segment

Following is a summary of total loans and leases, net of unearned income:

TABLE 4.1

The remaining accretable discount included in the amortized cost of acquired loans was $29.7 million and $31.6 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The loans and leases portfolio categories are comprised of the following types of loans, where in each case the LGD is dependent on the nature and value of the respective collateral:

•Commercial real estate includes both owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied loans, including construction loans, secured by commercial properties where operational cash flows on owner-occupied properties, including rents paid by stand-alone business customers, or rents received by our borrowers from their tenant(s) on both a property and global basis are the primary default risk drivers;

•Commercial and industrial includes loans to businesses that are not secured by real estate where the borrower's leverage and cash flows from operations are the primary default risk drivers;

•Commercial leases consist of leases for new or used equipment where the borrower's cash flow from operations is the primary default risk driver;

•Other is comprised primarily of credit cards and mezzanine loans where the borrower's cash flow from operations is the primary default risk driver;

•Direct installment is comprised of fixed-rate, closed-end consumer loans for personal, family or household use, such as home equity loans and automobile loans where the primary default risk driver is the borrower's employment status and income;

•Residential mortgages consist of conventional and jumbo mortgage loans, including construction loans, for 1-4 family properties where the primary default risk driver is the borrower's employment status and income;

•Indirect installment is comprised of loans originated by approved third parties and underwritten by us, primarily automobile loans where the primary default risk driver is the borrower's employment status and income; and

•Consumer lines of credit include home equity lines of credit and consumer lines of credit that are either unsecured or secured by collateral other than home equity where the primary default risk driver is the borrower's employment status and income.

The loans and leases portfolio consists principally of loans to individuals and small- and medium-sized businesses within our primary market inseven states and the District of Columbia. Our primary market coverage spans several major metropolitan areas including: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; Cleveland, Ohio; Washington, D.C.; Charlotte, Raleigh, Durham and the Piedmont Triad (Winston-Salem, Greensboro and High Point) in North Carolina; and Charleston, South Carolina.

The following table shows occupancy information relating to commercial real estate loans:

TABLE 4.2

Credit Quality

We monitor the credit quality of our loan portfolio using several performance measures based on payment activity and borrower performance. We use an internal risk rating assigned to a commercial loan or lease at origination, summarized below.

TABLE 4.3

The use of these internally assigned credit quality categories within the commercial loan and lease portfolio permits our use of transition matrices to establish a basis which is then impacted by quantitative inputs from our econometric model forecasts over the R&S period. Our internal credit risk grading system is based on past experiences with similarly graded loans and leases and conforms to regulatory categories. In general, loan and lease risk ratings within each category are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our policy for each class of loans and leases. Each quarter, we analyze the resulting ratings, as well as other external statistics and factors such as delinquency, to track the migration performance of the commercial loan and lease portfolio. Loans and leases within the Pass credit category or that migrate toward the Pass credit category generally have a lower risk of loss compared to loans and leases that migrate toward the Substandard or Doubtful credit categories. Accordingly, we apply higher risk factors to Substandard and Doubtful credit categories.

The following table summarizes the designated loan rating category by loan class including term loans on an amortized cost basis by origination year and year-to-date gross charge-offs by originating year:

TABLE 4.4

We use delinquency transition matrices within the consumer and other loan classes to establish the basis for the R&S forecast portion of the credit risk. Each month, management analyzes payment and volume activity, FICO scores and Debt-to-Income (DTI) scores and other external factors such as unemployment, to determine how consumer loans are performing.

Non-Performing and Past Due

The following table provides an analysis of the aging of loans by class.

TABLE 4.5

Following is a summary of non-performing assets:

TABLE 4.6

The carrying value of residential-secured consumer OREO held as a result of obtaining physical possession upon completion of a foreclosure or through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure amounted to $1.2 million at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The recorded investment of residential-secured consumer OREO for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 totaled $14.9 million and $10.6 million, respectively.

Approximately $167.0 million of commercial loans are collateral dependent at March 31, 2025. Repayment is expected to be substantially made through the operation or sale of the collateral on the loan. These loans are primarily secured by business assets or commercial real estate.

