CITIZENS INC

CITIZENS, INC.

December 31, 2024 | 10-K 65

CITIZENS, INC.

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

Cash paid for income taxes during 2024 and 2023 was $0.5 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

During 2024 and 2023, various fixed maturity issuers exchanged securities with book values of $3.7 million and $5.4 million, respectively, for securities of equal value.

The Company recognized right-of-use assets of $0.1 million in exchange for new operating lease liabilities during 2023 andnone during 2024.

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(1) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND CONSOLIDATION

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Citizens, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP").

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of Citizens, Inc. ("Citizens" or the "Company"), a Colorado corporation, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CICA Life Insurance Company of America ("CICA Domestic"), CICA Life Ltd. ("CICA Bermuda"), Security Plan Life Insurance Company ("SPLIC"), Security Plan Fire Insurance Company ("SPFIC"), Magnolia Guaranty Life Insurance Company ("MGLIC"), Computing Technology, Inc. ("CTI"), Nexo Global Services LLC, a Puerto Rico holding company ("Nexo") and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CICA Life A.I., a Puerto Rico company ("CICA International") and Nexo Enrollment Services LLC, a Puerto Rico service company ("NES"). All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Citizens and its wholly-owned subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the "Company," "we," "it," "us," or "our".

Our Life Insurance segment operates through CICA Domestic and CICA International.

CICA Domestic. Prior to July 1, 2023, our domestic life insurance business operated through CICA Domestic and Citizens National Life Insurance Company ("CNLIC"). CNLIC merged into CICA Domestic on July 1, 2023. CICA Domestic issues primarily whole life, final expense and life products with living benefits throughout the U.S.

CICA International. Until December 31, 2022, our international life insurance business operated through CICA Bermuda. Beginning January 1, 2023, all new international policies are issued by CICA International and on August 31, 2023, CICA Bermuda transferred all of its insurance in force business to CICA International. CICA International offers U.S. dollar-denominated products to non-U.S. residents/citizens internationally, including endowment products, which are principally accumulation contracts that incorporate an element of life insurance protection and whole life insurance. These contracts are designed to provide a fixed amount of insurance coverage over the life of the insured and may utilize rider benefits to provide additional increasing or decreasing coverage and annuity benefits to enhance accumulations.

NES provides services to policyholders of CICA International.

Our Home Service Insurance segment operates through our subsidiaries SPLIC and MGLIC, and focuses on the life insurance needs of the middle- and lower-income markets, primarily in Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas. Our products in this segment consist primarily of small face amount whole life, industrial life and pre-need policies, which are designed to fund final expenses for the insured, primarily consisting of funeral and burial costs. SPLIC also issues critical illness policies. Prior to June 30, 2023, SPFIC issued dwelling and contents property insurance policies. As of June 30, 2023, the Company ceased all operations for SPFIC and SPFIC was dissolved in 2024.

CTI provides data processing systems and services to the Company.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

INVESTMENTS

Investment securities are classified as held-to-maturity ("HTM"), available-for-sale ("AFS") or trading. Management determines the appropriate classification at the time of purchase. The classification of securities is significant since it directly impacts the accounting for unrealized gains and losses on securities. Fixed maturity securities are classified as HTM and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and the Company has the ability to hold the securities to maturity. Securities classified as AFS are carried at fair value, with the unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other comprehensive income (loss) and are not reported in earnings until realized. Our fixed maturity securities consist primarily of bonds classified as AFS. The Company does not classify any fixed maturity securities as trading or as HTM. Equity securities are measured at fair value with the change in fair value recorded through the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

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Unrealized gains (losses) of fixed maturity securities held as AFS are shown as a separate component of stockholders' equity, net of tax, and is a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss).

The Company assesses AFS fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position for expected credit losses. First, we assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost. If either of the criteria is met, the security's amortized cost is written down to its fair value. For AFS fixed maturity securities that do not meet either criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If management deems a credit loss has occurred, the impairment is recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a write-down. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded through investment related gains and losses. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on our consolidated balance sheets.

The Company made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost of AFS fixed maturity securities and report accrued interest separately in accrued investment income on the consolidated balance sheets. AFS fixed maturity securities are placed on non-accrual status when we no longer expect to receive all contractual amounts due. Accrued interest receivable is reversed against interest income when a security is placed on non-accrual status. Accordingly, we do not recognize an allowance for credit loss against accrued interest receivable.

Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the related security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Realized gains and losses are included in earnings and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold.

The Company from time to time may dispose of an impaired security in response to asset/liability management decisions, future market movements, business plan changes, or if the net proceeds can be reinvested at a rate of return that is expected to recover the loss within a reasonable period of time.

Policy loans are reported at unpaid principal balances.

Other long-term investments consist primarily of investments in limited partnerships, Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") common stock and mortgage loans. We initially estimate the fair value of investments in limited partnerships by reference to the transaction price. Subsequently, we obtain the fair value of these investments from net asset value information provided by the general partner or manager of the investments, the financial statements of which are audited annually. Recognition of investment income on these funds is delayed due to the availability of the related financial statements, which are generally obtained from the partnerships' general partners. As a result, our limited partnerships are generally reported on a three-month delay.

We are a member of the FHLB of Dallas and such membership requires members to own stock in the FHLB. Our FHLB stock is carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

Mortgage loans on real estate are reported at unpaid principal balances.

The Company had restricted cash equivalents and fixed maturity securities with an aggregate fair value of $7.9 million and $8.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, on deposit with various state regulatory authorities to fulfill statutory requirements.

SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS

The Company considers investments maturing within one year at acquisition as short-term. These securities are carried at fair value.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Cash consists of balances on hand and on deposit in banks and financial institutions. Cash equivalents consists of securities whose duration does not exceed 90 days at the date of acquisition. Restricted cash represents amounts

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on deposit with state regulatory authorities noted above and our appeal bond discussed in Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies.

