CITIZENS INC

We operate in two business segments:

•Life Insurance

•Home Service Insurance

These segments are reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company evaluates profit and loss performance based on net income before federal income taxes for these segments. The Company's Other Non-Insurance Enterprises include non-insurance operations such as IT and corporate-support functions, which are included in the table presented below to properly reconcile the segment information with the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

June 30, 2024 | 10-Q 45

The following table sets forth income (loss) before federal income tax by segment during the periods indicated.

LIFE INSURANCE

Detailed results of operations in the Life Insurance segment for the periods indicated are as follows:

In our Life Insurance segment, income before federal income tax was $7.5 million in both the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. In the 2024 period, $3.5 million in higher revenues was offset by higher matured endowments and higher general expenses supporting our domestic growth strategy. In the six months ended

June 30, 2024 | 10-Q 46

June 30, 2024, income before federal income tax decreased by $0.6 million from the prior year period for the above reasons as well as higher death claims in thesix month period.

Life Insurance segment premium breakout is detailed below.

Premiums. Our total premiums increased by 10% and 8% in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2023 due to the 103% and 90% increase, respectively, in first year premiums. First year premiums rose significantly due to sales of our new products and expanded domestic distribution. Renewal premiums decreased slightly in the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to the same prior year period. As described above, this decline is due to high surrenders and matured endowments over the last several years; however, the growth in sales over the last 2 years contributed to the slight increase in renewal premiums in the three months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to 2023.

The increase in reinsurance ceded premiums in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the same periods in 2023, is due to our new coinsurance agreement with RGA entered in the second quarter of 2024 related to our CICA Domestic business.

While our domestic life insurance business drove the significant increase in first year premiums, life insurance premiums are generated largely from our international policyholders living in 80 different countries across the globe. The following table sets forth our premiums by location for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

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Net Investment Income. Our net investment income increased by 2% and 3% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023 due to our higher average portfolio yield. The majority of our investment income is derived from fixed maturity securities; however, long-term investment income continues to increase as our limited partnership asset base grows.

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net. We recorded investment related losses of $0.3 million and gains of $0.8 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to investment related gains of $0.7 million and $0.3 million during the same prior year periods, resulting primarily from the change in estimated fair market value of our limited partnership investments.

Claims and Surrenders. The following table sets forth our primary claims and surrender benefits paid within our Life Insurance segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same periods in 2023.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the majority of our claims and surrender benefits in our Life Insurance segment were related to payment of surrender benefits and matured endowment benefits. Many of our endowment policies are reaching their contractual maturity dates and thus matured endowment benefits are increasing. We expect this trend to continue over the next few years. Surrender benefits decreased slightly for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the prior year periods which we believe is due to our retention efforts. Death claim benefits increased for the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to the prior year period as we saw a higher number of reported claims due to the increase in policies issued. Mortality experience is closely monitored by the Company as a key performance indicator and fluctuates from quarter-to-quarter based on reported claims.

Increase (Decrease) in Future Policy Benefit Reserves. The change in future policy benefit reserves for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was the result of reserves released due to surrenders and higher matured endowment benefits. These releases were partially offset by increases in reserves due to insurance issued and normal increases in our in force block of business policy benefit reserves.

June 30, 2024 | 10-Q 48

HOME SERVICE INSURANCE

Detailed results of operations for the Home Service Insurance segment for the periods indicated are as follows:

In our Home Service Insurance segment, we reported income before federal income tax of $1.4 million and $2.0 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, as compared to income of $0.6 million and $2.0 million in the prior year periods. The higher income is primarily driven by a decrease in other general expenses and lower claims and surrenders, partially due to ceasing our property insurance operations as of June 30, 2023, which also impacted premium revenue.

Home Service Insurance segment life and A&H premium breakout is detailed below.

June 30, 2024 | 10-Q 49

Premiums. Our first year life and A&H premiums declined 5% and 10% in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the same prior year periods as we continue to make changes to our agents' compensation structures to improve the quality and the persistency of sales in this segment.

Claims and Surrenders. Payments of claims and surrender benefits, which are the largest portion of our expenses, are summarized as follows:

The majority of claims and surrender benefits in our Home Service Insurance segment are death claim benefits. Death claim benefits decreased slightly in the three months and increased slightly in the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same prior year periods. Mortality experience is closely monitored by the Company as a key performance indicator and fluctuates from quarter-to-quarter based on reported claims.