Loan Modifications

During the period, there are loans whose contractual terms have been modified in a manner that grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. These modifications typically result from loss mitigation activities and could include a term extension, interest rate reduction, principal forgiveness and other actions intended to minimize the economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral. Accrued interest receivable on loan modifications totaled $0.02 million and $0.01 million at March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively, and is excluded from the amortized cost of loan modifications in the tables that follow.

The following table shows the amortized cost basis at the end of the reporting period of the loans modified during the period to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class of financing receivable, type of concession granted and the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

TABLE 4.7

Some loan modifications may not ultimately result in the full collection of principal and interest, as modified, and may result in potential incremental losses which are factored into the ACL. There wereno additional funds committed to borrowers whose loans were modified during the first three months of 2025.

Commercial loans over $1.0 million whose terms have been modified may be placed on non-accrual, individually analyzed and measured based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. Our ACL includes specific reserves for commercial loans modified. There were $7.7 million and $8.1 million in specific reserves for commercial loans modified at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and pooled reserves for individual loans of $2.4 million and $1.8 million for those same periods, respectively, based on loan segment LGD. Upon default, the amount of the recorded investment of the modified loan balance in excess of the fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs, is generally considered a confirmed loss and is charged-off against the ACL.

All other classes of loans whose terms have been modified are pooled and measured based on the loan segment LGD. Our ACL included pooled reserves for these classes of loans of $3.7 million and $3.4 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Upon default of an individual loan, our charge-off policy is followed for that class of loan.

Following is a summary of loans modified in a manner that grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties, by class, for which there was a payment default, excluding loans that have been paid off and/or sold. Default occurs when a loan is 90 days or more past due or in non-accrual and is within 12 months of restructuring.

TABLE 4.8

We closely monitor the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of our modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the last 12 months:

TABLE 4.9

NOTE 5. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS AND LEASES

The ACL is maintained for credit losses expected in the existing loan and lease portfolio and is presented as a reserve against loans and leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Loan and lease losses are charged off against the ACL, with recoveries of amounts previously charged off credited to the ACL. Provisions for credit losses are charged to operations based on management’s periodic evaluation of the appropriate level of the ACL.

Following is a summary of changes in the ACL, by loan and lease class:

TABLE 5.1

Following is a summary of changes in the AULC by portfolio segment:

TABLE 5.2

The model used to calculate the ACL is dependent on the portfolio composition and credit quality, as well as historical experience, current conditions and forecasts of economic conditions and interest rates. Specifically, the following considerations are incorporated into the ACL calculation:

•a third-party macroeconomic forecast scenario;

•a 24-month R&S forecast period for macroeconomic factors with a reversion to the historical mean on a straight-line basis over a 12-month period; and

•the historical through-the-cycle mean was calculated using an expanded period to include a prior recessionary period.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we utilized a third-party consensus macroeconomic forecast reflecting the current and projected macroeconomic environment. For our ACL calculation at March 31, 2025, the macroeconomic variables that we utilized included, but were not limited to: (i) the purchase only Housing Price Index, which increases 7.0% over our R&S forecast period, (ii) a Commercial Real Estate Price Index, which increases 4.9% over our R&S forecast period, (iii) S&P Volatility, which increases 25.1% in 2025 and 0% in 2026 and (iv) personal and business bankruptcies, which increase steadily over the R&S forecast period but average below the historical through the cycle period. Macroeconomic variables that we utilized for our ACL calculation as of December 31, 2024 included, but were not limited to: (i) the purchase only Housing Price Index, which increases 7.4% over our R&S forecast period, (ii) a Commercial Real Estate Price Index, which increases 3.9% over our R&S forecast period, (iii) S&P Volatility, which increases 34.9% in 2025 and 2.5% in 2026 and (iv) personal and business bankruptcies, which increase steadily over the R&S forecast period but average below the historical through the cycle period.