REINSURANCE RECOVERABLE

Reinsurance recoverable includes expected reimbursements for policyholder claim amounts in excess of the Company's retention, as well as profit sharing and experience refund accruals. Reinsurance recoverable is reduced for estimated uncollectible amounts, if any.

Reinsurance premiums, benefits and expenses are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. The cost of reinsurance related to long duration contracts is accounted for over the life of the underlying reinsured policies using assumptions consistent with those used to account for the underlying policies. The cost of reinsurance related to short duration contracts is accounted for over the coverage period. Profit-sharing and similar adjustable provisions are accrued based on the experience of the underlying policies.

DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

Deferred policy acquisition costs (“DAC”) are costs that are incremental and directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. Such costs include the incremental direct costs of contract acquisition, such as sales commissions; the portion of employees’ total compensation and payroll-related fringe benefits related directly to time spent performing acquisition activities, such as underwriting, issuing and processing policies for contracts that have actually been acquired; and other costs related directly to acquisition activities that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been acquired.

Contracts are grouped by contract type and issue year into cohorts consistent with the grouping used in estimating the associated liability. DAC is amortized on a constant level basis for the grouped contracts over the expected term of the related contracts to approximate straight-line amortization. For the Life Insurance segment, the constant level basis used is policy count in force. For the Home Service Insurance segment, the constant level basis used is face amount in force. The constant level bases used for amortization are projected using mortality and lapse assumptions that are based on the Company’s experience, industry data, and other factors at the end of each reporting period and are consistent with those used for the liability for future policy benefit life reserves. Annually, the Company completes experience studies with respect to mortality and lapse assumptions. If those assumptions are updated, the DAC amortization basis is recalculated and the effect of the assumption change will be reflected in the cohort level amortization in future periods.

Inherent in the capitalization and amortization of DAC are certain management judgments about what acquisition costs are deferred, the ending asset balance and the annual amortization. Approximately 93% of our capitalized DAC are attributed to first year and renewal excess commissions. The remaining 7% are attributed to other costs that vary with and are directly related to the successful acquisition of new insurance business. Those costs generally include costs related to the production, underwriting and issuance of new business.

Amortization of DAC is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The DAC balance on the consolidated balance sheets is reduced for actual experience in excess of expected experience. Changes in future estimates are recognized prospectively over the remaining expected contract term.

COST OF INSURANCE ACQUIRED

The Company recognizes an intangible asset that arises in the application of U.S. GAAP purchase accounting as the difference between the reported value and the fair value of insurance contract liabilities, or comparable amounts determined in purchased insurance business combinations. This intangible asset is referred to as the Cost of Insurance Acquired (“COIA”), which is amortized on a basis consistent with DAC, such that it is amortized in proportion to policies in force for the Life Insurance segment and face amount in force for the Home Service Insurance segment to approximate straight-line amortization.

A recoverability test that considers, among other things, actual experience and projected future experience is performed at least annually. These annual recoverability tests are based initially on an estimate of the available premium (gross premium less the benefit and expense portion of premium) for the next 50 years. Management

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believes that our COIA is recoverable for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. This belief is based upon the analysis performed on estimated future results of the block and our annual recoverability testing.

The value of COIA resulting from our various acquisitions was determined based on the present value of future profits discounted at annual rates ranging from 3.7% to 8.5%.

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the useful lives of the assets, ranging from three years tothirty years.

The following is a summary of property and equipment.

The Company has several lease agreements for real estate and equipment, such as its corporate home office, Puerto Rico service center and several district office locations related to our Home Service Insurance segment. The Company recognizes these lease agreements on the consolidated balance sheets as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. The Company uses its estimated incremental borrowing rate, which is derived from information available at lease commencement date, in determining the present value of lease payments.

FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS AND EXPENSES

As premium revenue is recognized, a liability for future policy benefits, which is the present value of estimated future policy benefits to be paid to or on behalf of policyholders less the present value of estimated future net premiums to be collected from policyholders, is accrued. The liability is estimated using current assumptions that include discount rate, mortality and lapses. These current assumptions are based on judgements that consider the Company’s historical experience, industry data, and other factors.

Our traditional and limited-payment contracts are grouped into cohorts by contract type and issue year. Our reporting cohorts are (i) Permanent, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable over the lifetime of the policy, and (ii) Permanent Limited Pay, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable for a limited time after which the policy is fully paid up. Both reporting cohorts include whole life and endowment policies. The liability is adjusted for differences between actual and expected experience. The Company reviews its historical cash flow assumptions quarterly and in the third quarter of the year, the Company reviews its future cash flow assumptions. The net premium ratio used to calculate the liability is updated each quarter based on the current period's actual experience relative to expected experience. The revised net premium ratio is used to derive an updated liability for future policy benefits as of the beginning of the current reporting period, discounted at the locked-in discount rate. This amount is then compared to the carrying amount of the liability as of that same date, before the updating of cash flow assumptions, to determine the current period change in liability estimate. The current period change in the liability is the policyholder liability remeasurement gain or loss and is presented as a separate component of total insurance benefits paid or provided in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). In subsequent periods, the revised net premiums are used to measure the liability for future policy benefits, subject to future revisions.

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For traditional and limited-payment contracts, the current discount rate assumption is a yield curve that equals the yield of an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument, based on A-quality corporate bonds. The Company selects fixed-income instruments that have been A rated by one of the major credit rating agencies, such as Moody’s or Standard & Poor’s. The current discount rate assumption is updated quarterly and used to remeasure the liability at the reporting date, with the resulting change reflected in other comprehensive income. For liability cash flows that are projected beyond the duration of market-observable A credit-rated fixed-income instruments, the Company uses the last market-observable yield level and linear interpolation to determine yield assumptions for durations that do not have market observable yields. The locked-in discount rate for policies issued prior to transition equals the rate set at contract issuance. For current year issues, the locked-in discount rate is the average of the current year quarterly discount rates and will change throughout the year as new discount rates are calculated, with the change reflected in net income.