Other General Expenses. General expenses decreased in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to ceasing our property insurance business as discussed above.

OTHER NON-INSURANCE ENTERPRISES

This operating unit represents the administrative support functions for the insurance operations. Its revenues are primarily intercompany and have been eliminated in consolidation under U.S. GAAP, which typically results in a loss. Revenue in this operating unit consists primarily of net investment income and investment related gains or losses, while expenses consist of other general expenses related to corporate functions. The primary reason for the increased loss before federal income tax in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the same periods in 2023 is the legal accrual described above.

INVESTMENTS

Our investments are an integral part of our business success. Our cash and invested assets at June 30, 2024 were $1.4 billion, of which 86% was invested in fixed maturity securities, all of which are classified as available-for-sale. We closely monitor the duration of our fixed maturity investments, and investment purchases and sales are executed with the objective of having adequate funds available to satisfy our insurance obligations.

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The following table sets forth the carrying value of our investments by investment category and cash, cash equivalents and the percentage of each to total cash and invested assets.

(1)Includes $121.2 million and $124.2 million of securities guaranteed by third parties at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2) Includes $93.5 million and $96.1 million of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The carrying value of the Company’s fixed maturity securities investment portfolio at June 30, 2024 was $1.21 billion compared to $1.24 billion at December 31, 2023. The distribution of the credit ratings of our portfolio of fixed maturity securities by carrying value as of June 30, 2024 did not materially change from December 31, 2023 – the weighted average was “A” at both dates.

Cash and cash equivalents decreased as of June 30, 2024 from December 31, 2023 and fluctuates from period-to-period primarily due to the timing of operating and investing activities.

Other long-term investments increased by $9.4 million as of June 30, 2024 from December 31, 2023 due to additional funding and increases in the fair market value of our limited partnership investments.

Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions

The Company’s fixed maturity securities investment portfolio at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included $277.2 million and $287.2 million, respectively, of securities that are obligations of states and political subdivisions, including municipalities (collectively referred to as the municipal bond portfolio).

June 30, 2024 | 10-Q 51

The Company's municipal bond portfolio includes third-party guarantees. Detailed below is a presentation by the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization ("NRSRO") rating of these holdings by funding type as of June 30, 2024.

The table below shows the categories in which the Company held investments in special revenue bonds that were greater than 10% of fair value based upon the Company's total municipal bond portfolio at June 30, 2024.

The Company's municipal bond portfolio is spread across many states, however, municipal bonds from Texas and California comprise the most significant concentration of the total municipal bond portfolio as of June 30, 2024. The Company holds 22% and 15% of its municipal bond portfolio in Texas and California issuers, respectively, as of June 30, 2024. There were no other states or individual issuer holdings that represented or exceeded 10% of the total municipal bond portfolio as of June 30, 2024.

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The table below represents the Company's detailed exposure to municipal bonds in Texas at June 30, 2024.

The table below represents the Company's detailed exposure to municipal bonds in California at June 30, 2024.

IMPAIRMENT CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO INVESTMENTS IN FIXED MATURITY AND EQUITY SECURITIES

The Company did not record any credit valuation allowances on fixed maturity securities in either of the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 or 2023.

Information on both unrealized and realized gains and losses by category is set forth in Part I, Item 1, Note 3. Investments of the notes to our consolidated financial statements herein.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Below are our primary capital resources (based on carrying value of each) as of the periods indicated.

Liquidity refers to a company's ability to generate or obtain sufficient cash to meet the needs of its operations. Our liquidity is primarily derived from our cash flow from operations, our cash and cash equivalents, and our portfolio of marketable securities. We may also derive liquidity by accessing our Credit Facility (described below) or may raise capital by selling shares in our SIP (as defined below) or by other traditional means. Citizens has no debt as of June 30, 2024.

Cash from Operating Activities. Cash provided by operating activities is an important liquidity metric because it reflects, during a given period, the amount of cash generated that is available to pay our operating expenses, invest in our business or make strategic acquisitions. In the six months ended June 30, 2024, our operations provided $11.4 million in net cash.

Cash from Investing Activities. We have traditionally also had significant cash flows from both scheduled and unscheduled investment security maturities, redemptions, and prepayments. These cash flows, for the most part, are reinvested in new investments. In the six months ended June 30, 2024, we had net cash outflows from investing activities of $10.2 million as we continue to invest excess funds in this high interest rate environment. The investing activities fluctuate from period to period due to timing of security activities such as calls and maturities and reinvestment of those funds. 86% of our total cash, cash equivalents and investments consist of marketable fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale that could be readily converted to cash for liquidity needs.