The ACL on loans and leases of $428.9 million at March 31, 2025 increased $6.1 million, or 1.4%, from December 31, 2024. Our ending ACL coverage ratio at March 31, 2025 was 1.25%, unchanged from December 31, 2024. Total provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $17.5 million, compared to $13.9 million for the same period of 2024. The first quarter of 2025 reflected net charge-offs of $12.5 million, or 0.15% annualized of average total loans, compared to $12.8 million, or 0.16% annualized, in the first quarter of 2024.

NOTE 6. LOAN SERVICING

Mortgage Loan Servicing

We retain the servicing rights on certain mortgage loans sold. The unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans serviced for others is listed below:

TABLE 6.1

The following table summarizes activity relating to mortgage loans sold with servicing retained:

TABLE 6.2

(1) Recorded in mortgage banking operations on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Following is a summary of activity relating to MSRs:

TABLE 6.3

There was a $0.2 million valuation allowance for MSRs at March 31, 2025 and $0.1 million as of December 31, 2024.

The fair value of MSRs is highly sensitive to changes in assumptions and is determined by estimating the present value of the asset’s future cash flows utilizing market-based prepayment rates, discount rates and other assumptions validated through comparison to trade information, industry surveys and the use of independent third-party valuations. Changes in prepayment speed assumptions have the most significant impact on the fair value of MSRs. Generally, as interest rates decline, mortgage loan prepayments accelerate due to increased refinance activity, which results in a decrease in the fair value of MSRs and as interest rates increase, mortgage loan prepayments decline, which results in an increase in the fair value of MSRs. Measurement of fair value is limited to the conditions existing and the assumptions utilized as of a particular point in time, and those assumptions may not be appropriate if they are applied at a different point in time.

Following is a summary of the sensitivity of the fair value of MSRs to changes in key assumptions:

TABLE 6.4

The sensitivity calculations above are hypothetical and should not be considered to be predictive of future performance. Changes in fair value based on adverse changes in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the changes in assumptions to fair value may not be linear. Also, in this table, the effects of an adverse variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of MSRs is calculated without changing any other assumptions, while, in reality, changes in one factor may result in changing another, which may magnify or contract the effect of the change.

NOTE 7. LEASES

We have operating leases primarily for certain branches, office space, land and office equipment. We have finance leases for certain branches. Our operating leases expire at various dates through the year 2046 and generally includeone or more options to renew. Our finance leases expire at various dates through the year 2051 and generally includeone or more options to renew. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. As of March 31, 2025, we had operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities of $198.5 million and $240.5 million, respectively, including $72.8 million in operating right-of-use assets and $104.3 million in operating lease liabilities with a related party. As of March 31, 2025, we had finance lease right-of-use assets and finance lease liabilities of $34.0 million and $36.5 million, respectively.

Our operating lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As of March 31, 2025, we have certain operating lease agreements, primarily for administrative office space, that are expected to commence in 2025 with lease terms of up to 10 years. At commencement, it is expected that these leases will add approximately $1.9 million in right-of-use assets and $1.9 million in other liabilities. In late 2024, the majority of FNB's Pittsburgh-based employees moved into the new headquarters building, consolidating several offices, subsidiaries and support departments under one roof to create opportunities for continued efficiency, collaboration and productivity enhancements. The related party operating lease is accounted for in a manner consistent with all other leases on the basis of the legally enforceable terms and conditions of the lease and the related party represents a VIE for which we are not the primary beneficiary.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

TABLE 7.1

Other information related to leases is as follows:

TABLE 7.2

Future cash flows of lease liabilities are as follows:

TABLE 7.3

As a lessor we offer commercial leasing services to customers in need of new or used equipment primarily within our market areas of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and West Virginia. Additional information relating to commercial leasing is provided in Note 4, “Loans and Leases” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 8. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

We evaluate our interest in certain entities to determine if these entities meet the definition of a VIE and whether we are the primary beneficiary and required to consolidate the entity based on the variable interest we held both at inception and when there is a change in circumstances that requires a reconsideration.

Unconsolidated VIEs

The following table provides a summary of the assets and liabilities included in our Consolidated Financial Statements, as well as the maximum exposure to losses, associated with our interests related to VIEs for which we hold an interest, but are not the primary beneficiary. Additionally, we have an operating lease with a related party with a maximum exposure to loss of $72.8 million. For further information about this unconsolidated VIE, please see Note 7, "Leases."