The accrued account balance for non-traditional life insurance and investment contracts is computed as deposits net of withdrawals made by the contract holder, plus amounts credited based on contract specifications, less contract fees and charges assessed, plus any additional interest. Annuity interest crediting rates range from 2.5% to 5.5% annually. Benefits and expenses are charged against the account balance to recognize costs as incurred over the estimated lives of the contracts. Expenses include interest credited to contract account balances and benefits paid in excess of contract account balances.

Unpaid claims on accident and health policies represent the estimated liability for benefit expenses, both reported but not paid and incurred but not reported to the Company. The liability for incurred but not reported claims includes estimates for additional unreported claim amounts due derived from previously reported claims. Liabilities for unpaid claims are estimated using individual case basis valuations and statistical analysis. Those estimates are subject to the effects of trends in claim severity and frequency.

Anticipated investment income is not considered in determining whether a premium deficiency exists with respect to short-duration contracts. Premium deposits accrue interest at rates ranging from 1.5% to 6.0% per annum. The cost of insurance is included in the premium when collected and interest is credited annually to deposit accounts.

DEFERRED PROFIT LIABILITY

For limited-payment products, gross premiums received in excess of net premiums are deferred at initial recognition as a deferred profit liability (“DPL”). Gross premiums are measured using assumptions consistent with those used in the measurement of the liability for future policy benefit life reserves, including discount rate, mortality and lapses.

The DPL is amortized and recognized in net income within the increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves. The amortization basis for the DPL is the present value of insurance in force for life insurance contracts. Interest is accreted on the balance of the DPL using the locked-in discount rate. The Company reviews and updates its estimates of cash flows for the DPL at the same time as the estimates of cash flows for the liability for future policy benefit life reserves. The DPL is updated each quarter based on the current period's actual experience relative to expected experience with the changes recorded within the increase (decrease) in future policy benefit reserves in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). On the consolidated balance sheets, DPL is recorded as a component of the liability for future policy benefit life reserves.

PARTICIPATING POLICIES

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, participating business approximated 46% and 51%, respectively, of direct life insurance in force.

Policyholder dividends are determined based on the discretion of the board of directors of the policy issuing subsidiary. Policyholder dividends are accrued over the premium paying periods of the insurance contract.

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CONTINGENCIES

An estimated loss from a contingency is accrued and charged to results of operations only if both of the following conditions are met:

1. Information available prior to the issuance of the consolidated financial statements indicates that it is probable (virtual certainty is not required) that an asset has been impaired or a liability incurred as of the date of the consolidated financial statements; and

2. The amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

Reasonable estimation of a possible loss does not require estimating a single amount of the loss. It requires that a loss be accrued if it can be estimated within a range. If an amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, that amount is accrued. If no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.

PREMIUM REVENUE AND RELATED EXPENSES

Premiums on life policies are recognized as earned when due. Premiums paid in advance on the consolidated balance sheets are held on deposit and accrue interest at rates ranging from 1.5% to 6.0% until such time as the premiums become due. Premiums on accident and health policies are recognized as revenue over the contract period on a pro rata basis. Benefits and expenses are associated with earned premiums resulting in the recognition of profits over the estimated lives of the contracts. This matching is accomplished by means of a provision for future policy benefits and the capitalization and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and amortization of deferred profit liability for limited pay plans.

Annuity policies, primarily flexible premium fixed annuity products, are accounted for in a manner consistent with accounting for interest bearing financial instruments. Premium receipts are not reported as revenue, rather as deposit liabilities to annuity contracts. The annuity products issued do not include fees or other such charges. Reserves are set up for surrenders and death benefits. Acquisition costs and premium loads are capitalized and amortized.

STOCK COMPENSATION

The Company accounts for stock compensation arrangements using a fair-value based method. The Company determines the fair value of performance-based and restricted stock unit awards on the date of grant.

The fair value of time-based awards is recognized over the period during which an award holder is required to provide services in exchange for the award, know as the requisite service period, which is typically the vesting period using the straight-line method. The Company records forfeitures and adjusts compensation expense on stock-based awards in the period they occur.

INCOME TAXES

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered.

A deferred tax asset is recorded only if a determination is made that it is more likely than not that the tax treatment on which the deferred tax asset depends will be sustained in the event of an audit. These determinations inherently involve management's judgment. In addition, the Company must record a tax valuation allowance with respect to deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that the tax benefit will not be realized.

The Company releases stranded tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive income on an aggregate portfolio basis.

EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share are

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computed under the if-converted method for convertible securities and the treasury stock method for warrants, giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock, including options, warrants and convertible/redeemable preferred stock. The basic and diluted earnings per share of Class B common stock are one half the earnings per share of the Class A common stock. We hold 100% of our Class B common stock in treasury.

USE OF ESTIMATES

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Significant estimates include those used in the evaluation of credit losses on fixed maturity securities, actuarially determined assets and liabilities and assumptions, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets and contingencies relating to litigation and regulatory matters. Certain of these estimates are particularly sensitive to market conditions, and deterioration and/or volatility in the worldwide debt or equity markets could have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

RECLASSIFICATIONS

Certain amounts presented in prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ADOPTED

On November 27, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This amendment expands a public entity's segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, clarifying when an entity may report one or more additional measures to assess segment performance, requiring enhanced interim disclosures, providing new disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and requiring other new disclosures. The amendments became effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. As this ASU only requires additional disclosures about the Company's operating segments, there was no material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which is intended to enhance the transparency, decision usefulness and effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in this ASU require a public entity to disclose a tabular tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and currency, with specific categories. A public entity is also required to provide a qualitative description of the state and local jurisdictions that make up the majority of the effect of the state and local income tax category and the net amount of income taxes paid, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and also disaggregated by individual jurisdictions. The amendments also remove certain disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial. The amendments are effective prospectively for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Company adopted this pronouncement at December 31, 2024 using the retrospective approach. As this ASU only requires additional disclosures about the Company's taxes, there was no material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS NOT YET ADOPTED

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which is intended to enhance expense disclosures by requiring additional disaggregation of certain costs and expenses, on an interim and annual basis, within the footnotes to the financial statements. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. While this ASU will impact only our disclosures and not our financial condition and results of operations, we are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.