PARENT COMPANY LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Citizens is a holding company and has minimal operations of its own. Citizens' assets consist of the capital stock of its subsidiaries, cash and investments. Citizens' liquidity requirements are met primarily from two sources: cash generated from its operating subsidiaries and its invested assets. Citizens ability to obtain cash from its insurance subsidiaries depends primarily upon the availability of statutorily permissible payments, including payments Citizens receives from service agreements with its insurance subsidiaries and dividends from the subsidiaries. The ability to make payments to the holding company is limited by applicable laws of the U.S. states of domicile and by the Puerto Rico Office of Commissioner of Insurance, which all subject insurance operations to significant regulatory restrictions. These laws and regulations require, among other things, that our insurance subsidiaries maintain minimum solvency or premium to surplus ratio requirements, which limit the amount of dividends that can be paid to the holding company. The regulations also require approval of our service agreements with the applicable regulatory authority in order to prevent insurance subsidiaries from moving large amounts of cash to the less regulated holding company.

In addition to the above-mentioned sources of cash, we offer a Stock Investment Plan ("SIP"), whereby investors, policyholders, independent contractors and agents, employees and directors can directly purchase our stock. At our option, purchases of stock under the SIP can be made from newly issued or treasury stock, rather than in the open market, in which case, we can raise capital by selling our shares.

We renewed our Credit Facility with Regions Bank on May 3, 2024 on substantially the same terms for an additional three years. See Part I, Item 1, Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, herein, for a description of the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility provides additional liquidity to the

June 30, 2024 | 10-Q 54

Company for short-term or longer-term needs. As of June 30, 2024, we have not borrowed any money under the Credit Facility.

INSURANCE COMPANY SUBSIDIARY LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The liquidity requirements of our insurance operations are primarily met by premium revenues, investment income and proceeds from investment maturities, calls or sales. Primary cash needs are for payments of policyholder benefits, investment purchases, policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses. We manage our insurance operations in order to ensure that we have stable and reliable sources of cash flow to meet our obligations. As we have discussed, we recently re-launched our domestic business by developing new products and expanding our distribution channels, which has led to an increase in first year premiums(i.e., new sales) of 54% from 2023 to 2024. When selling new policies, we incur upfront policy acquisition costs, such as agent commission payments. While historically, cash flows from our operations have been sufficient to meet our cash needs, the insurance companies also have the available-for-sale fixed maturity investment portfolio available to create additional cash flows if required. Two of our insurance subsidiaries are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of Dallas. FHLB membership provides the insurance subsidiaries with access to various low-cost collateralized borrowings and funding agreements. While not the only source of additional liquidity, the FHLB could provide the insurance subsidiaries with an additional source of liquidity, if needed.

We believe that we have adequate capital resources and ability to obtain additional capital if needed to support the short-term and longer-term liquidity requirements of our insurance operations. See Contractual Obligations and Off-balance Sheet Arrangements in our Form 10-K and below for a discussion of known and estimated cash needs. Cash flow projections and cash flow tests under various market interest rate scenarios are performed annually to assist in evaluating liquidity needs and adequacy.

Trends, Demands and Restrictions on our Uses of Cash

Because claims and surrenders are our largest expense, a primary liquidity concern is the risk of either (i) an extraordinary level of early policyholder surrenders, or (ii) higher than expected mortality experience. Our death benefit payments increased in the six months ended June 30, 2024 which is expected as the amount of insurance issued has increased significantly over the past couple of years. Surrender benefits, which have been higher than usual the last several years, slightly decreased in the first six months of 2024. In order to mitigate the risk of early policyholder surrenders, we include provisions in our insurance policies, such as surrender charges, that help limit and discourage early withdrawal, but as many of our policies have reached the age where surrender charges have expired or significantly decreased, we have experienced high levels of surrenders. We believe that surrenders have been high due to other reasons, including the loss of one of our biggest distributors in Venezuela in 2018, increasing interest rates, which may encourage policyholders to seek higher rates of returns in different investment products, post-pandemic beliefs that life insurance may not be as important as it was during the pandemic, and inflationary pressures, which may cause policyholders to want the cash values of their policies due to decreased purchasing power elsewhere. To the extent that early surrenders are higher than expected, our liquidity could be negatively impacted due to benefit payments as well as lower renewal premiums. We continue to monitor surrenders and early withdrawals and focus on our retention initiatives.