TABLE 8.1

Trust-Preferred Securities

We have certain wholly-owned trusts whose assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are not included within our Consolidated Financial Statements. These trusts have been formed for the sole purpose of issuing TPS, from which the proceeds are then invested in our junior subordinated debentures, which are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as junior subordinated debt. The TPS are the obligations of the trusts, and as such, are not consolidated within our Consolidated Financial Statements. For additional information relating to our TPS, see Note 9, “Borrowings” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Each issue of the junior subordinated debentures has an interest rate equal to the corresponding TPS distribution rate. We have the right to defer payment of interest on the debentures at any time, or from time-to-time for a period not exceeding five years provided that no extension period may extend beyond the stated maturity of the related debentures. During any such extension period, distributions to the TPS will also be deferred and our ability to pay dividends on our common stock will be restricted. Periodic cash payments and payments upon liquidation or redemption with respect to TPS are guaranteed by us to the extent of funds held by the trusts. The guarantee ranks subordinate and junior in right of payment to all our indebtedness to the same extent as the junior subordinated debt. The guarantee does not place a limitation on the amount of additional indebtedness that may be incurred by us.

Affordable Housing, Historic and New Market Tax Credit Partnerships

We make equity investments as a limited partner in various partnerships of affordable housing (LIHTC), historic tax credit (HTC) and new market tax credit (NMTC) programs pursuant to Sections 42, 47 and 45d of the Internal Revenue Code, respectively. The purpose of many of these investments is to support initiatives associated with the Community Reinvestment Act while earning a satisfactory return. The activities of the LIHTC partnerships include the development and operation of multi-family housing that is leased to qualifying residential tenants. HTC partnerships allow us to make investments in projects that involve the rehabilitation of historic structures, often combining our investments with bank financing. NMTC partnerships are designed to channel investments into distressed communities, fostering community development and stimulating economic growth. These tax credit partnerships are generally located in communities where we have a banking presence and meet the definition of a VIE; however, we are not the primary beneficiary of the entities, as the general partner or managing member has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities and the obligation to absorb losses beyond our own equity investment.

We apply the proportional amortization method of accounting for our investments in LIHTC, HTC and NMTC partnerships. We record our investment in tax credit partnerships as a component of other assets.

The following table presents the balances of our LIHTC, HTC and NMTC investments and related unfunded commitments:

TABLE 8.2

The following table summarizes the impact of these tax credit investments on the provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Income:

TABLE 8.3

Other Investments

Other investments we also consider to be unconsolidated VIEs include investments in Small Business Investment Companies and other equity method investments.

NOTE 9. BORROWINGS

Following is a summary of short-term borrowings:

TABLE 9.1

Borrowings with original maturities of one year or less are classified as short-term. Securities sold under repurchase agreements are comprised of customer repurchase agreements, which are sweep accounts with next-day maturities utilized by larger commercial customers to earn interest on their funds. Securities are pledged to these customers in an amount at least equal to the outstanding balance. Of the total short-term FHLB advances, $525.0 million, or 51.2%, had overnight maturities as of March 31, 2025, compared to $335.0 million, or 57.3%, as of December 31, 2024. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, none of the short-term FHLB advances were swapped to fixed rates. Federal funds purchased are overnight funds borrowed from other financial institutions. Subordinated notes are unsecured and subordinated to our other indebtedness. The short-term subordinated notes mature withinone year.

Following is a summary of long-term borrowings:

TABLE 9.2

Our banking affiliate has available credit with the FHLB of $12.2 billion, of which $2.3 billion was utilized and included in short-term and long-term borrowings and $650.0 million was utilized for letters of credit for pledging of public funds as of March 31, 2025. These advances are secured by $17.0 billion of loans collateralized by residential mortgages, home equity lines of credit, commercial real estate and FHLB stock. The short-term borrowings are scheduled to mature in various amounts periodically during 2025 while the long-term borrowings are scheduled to mature periodically through 2028. Effective interest rates paid on long-term fixed rate FHLB advances held during 2025 ranged from 3.69% to 4.69% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 3.69% and 4.88% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The effective interest rate paid on variable rate long-term FHLB advances was Overnight SOFR plus an average spread of 35 basis points for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to an average spread of 34 basis points for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following table provides information relating to our senior notes and other subordinated debt as of March 31, 2025. The subordinated notes are eligible for treatment as tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes.