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No other new accounting pronouncement issued or effective during 2024 had, or is expected to have, a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

(2) INVESTMENTS

The Company invests primarily in fixed maturity securities, which totaled 86.0% of total cash and invested assets at December 31, 2024.

The following tables represents the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of fixed maturity securities as of the dates indicated.

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The Company's investments in equity securities are shown below.

VALUATION OF INVESTMENTS

AFS fixed maturity securities are reported in the consolidated financial statements at fair value. Equity securities are measured at fair value with the change in fair value recorded through net income (loss). The Company recognized net investment related gains of $0.2 million on equity securities held for the year ended December 31, 2024 and losses of $0.2 million on equity securities held for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company monitors all AFS fixed maturity securities on an on-going basis relative to changes in credit ratings, market prices, earnings trends and financial performance, in addition to specific region or industry reviews. The Company evaluates whether a credit impairment exists for fixed maturity securities by considering primarily the following factors: (a) changes in the financial condition of the security's underlying collateral; (b) whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments; (c) changes in the financial condition, credit rating and near-term prospects of the issuer; and (d) the payment structure of the security. The Company's best estimate of expected future cash flows used to determine the credit loss amount is a quantitative and qualitative process. Quantitative review includes information received from third-party sources such as financial statements, pricing and rating changes, liquidity and other statistical information. Qualitative factors include judgments related to business strategies, economic impacts on the issuer, overall judgment related to estimates and industry factors as well as the Company's intent to sell the security, or if it is more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost.

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The Company's best estimate of future cash flows involves assumptions including, but not limited to, various performance indicators, such as historical and projected default and recovery rates, credit ratings, and current delinquency rates. These assumptions require the use of significant management judgement and include the probability of issuer default and estimates regarding timing and amount of expected recoveries, which may include estimating the underlying collateral value. In addition, projections of expected future fixed maturity security cash flows may change based upon new information regarding the performance of the issuer. Any credit losses are presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on AFS fixed maturity securities management does not intend to sell or believes that it is more likely than not we will be required to sell.

The Company recordedno credit valuation losses on fixed maturity securities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

For fixed maturity security investments that have unrealized losses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the gross unrealized losses and related fair values that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position by timeframe are as follows.

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In each category of our fixed maturity securities described above, we do not intend to sell our investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases. At December 31, 2024 and 2023,99.2% and 99.4%, respectively, of the fair value of our fixed maturity securities portfolio was rated investment grade. While the losses are currently unrealized, we continue to monitor all fixed maturity securities on an on-going basis as future information may become available which could result in an allowance being recorded.

The unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities detailed in the previous tables are due to noncredit-related factors, including widening credit spreads and rising interest rates since purchase, which have little bearing on the recoverability of our investments, hence they are not recognized as credit losses. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach maturity or if market yields for such investments decline.

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2024 by contractual maturity are shown in the table below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date have been reflected based upon final stated maturity.

There wereno investments that were non-income producing for the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

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Major categories of net investment income are summarized as follows:

The Company uses the specific identification method of the individual security to determine the cost basis used in the calculation of realized gains and losses related to security sales.

Investment related gains and losses are as follows:

(3) FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We hold AFS fixed maturity securities, which are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reported through other comprehensive income (loss). We also report our equity securities and certain other long-term investments at fair value with changes in fair value reported through the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

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Fair value measurements are generally based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. All assets and liabilities carried at fair value are required to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

•Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-derived valuations whose inputs or whose significant value drivers are observable.

•Level 3 - Instruments whose significant value drivers are unobservable.

Level 1 primarily consists of financial instruments whose value is based on quoted market prices such as U.S. Treasury securities and actively traded mutual fund and stock investments.

Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued by independent pricing services or broker quotes. These pricing models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various inputs, such as interest rates, credit spreads and foreign exchange rates for the underlying financial instruments. All significant inputs are observable or derived from observable information in the marketplace or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Financial instruments in this category primarily include corporate securities, U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise securities, securities issued by states and political subdivisions and certain mortgage and asset-backed securities.

Level 3 is comprised of financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on non-binding broker prices utilizing significant inputs not based on or corroborated by readily available market information. We have no investments in this category.

The following tables set forth our assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated.

(1)In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

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(1)In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS VALUATION

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS CARRIED AT FAIR VALUE

Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale. At December 31, 2024, fixed maturity securities, valued using a third-party pricing source, totaled $1.2 billion for Level 2 assets and comprised 92.1% of total reported fair value of our financial assets. The Level 1 and Level 2 valuations are reviewed and updated quarterly through testing by comparisons to separate pricing models, other third-party pricing services, and back tested to recent trades. In addition, we obtain information annually relative to the third-party pricing models and review model parameters for reasonableness. There wereno Level 3 assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, there wereno material changes to the valuation methods or assumptions used to determine fair values, andno broker or third-party prices were changed from the values received.

Equity securities. Our equity securities are classified as Level 1 assets as their fair values are based upon quoted market prices.

Limited partnerships. The Company considers the net asset value ("NAV") to represent the value of the investment fund and is measured by the total value of assets minus the total value of liabilities. The following table includes information related to our investments in limited partnerships that calculate NAV per share. For these investments, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we use the NAV per share to measure fair value. The Company recognized net investment related losses of $1.0 million on limited partnerships held for the year ended

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December 31, 2024 and gains of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. These investments are included in other long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets.

The majority of our limited partnership investments are not redeemable because distributions from the funds will be received when the underlying investments of the funds are liquidated. The life spans indicated above may be shortened or extended at the fund manager's discretion, typically in one or two-year increments. The global equity fund is redeemable monthly.

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS NOT CARRIED AT FAIR VALUE

Estimates of fair values are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market prices and information about the financial instruments. The estimated fair values of financial instruments presented below are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company might realize in actual market transactions.

The carrying amount and fair value for the financial assets and liabilities on the consolidated financial statements not otherwise disclosed for the periods indicated were as follows:

Policy loans. Policy loans had a weighted average annual interest rate of 7.7% at both December 31, 2024 and 2023 and no specified maturity dates. Policy loans are an integral part of the life insurance policies we have in force, cannot be valued separately and are not marketable. Therefore, the fair value of policy loans approximates the carrying value reflected on the consolidated balance sheets and are considered Level 3 assets in the fair value hierarchy.

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Residential mortgage loan. The mortgage loan is secured principally by a residential property. The interest rate for this loan was 7.0% at December 31, 2024 and 2023. At December 31, 2024, the remaining loan matures infour years. Management estimated the fair value using an annual interest rate of 6.25% at both December 31, 2024 and 2023. Our mortgage loan is considered a Level 3 asset in the fair value hierarchy and is included in other long-term investments on the consolidated balance sheets.

Cash and cash equivalents. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents approximates carrying value and these assets are characterized as Level 1 assets in the fair value hierarchy.

Annuity liabilities. The fair value of the Company's liabilities under annuity contracts, which are considered Level 3 liabilities, was estimated at December 31, 2024 and 2023 using discounted cash flows based upon spot rates adjusted for various risk adjustments ranging from 3.96% to 4.96% and 3.80% to 4.50%, respectively. The fair value of liabilities under all insurance contracts are taken into consideration in the overall management of interest rate risk, which seeks to minimize exposure to changing interest rates through the matching of investment maturities with amounts due under insurance contracts.

Other long-term investments. Financial instruments included in other long-term investments are classified in various levels of the fair value hierarchy. The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of these investments.

We carriedno limited partnership investments at cost at either December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

We are a member of the FHLB of Dallas and such membership requires members to own stock in the FHLB. Our FHLB stock is carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

(4)DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS AND COST OF INSURANCE ACQUIRED

The following tables roll forward the DAC and COIA balances for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 by reporting cohort. Our reporting cohorts are Permanent, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable over the lifetime of the policy, and Permanent Limited Pay, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable for a limited time after which the policy is fully paid up. Both reporting cohorts include whole life and endowment policies.

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DAC

DAC capitalization increased for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same prior year period mainly from increased commissions from higher first year sales in our Life Insurance segment.

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COIA

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Estimated amortization of COIA in each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows. Actual future amortization will differ from these estimates due to variances from estimated future withdrawal assumptions.

(5)POLICYHOLDERS’ LIABILITIES

LIABILITY FOR FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS

The following tables summarize balances of and changes in the liability for future policy benefits for our reporting cohorts: Permanent, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable over the lifetime of the policy,

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and Permanent Limited Pay, which summarizes insurance policies with premiums payable for a limited time after which the policy is fully paid up. Both reporting cohorts include whole life and endowment policies.

The Company performed its annual review of policy benefit reserves assumptions in the third quarter of 2024 and recorded the effects of changes in its cash flow assumptions, which resulted in a net increase in future policy benefit reserves, primarily from mortality and lapse assumptions that better reflect emerging experience for the new CICA Domestic block of business.

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For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Life Insurance segment increased reserves compared to the same period in 2023 due to the unfavorable impact of actual versus expected experience related to mortality and lapses. There was minimal impact to the Home Service Insurance segment resulting from actual to expected experience for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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The following table reconciles the net liability for future policy benefits shown above to the liability for future policy benefits reported in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table provides the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected gross premiums and expected future benefit payments for long-term duration contracts.

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The following tables summarize the amount of revenue and interest related to long-term duration contracts recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as of the dates indicated.

The following table provides the weighted-average durations of the liability for future policy benefits.

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The following table provides the weighted-average interest rates for the liability for future policy benefits.

LIABILITY FOR POLICYHOLDERS’ ACCOUNT BALANCES

The following table presents the policyholders' account balances by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of the difference, in basis points, between rates being credited and the respective guaranteed minimums.

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The following tables summarize balances of and changes in policyholders' account balances.

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The following table reconciles policyholders' account balances shown above to the policyholders' account balance liability in the consolidated balance sheets.

(6)POLICY CLAIM LIABILITY

The following table presents information on changes in the liability for policy and contract claims.

(7) REINSURANCE

In the normal course of business, the Company reinsures portions of certain policies that we underwrite to mitigate exposure to potential losses and/or to provide additional capacity for growth. In our international business, we generally retain $100,000 on any one individual life insurance policy and reinsure the death benefit amount above $100,000. We also reinsure 100% of our accidental death benefit rider coverage. In the second quarter of 2024, CICA Domestic entered into a coinsurance agreement with RGA Reinsurance Company ("RGA"). Under this agreement, CICA Domestic initially elected for RGA to reinsure 50% of its newly written final expense business. The

December 31, 2024 | 10-K 92

Company remains contingently liable in the event that any of the reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations under any reinsurance agreement.

Prior to 2024, the Company maintained catastrophic reinsurance for its Louisiana property and casualty business operated through Security Plan Fire Insurance Company. This reinsurance had a net retention on any one loss of $30,000, which was the maximum policy limit on any single risk. The Company ceased this business in June 2023 and thus did not renew this reinsurance.