TABLE 9.3

(1) Fixed rate until December 11, 2029, at which time it converts to a floating rate determined by the Compounded SOFR plus 193 basis points.

(2) Floating rate effective February 14, 2024, determined by the Benchmark Replacement (three-month Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) term SOFR plus a tenor spread adjustment of 26 basis points) plus 240 basis points.

(3) Floating rate effective December 6, 2023, determined by the Benchmark Replacement (three-month CME term SOFR plus a tenor spread adjustment of 26 basis points) plus 302 basis points.

(4) Fixed rate until May 29, 2025, at which time it converts to a floating rate determined by three-month SOFR plus 464 basis points.

(5) Assumed from an acquisition and adjusted to fair value at the time of acquisition.

(6) After deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs. For the debt assumed from acquisitions, this is the fair value of the debt at the time of the acquisition.

The junior subordinated debt is comprised of the debt securities issued by FNB, or companies we acquired, in relation to ourfour unconsolidated subsidiary trusts (collectively, the Trusts), which are unconsolidated VIEs, and are included on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in long-term borrowings. Since third-party investors are the primary beneficiaries, the Trusts are not consolidated in our Financial Statements. We record the distributions on the junior subordinated debt issued to the Trusts as interest expense.

The following table provides information relating to the Trusts as of March 31, 2025:

TABLE 9.4

The SOFR rate used for the rate reset factors in the above table is the Benchmark Replacement (three-month CME term SOFR plus a tenor spread adjustment of 26 basis points).

Other Credit Availability

Our banking affiliate has additional unused other wholesale credit availability of $6.3 billion as of March 31, 2025.

NOTE 10. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

We are exposed to certain risks arising from both our business operations and economic conditions. We principally manage our exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of our core business activities. We manage economic risks, including interest rate risk, primarily by managing the amount, source, and duration of our assets and liabilities, and through the use of derivative instruments. Derivative instruments are used to reduce the effects that changes in interest rates may have on net income and cash flows. We also use derivative instruments to facilitate transactions on behalf of our customers.

All derivatives are carried on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value and do not take into account the effects of master netting arrangements we have with other financial institutions. Credit risk is included in the determination of the estimated fair value of derivatives. Derivative assets are reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in other assets while derivative liabilities are reported in other liabilities. Cash flow activity relating to derivative assets and derivative liabilities is reported in the other, net line in operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Changes in fair value are recognized in earnings except for certain changes related to derivative instruments designated as part of a cash flow hedging relationship, which are recognized in other comprehensive income.

The following table presents notional amounts and gross fair values of our derivative assets and derivative liabilities which are not offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

TABLE 10.1

Certain derivative exchanges have enacted a rule change which in effect results in the legal characterization of variation margin payments for certain derivative contracts as settlement of the derivatives mark-to-market exposure and not collateral. Accordingly, we have changed our reporting of certain derivatives to record variation margin on trades cleared through these exchanges as settled. The daily settlement of the derivative exposure does not change or reset the contractual terms of the instrument.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments under GAAP

Interest Rate Contracts. We entered into interest rate derivative agreements to modify the interest rate characteristics of certain commercial loans and certain of our FHLB advances from variable rate to fixed rate in order to reduce the impact of changes in future cash flows due to market interest rate changes. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges, in the form of interest rate swaps and collars, hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows. The derivative’s gain or loss, including any ineffectiveness, is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction when the forecasted transaction affects earnings.