Our amounts recoverable from reinsurers represent receivables from and reserves ceded to reinsurers. We obtain reinsurance from multiple reinsurers and monitor our reinsurance concentration as well as the financial strength ratings of our reinsurers. Their ratings by A.M. Best Company range from A- (Excellent) to A+ (Superior).

A summary of insurance in force, along with assumed and ceded life reinsurance activity, is summarized below as of the periods indicated.

The Company's reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance was $6.9 million and $4.0 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Premiums, claims and surrenders assumed and ceded and expenses ceded for all lines of business are summarized for the periods indicated below.

(8) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

LITIGATION AND REGULATORY ACTIONS

From time to time, we are subject to legal and regulatory actions relating to our business. We may incur defense costs, including attorneys' fees, and other direct litigation costs associated with defending claims. If we suffer an adverse judgment as a result of litigation claims, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of

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operations and financial condition. The Company's policy is to accrue for defense costs as those services are provided.

Trade Secret Lawsuit

In the first quarter of 2024, a jury trial was held in the “trade secret lawsuit”. The trade secret lawsuit was filed in 2018 by Citizens, CICA Life Ltd. (Bermuda) and CICA Life Insurance Company of America (collectively, the “Citizens Companies,” “we,” "us" or "our") against certain former employees and independent consultants who we alleged unlawfully took Citizens’ confidential information in order to unfairly compete with us. Our claims against these parties included various unfair competition, tortious interference, breach of contract and other related claims.

As previously disclosed, the jury found that Citizens should pay Alexis Delgado and Carlos Nalsen Landa, former independent consultants, approximately $1.3 million for “money had and received”, an equitable theory that claimed that the Citizens Companies would be unjustly enriched if they didn’t pay past and future commissions to Delgado and Landa. Additionally, the trial court awarded defendants Michael P. Buchweitz and Randall Riley approximately $3.5 million of their legal fees incurred during the trade secret lawsuit. On August 16, 2024, the judge signed a Final Judgment reflecting the jury decision and the court award of the legal fees. We do not believe the jury properly found that Delgado or Landa were entitled to any prior or future commissions as there was no evidence that we actually held any amount of commissions that they claim they should have received. We also do not believe that Riley or Buchweitz are entitled to legal fees because they were found to have breached the contracts whose fee shifting provisions they sought to invoke. Both of these judgments have been accrued pending the result of our appeal.

On September 17, 2024, we filed an appeal bond with the trial court in order to stay any execution of the judgment against us.

We have appealed the judgment against us and the appeal is currently pending in the Court of Appeals, Third District of Texas.

CREDIT FACILITY

On May 3, 2024, the Company renewed its $20 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with Regions Bank ("Regions"). The Credit Facility has athree-year term, maturing on May 5, 2027, and allows the Company to borrow up to $20 million for working capital purposes, capital expenditures and other corporate purposes.

Revolving loans may be requested by the Company in aggregate minimum principal amounts of $0.5 million per loan. At the Company's election, the revolving loans may either bear a rate (a fluctuating rate per annum) equal to the greatest of (a) Regions' prime rate, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (c) the index rate plus 1.00% or (d)0.75%. The Company is required to pay Regions a quarterly commitment fee of 0.375% of the unused portion of the Credit Facility, which the Company expenses as it is incurred.

Obligations under the Credit Facility are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company other than the equity interests its subsidiaries, real estate owned by the Company, and other limited exceptions. The Credit Facility contains customary events of default and financial, affirmative and negative covenants, including but not limited to restrictions on indebtedness, liens, investments, asset dispositions and restricted payments. As of December 31, 2024, the Company hadnot borrowed any funds against the Credit Facility and was not in violation of any covenants.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The Company leases home office space in Austin, Texas for Citizens and in Puerto Rico for NES as well as several district office locations related to our Home Service Insurance segment across Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas, which are classified as operating leases. Certain operating leases include renewal options that extend the lease term. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such option. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are immaterial to the consolidated financial statements and are recognized as lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term and not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.

Our operating lease liabilities had a weighted-average lease term of 5.8 years remaining as of December 31, 2024.

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Maturities of our remaining operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 are as follows.

We record the lease right-of-use asset in Property and Equipment, Net and the lease liability in Other Liabilities using a weighted average discount rate of 2.71%. Cash payments related to the operating lease liabilities were $1.5 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and were reported in operating cash flows.

The Company does not engage in lease agreements among related parties.

As of December 31, 2024, CICA International is committed to fund investments up to $15.4 million related to limited partnership investments.

(9) STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY AND RESTRICTIONS

STOCK

Our Restated and Amended Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of 127,000,000 shares, of which 100,000,000 shares shall be Class A common stock,2,000,000 shares shall be Class B common stock, and 25,000,000 shall be preferred stock. Both authorized classes of common stock are equal in all respects, except (a) each share of Class A common stock is entitled to receive twice the cash dividends paid on a per share basis to the Class B common stock, if any; and (b) the holders of the Class B common stock have the exclusive right to elect a simple majority of the Board of Directors of Citizens. Citizens currently hasno outstanding preferred stock or Class B common stock other than that held in treasury.

A summary of the change in the number of shares of Class A common stock and treasury stock issued is as follows:

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EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share.

STATUTORY CAPITAL AND SURPLUS

The table below shows the combined total of all of our domestic insurance subsidiaries' statutory capital and surplus and statutory net income (loss) for life insurance operations and property insurance operations, although these amounts are not all available as dividends to Citizens since CICA Domestic is the only subsidiary directly owned by Citizens. All other domestic subsidiaries are owned by CICA Domestic. SPFIC, our property insurance subsidiary, was dissolved during 2024.

Generally, the net assets of the domestic insurance subsidiaries available for transfer to their immediate parent are limited to the lesser of the subsidiary's net gain from operations during the preceding year or 10% of the subsidiary's net statutory surplus as of the end of the preceding year as determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance regulatory authorities. Under these practices, total surplus at December 31, 2024 was $25.7 million and net loss from operations was $10.2 million for CICA Domestic for the year ended December 31, 2024. Based upon these amounts, no dividend could be paid to the Company without prior regulatory approval in 2025. Payments of dividends in excess of such amounts would generally require approval by regulatory authorities.