The following table shows amounts reclassified from AOCI:

TABLE 10.2

The following table represents gains (losses) recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income on cash flow hedging relationships:

TABLE 10.3

As of March 31, 2025, the maximum length of time over which forecasted interest cash flows are hedged is 4.8 years. In thetwelve months that follow March 31, 2025, we expect to reclassify from the amount currently reported in AOCI net derivative losses of $8.1 million ($6.3 million net of tax), in association with interest on the hedged loans. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, and the addition of other hedges subsequent to March 31, 2025.

There wereno components of derivative gains or losses excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness related to these cash flow hedges. Also, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, there wereno gains or losses from cash flow hedge derivatives reclassified to earnings because it became probable that the original forecasted transactions would not occur.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments under GAAP

A description of interest rate swaps, interest rate lock commitments, forward delivery commitments and credit risk contracts can be found in Note 16, "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025.

Interest rate swap agreements with loan customers and with the offsetting counterparties are reported at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets with any resulting gain or loss recorded in current period earnings as other income or other expense.

Risk participation agreements sold with notional amounts totaling $577 million as of March 31, 2025 have remaining terms ranging from five months to 16 years. Under these agreements, our maximum exposure assuming a customer defaults on their obligation to perform under certain derivative swap contracts with third parties would be $0 at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The fair values of risk participation agreements purchased and sold were $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, at March 31, 2025 and $0.1 million and $0, respectively, at December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the effect of certain derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Income:

TABLE 10.4

Counterparty Credit Risk

We are party to master netting arrangements with most of our swap derivative dealer counterparties. Collateral, usually marketable securities and/or cash, is exchanged between FNB and our counterparties, and is generally subject to thresholds and transfer minimums. For swap transactions that require central clearing, we post cash and securities to our clearing agency. Collateral positions are settled or valued daily, and adjustments to amounts received and pledged by us are made as appropriate to maintain proper collateralization for these transactions.

Certain master netting agreements contain provisions that, if violated, could cause the counterparties to request immediate settlement or demand full collateralization under the derivative instrument. If we had breached our agreements with our derivative counterparties we would be required to settle our obligations under the agreements at the termination value and would be required to payno thing as of March 31, 2025 and $0.2 million as of December 31, 2024, in excess of amounts previously posted as collateral with the respective counterparty.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the net amounts of derivative assets and derivative liabilities presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the net amounts that would result in the event of offset: Swap derivative transactions with customers are generally secured by rights to non-financial collateral, such as real and personal property, which is not shown in the table below.

TABLE 10.5

NOTE 11. COMMITMENTS, CREDIT RISK AND CONTINGENCIES

We have commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit that involve certain elements of credit risk in excess of the amount stated in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our exposure to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the customer is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The credit risk associated with commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans and leases to customers and is subject to normal credit policies. Since many of these commitments expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements.

Following is a summary of off-balance sheet credit risk information:

TABLE 11.1

At March 31, 2025, funding of 82.1% of the commitments to extend credit was dependent on the financial condition of the customer. We have the ability to withdraw such commitments at our discretion. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer, collateral may be deemed necessary. Collateral requirements vary and may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment and income-producing commercial properties.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by us that may require payment at a future date. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is actively monitored through review of the historical performance of our portfolios.

Our AULC for commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable, which is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, was $20.3 million at March 31, 2025 and $21.4 million at December 31, 2024. Additional information relating to the AULC is provided in Note 5, "Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

In addition to the above commitments, subordinated notes issued by FNB Financial Services, LP, a wholly-owned finance subsidiary, are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by FNB. These subordinated notes are included in the summaries of short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings in Note 9, “Borrowings” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, we may assert claims in legal proceedings against another party or parties, and likewise may be named as defendants in, or made parties to, pending and potential legal actions. Also, as regulated entities, we are subject to governmental and regulatory examinations, information-gathering requests, and may be subject to investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal). Such asserted or threatened claims, litigation, investigations, inquiries, regulatory and administrative proceedings typically entail matters that are considered incidental to the normal conduct of business. Claims for significant monetary damages may be asserted in many of these types of legal actions, while claims for disgorgement, reimbursement, restitution, penalties and/or other remedial actions or sanctions may be sought in regulatory matters. In these instances, if we determine that we have meritorious defenses, we will engage in an aggressive defense. However, if management determines, in consultation with counsel, that settlement of a matter is in the best interest of FNB and our shareholders, we may do so. It is inherently difficult to predict the eventual outcomes of such matters given their complexity and the particular facts and circumstances at issue in each of these matters. However, on the basis of our current knowledge and understanding, and advice of counsel, we do not believe that judgments, sanctions, settlement resolutions, regulatory actions, investigations, inquiries, settlements or orders, if any, that have arisen or may arise from these matters (either individually or in the aggregate, after giving effect to applicable reserves and insurance coverage) will have a material adverse effect on our financial position or liquidity, although they could potentially have a material effect on net income in a given period.

In view of the inherent unpredictability of outcomes in litigation and governmental and regulatory matters, particularly where (i) the damages sought are indeterminate, (ii) the proceedings are in the early stages, or (iii) the matters involve novel legal theories or a large number of parties, as a matter of course, there is considerable uncertainty surrounding the timing or ultimate resolution of litigation and governmental and regulatory matters, including a possible eventual loss, financial or other commitments, fine, restitution, penalty, business or adverse reputational impact, if any, associated with each such matter. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, we establish accruals for litigation and governmental and regulatory matters when those matters proceed to a stage where they present loss contingencies that are both probable and reasonably estimable. In such cases, there may be a possible exposure to loss in excess of any amounts accrued. We will continue to monitor such matters, including ongoing reviews, examinations, and investigations by banking regulatory agencies and other government authorities, for developments that could affect the amount of the accrual, and will adjust the accrual amount as appropriate. If the loss contingency in question is not both probable and reasonably estimable, we do not establish an accrual and the matter will continue to be monitored for any developments that would make the loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. We believe that our accruals for legal proceedings are appropriate and, in the aggregate, are not material to our consolidated financial position, although future accruals could have a material effect on net income in a given period.

On February 5, 2024, we announced that Yadkin Bank and its successor by merger, FNBPA, reached a settlement with the DOJ and the State of North Carolina to resolve their fair lending concerns, which FNBPA disputes, related to the assessment of mortgage lending activities during afour-year period in the Winston-Salem and Charlotte, North Carolina markets that began prior to Yadkin’s merger with FNBPA in March 2017. The settlement includes FNBPA's commitment to provide $11.75 million in subsidies on mortgages and home equity loans originated in the Charlotte and Winston-Salem, North Carolina markets beginning in 2024, continuing until the full amount has been deployed. This subsidy amount is part of our existing, previously announced commitment to underserved communities, including the Winston-Salem and Charlotte markets. Importantly, the settlement was not initiated through a referral by a federal bank regulatory agency or consumer complaint, and included no civil money penalties levied against FNBPA.

NOTE 12. STOCK INCENTIVE PLANS

Restricted Stock

We issue restricted stock unit awards to key employees under our Incentive Compensation Plan (Plan). We issue time-based awards and performance-based awards under this Plan, both of which are based on athree-year vesting period. The grant date fair value of the time-based awards is equal to the price of our common stock on the grant date. The fair value of the performance-based awards is based on a Monte-Carlo simulation valuation of our common stock as of the grant date. The assumptions used for this valuation include stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. We granted 518,654 and 546,838 restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, including 311,194 and 328,104 performance-based restricted stock units during those same periods, respectively. We have shareholder approval under the Plan to issue up to 14,000,000 shares of common stock. As of March 31, 2025, we had 8,304,879 remaining shares available for awards under the Plan.

The unvested restricted stock unit awards are eligible to receive cash dividends or dividend equivalents which are ultimately used to purchase additional shares of stock and are subject to forfeiture if the requisite service period is not completed or the specified performance criteria are not met. These awards are subject to certain accelerated vesting provisions upon retirement, death, disability or in the event of a change in control as defined in the award agreements.

The following table summarizes the activity relating to restricted stock units during the periods indicated:

TABLE 12.1

The following table provides certain information related to restricted stock units:

TABLE 12.2

As of March 31, 2025, there was $8.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units.