Our domestic insurance subsidiaries have calculated their risk-based capital ("RBC") in accordance with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' ("NAIC") Model Rule and the RBC rules as adopted by their

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respective states of domicile. All domestic insurance subsidiaries exceeded the minimum capital requirements at December 31, 2024. On March 27, 2024, Citizens and the Colorado Division of Insurance entered into a capital maintenance agreement that specifies that Citizens will infuse capital as needed to ensure that CICA Domestic's RBC remains above 350%. As CICA Domestic's RBC exceeded 350% at December 31, 2024, no capital contribution was necessary.

CICA International is a Puerto Rico domiciled company. The Insurance Code of Puerto Rico does not specifically set forth minimum capital and surplus standards, but rather requires that an insurer submit a business plan for approval to the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance ("OIC") that includes proposed minimum capital and surplus. CICA International is required to maintain a minimum of $750,000 in capital and maintain a premium to surplus ratio of 7 to 1. CICA International began issuing new business as of January 1, 2023 and received the transfer of all of CICA Bermuda's in force insurance business as of August 31, 2023. CICA International's capital exceeds both of the required minimum capital and related ratio.

As stated above, CICA International exceeded both of the capital and surplus metrics established by the OIC. CICA International could pay up to $1.0 million in dividends during 2025 without regulatory approval.

(10)SEGMENT AND OTHER OPERATING INFORMATION

The Company's segments are defined by management's reporting structure and operating activities. The chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), our President and Chief Executive Officer, reviews and analyzes income statement information by segment to make decisions, assess financial performance and allocate resources across the Company in order to meet the overall strategic objectives of the Company. The Company hastwo reportable segments: Life Insurance and Home Service Insurance.

Our Life Insurance segment issues endowment contracts, which are principally accumulation contracts that incorporate an element of life insurance protection, and whole life insurance to non-U.S. residents through CICA International. These contracts are designed to provide a fixed amount of insurance coverage over the life of the insured and may utilize rider benefits to provide additional coverage and annuity benefits to enhance accumulations. CICA Domestic issues whole life, final expense and life products with living benefits throughout the U.S.

Our Home Service Insurance segment operates through our subsidiaries SPLIC and MGLIC, and focuses on the life insurance needs of the lower-income markets, primarily in Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas. SPLIC also issues critical illness policies. Our policies are sold and serviced through funeral homes and independent agents who sell policies, collect premiums and service policyholders. SPFIC sold property insurance policies in Louisiana and Arkansas until operations were ceased effective June 30, 2023. SPFIC was dissolved during 2024.

The Life Insurance and Home Service Insurance portions of the Company constitute separate businesses. In addition to the Life Insurance and Home Service Insurance business, the Company also operates other non-insurance portions of the Company ("Other Non-Insurance Enterprises"), which primarily include the Company’s IT and corporate-support functions.

The accounting policies of the reportable segments and Other Non-Insurance Enterprises are presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP and are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The CODM evaluates profit and loss performance based on U.S. GAAP net income (loss) before federal income taxes for itstwo reportable segments. The Company's Other Non-Insurance Enterprises represents the only reportable difference between segments and consolidated operations.

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The Company categorizes premiums in two categories - first year premiums are premiums received within the first 12 months of a policy's issuance and any premiums received thereafter are renewal premiums. A summary of the direct premiums for the Life Insurance segment is detailed below.

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Since the property casualty business was dissolved during 2024, a summary of the Home Service Insurance segment direct life and A&H premium breakout is detailed below.

The table below summarizes assets by segment.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

The following table sets forth the Company's annual total of earned premiums by country of policyholder residence for the years indicated.

(11) INCOME TAXES

CICA International and CICA Bermuda are considered controlled foreign corporations for federal income tax purposes. As a result, the insurance activity of CICA International and CICA Bermuda are subject to Subpart F of the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") and are included in Citizens’ taxable income. Due to the 0% enacted tax rate in Bermuda for all periods prior to the transfer of CICA Bermuda's insurance in force business to CICA International, there areno deferred taxes recorded for CICA Bermuda's temporary differences. The Government of Puerto Rico

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approved a tax exemption decree for CICA International which freezes the income tax rate at 0% on taxable earnings up to $1.2 million and 4% on any taxable earnings in excess of $1.2 million for a minimum of 15 years.

In connection with the transfer of CICA Bermuda’s business from a zero tax jurisdiction to CICA International’s 4% tax jurisdiction in Puerto Rico, certain opening tax assets and liabilities, mainly related to investments, DAC and reserves, were established and the Company's consolidated deferred federal income tax liability was reduced by $4.4 million. Since the transfer was between companies under common control, the $4.4 million reduction in the deferred federal income tax liability was recorded as a credit to equity, $1.4 million of which increased retained earnings and $3.0 million of which reduced accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), based on the nature of the components during 2023 in accordance with ASC Topic 805.

A summary of the income (loss) before federal income tax expense, by jurisdiction, is as follows:

Federal income tax expense (benefit) consists of:

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A reconciliation between the U.S. corporate income tax rate and the effective income tax rate is as follows:

A summary of the total federal income tax payments made and refunds received by jurisdiction is as follows:

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The components of deferred federal income taxes are as follows:

A summary of changes in the components of deferred federal and state income taxes is as follows:

The Company and our subsidiaries have $6.3 million in net operating loss carryforwards in the U.S. at December 31, 2024. The Company and our subsidiaries have capital loss carryforwards of $2.0 million in the U.S. and $0.5 million in Puerto Rico at December 31, 2024, which begin expiring in 2026 and 2031, respectively.

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At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we determined it was more likely than not that a portion of our capital deferred tax assets would not be realized in their entirety. Thus, the Company holds valuation allowances of $5.1 million and $4.5 million in other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company recognizes only the impact of tax positions that, based on their technical merits, are more likely than not to be sustained upon an audit by the taxing authority.

A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

The Company accrued an uncertain tax position of $1.0 million at December 31, 2022 which would have affected the effective tax rate if recognized. However, the Company released all of the remaining uncertain tax positions, including interest, during the fourth quarter of 2023 following the expiration of the statute of limitations on the tax year ended December 31, 2019. The Company hasno uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2024.

The Company’s practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. In the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), we recordedno interest income for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") was enacted on March 27, 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permitted net operating losses incurred in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company was able to claim a net refund for taxes paid in preceding years as a result of the CARES Act. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has an accrued tax refund remaining of $0.7 million.

The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 was enacted on March 11, 2021 and the Inflation Reduction Act was enacted on August 16, 2022. These Acts did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

The Company's federal income tax return is filed on a consolidated basis with the following entities:

CICA Life Insurance Company of America

Magnolia Guaranty Life Insurance Company

Security Plan Life Insurance Company

Security Plan Fire Insurance Company

Computing Technology, Inc.

The method of tax allocation among companies is subject to a written tax sharing agreement, approved by the Board of Directors, whereby allocation is made primarily on a separate return basis pursuant to the wait-and-see method. Under this method, consolidated group members are not given current credit or refunds for net operating losses until taxable income on a separate return basis is generated. Intercompany tax balances are settled at least annually.

The Company and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various U.S. states. Our subsidiaries are subject to examination by U.S. tax authorities for tax years ending after December 31, 2021.

The Company's Puerto Rico subsidiaries are subject to examination by Puerto Rico tax authorities for tax years ending after December 31, 2022.

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(12) OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The changes in the components of other comprehensive income (loss) are reported net of the effects of income taxes of 21% for domestic entities and 4% for Puerto Rican entities as indicated below.

(13) STOCK COMPENSATION

Citizens grants stock-based compensation in the form of restricted stock units ("RSUs") and beginning in 2024, performance share units ("PSUs"). All stock awards are granted pursuant to the Citizens, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "Plan"), which was approved by our shareholders in 2017. There were 3,000,000 shares authorized to be granted under the Plan. Awards may be granted under the Plan until June 05, 2027.

Restricted Stock Units. RSUs consist of time-vested grants and give the grantee the right to receive one share of our Class A common stock in the future for each RSU granted, subject to certain restrictions and a risk of forfeiture. For non-employee directors, RSUs are granted annually on the date of the annual shareholders meeting and vestone year from the date of grant, subject to continued service on the Board. Employee RSU grants vest over three years, subject to continued employment (except in the case of retirement, death or disability).

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The following table provides a rollforward of RSU activity for the two-year period ended December 31, 2024.

In 2024, we recognized $1.5 million of expense for RSUs granted on or prior to December 31, 2024, while $1.8 million was unrecognized and is expected to be amortized up totwo years. We also recognized compensation expenses of $1.4 million and $0.6 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to RSU awards that vested during these periods. The aggregate intrinsic value of RSUs vested during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Performance Share Units. In 2024, the Board of Directors granted PSUs to a limited number of senior executives. PSUs have a three-year performance period and and give the grantee the right to receive one share of our Class A common stock in the future for each PSU granted, subject to subject to certain restrictions and a risk of forfeiture. While the PSU grant specifies a stated target number of shares, the grantees can earn up to 200% of the target PSUs awarded based on the achievement of the Board approved metric over the performance period. PSUs are not settled in shares until the Board certifies that the approved performance metrics have been met. Employees must continue to be employed during the performance period in order to receive shares, except in the case of death or disability, change in control, retirement (settled pro-rata) or certain involuntary terminations (settled pro-rata).

The following table provides a rollforward of PSU activity for the period beginning on the first date of grant and ending on December 31, 2024.

(1) The number of PSUs represents the base number of PSUs that may vest. The actual number of PSUs that vest will be between 0 and 500,000, depending on the Company's achievement of certain performance goals.

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In 2024, for the PSU grants, we recognized $0.1 million of expense, while $0.2 million was unrecognized and is expected to be amortized over the nexttwo years. As of December 31, 2024, management estimates that the probability of achieving the performance targets was 50%.

(14) BENEFIT PLANS

The Company sponsors a defined contribution retirement plan. The plan was initially established as the Citizens, Inc. Profit Sharing Plan and was restated as the Citizens, Inc. 401(k) Retirement and Profit Sharing Plan effective March 1, 2016. There have beenno profit sharing contributions since 2014.

The 401(k) plan automatically enrolls employees who have completed three months of service. Voluntary contributions are made by employees and the Company provides a matching contribution based upon the employee's level of contribution. The Company's expense was $0.8 million in both 2024 and 2023.

Until December 31, 2024, the Company was primarily self-insured for employee health benefits. The Company recorded its self-insurance liability based on an estimate of claims incurred but not yet reported. Through December 31, 2024, we also had stop-loss coverage for amounts in excess of $80,000 per individual per year.

(15) RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The Company has various routine related party transactions in conjunction with our holding company structure, such as management service agreements related to costs incurred, a tax sharing agreement between entities, and inter-company dividends and capital contributions. We perform an expense study on an annual basis, utilizing an enterprise-wide time study, and we adjust cost allocations among entities as needed based upon this review. Any allocation changes are reflected in the segment operations, but do not impact consolidated expenses. There were no changes related to these relationships during the year ended December 31, 2024 and no additional related party transactions.

(16) QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Unaudited)

The following table contains selected unaudited financial data for each quarter.

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(17) SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Company has evaluated the impact of subsequent events as defined by the accounting guidance through the date this report was issued and determined that no subsequent events need to be recognized or disclosed.

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