The components of the restricted stock units as of March 31, 2025 are as follows:

TABLE 12.3

NOTE 13. INCOME TAXES

Income Tax Expense

Federal and state income tax expense and the statutory tax rate and the actual effective tax rate consist of the following:

TABLE 13.1

Income tax expense was lower for the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily due to lower pre-tax earnings.

Deferred Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid. Net deferred tax assets were $34.8 million and $57.9 million at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

NOTE 14. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table presents changes in AOCI, net of tax, by component:

TABLE 14.1

The amounts reclassified from AOCI related to debt securities AFS are included in net securities gains (losses) on the Consolidated Statements of Income, while the amounts reclassified from AOCI related to derivative instruments in cash flow hedge programs are generally included in interest income on loans and leases on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The tax (benefit) expense amounts reclassified from AOCI in connection with the debt securities AFS and derivative instruments reclassifications are included in income taxes on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

NOTE 15. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

Basic earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding net of unvested shares of restricted stock.

Diluted earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding, adjusted for the dilutive effect of potential common shares issuable for stock options and restricted shares, as calculated using the treasury stock method. Adjustments to the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding are made only when such adjustments dilute earnings per common share.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share:

TABLE 15.1

There wereno anti-dilutive shares for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 16. CASH FLOW INFORMATION

Following is a summary of supplemental cash flow information:

TABLE 16.1

We didnot have any restricted cash as of March 31, 2025 and 2024.

NOTE 17. BUSINESS SEGMENTS

We operate inthree reportable segments: Community Banking, Wealth Management and Insurance.

•The Community Banking segment provides commercial and consumer banking services. Commercial banking solutions include corporate banking, small business banking, investment real estate financing, business credit, capital markets and lease financing. Consumer banking products and services include deposit products, mortgage lending, consumer lending and a complete suite of mobile and online banking services.

•The Wealth Management segment provides a broad range of personal and corporate fiduciary services including the administration of decedent and trust estates. In addition, it offers various alternative products, including securities brokerage (under a third-party arrangement) and investment advisory services, mutual funds and annuities.

•The Insurance segment includes a full-service insurance brokerage service offering all lines of commercial and personal insurance through major carriers. The Insurance segment also includes a reinsurer.

The interim segmentation and measurement basis for segment profit and loss as of March 31, 2025 is consistent to December 31, 2024.

The following table provides financial information for these segments of FNB. The information provided under the caption “Parent and Other” represents operations not considered to be reportable segments and/or general operating expenses of FNB, and includes the parent company, other non-bank subsidiaries and eliminations and adjustments to reconcile to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

TABLE 17.1

(1) The assets under administration are not held on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

NOTE 18. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Refer to Note 26, "Fair Value Measurements" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025 for a description of additional valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis.

The following table presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

TABLE 18.1

The following table presents additional information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:

TABLE 18.2

We review fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in/out of Level 3 at fair value at the beginning of the period in which the changes occur. During the first three months of 2025, $5.6 million was transferred to loans receivable measured using the fair value option at Level 3, compared to $46.5 million during the first three months of 2024.

From time to time, we measure certain assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of the lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Valuation methodologies used to measure these fair value adjustments were described in Note 26, "Fair Value Measurements" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. For assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis still held at the Balance Sheet date, the following table provides the hierarchy level and the fair value of the related assets or portfolios:

TABLE 18.3

The fair value amounts for collateral dependent loans and OREO in the table above were estimated at a date during the three months or twelve months ended March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Consequently, the fair value information presented is not necessarily as of the period’s end. Collateral dependent loans measured or re-measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2025 had a carrying amount of $112.0 million, which includes an allocated ACL of $23.1 million. The ACL includes a provision applicable to the current period fair value measurements of $9.8 million, which was included in provision for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

MSRs measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis had a carrying value of $18.7 million, and a valuation allowance of $0.2 million as of March 31, 2025. The valuation allowance includes a provision of $0.1 million included in earnings for 2025.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Refer to Note 26, "Fair Value Measurements" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025 for a description of methods and assumptions that were used to estimate the fair value of each financial instrument.

The fair values of our financial instruments are as follows:

TABLE 18.4