Our endowment products have contractual maturity dates and provide the policyholder with alternatives once the policy matures - they can choose to take a lump sum payout or leave the money on deposit at interest with the Company. Approximately 18% of the endowments in force, totaling approximately 6% of our in force business as of June 30, 2024, will mature in the next five years. Policyholder election behavior is unknown, but if too many policyholders elect lump sum distributions, the Company could be exposed to liquidity risk in years of high maturities. Meeting these distributions could require the Company to sell its investments at inopportune times to pay policyholder withdrawals. Alternatively, if the policyholders were to leave the money on deposit with the Company at interest, our profitability could be impacted if the product guaranteed rate is higher than the market rate we are earning on our investments. We currently anticipate that our available operating cash flow and capital resources will be adequate to meet our needs for funds, but we are closely monitoring our policyholder behavior patterns.

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In our CICA Domestic business, we pay advance commissions on some of our insurance products, meaning we pay an agent their commission immediately upon sale of a policy, rather than "as earned", or when premiums are received by us. Because of this, another liquidity concern is the risk that rapid growth in first year sales of these products could create a significant increase in commission payments, which increases expenses and thus reduces our statutory capital until the commissions are recouped from premiums paid. CICA Domestic sales have increased significantly since the third quarter of 2023 and continue to grow rapidly. To mitigate this risk and strain on capital, we entered into a coinsurance agreement with RGA in the second quarter of 2024 and elected to cede 50% of our final expense business to RGA, which alleviates some of the strain on expenses. We may also seek other options, such as loans at the holding company level (from the Credit Facility or otherwise) that would allow us to reduce the liquidity risk should CICA Domestic's required commission payments exceed current resources. If we are unable to borrow money to contribute capital to CICA Domestic, we could be exposed to cash flow strain.

See Part I, Item 1, Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies, as well as Part II, Item 1. Legal Proceedings - Trade Secret Lawsuit, for a discussion of the trade secret lawsuit, which could negatively impact our cash if we do not succeed in our appeal.

Regulatory Restrictions on our Use of Cash

As discussed above, we are subject to regulatory capital requirements that could affect the Company’s ability to access capital from our insurance operations or cause the Company to have to put additional cash in our wholly-owned subsidiaries.

Our domestic companies are subject to minimum capital requirements set by the NAIC in the form of risk-based capital ("RBC"). RBC considers the type of business written by an insurance company, the quality of its assets, and various other aspects of an insurance company's business to develop a minimum level of capital called "Authorized Control Level Risk-Based Capital". This level of capital is then compared to an adjusted statutory capital that includes capital and surplus as reported under statutory accounting principles, plus certain investment reserves. Should the ratio of adjusted statutory capital to control level RBC fall below 200% for our domestic companies, a series of remedial actions by the affected company would be required. Additionally, we have a Capital Maintenance Agreement between Citizens and CICA Domestic, Citizens' wholly-owned subsidiary domiciled in Colorado, that would require Citizens to contribute capital to CICA Domestic in order to maintain a RBC level above 350%. At June 30, 2024, our domestic insurance subsidiaries were above the required minimum RBC levels and CICA Domestic was above 350%.

For CICA Domestic, commission advances are non-admitted assets, which increases required regulatory capital and reduces the excess capital available. As discussed above, management is investigating various options in order to reduce both regulatory capital and liquidity risk should the capital required to support this pace of growth exceed current resources. Citizens may have to contribute capital to CICA Domestic to maintain the required RBC ratio.

CICA International is a Puerto Rico domiciled company. The Insurance Code of Puerto Rico does not specifically set forth minimum capital and surplus standards, but rather requires that an insurer submit a business plan for approval to the OIC that includes proposed minimum capital and surplus. CICA International is required to maintain a minimum of $750,000 in capital and maintain a premium to surplus ratio of 7 to 1. CICA International began issuing new business as of January 1, 2023 and received the transfer of all of CICA Bermuda's in force insurance business as of August 31, 2023. On that date, Citizens entered into a Keep Well Agreement with CICA International to replace the Keep Well Agreement that had been in place between Citizens and CICA Bermuda. The Keep Well Agreement, which expires on August 31, 2024, requires Citizens to contribute up to $10 million in capital to CICA International as necessary to ensure that CICA International maintains at least either (i) 112% of its required ratio of premiums to capital and surplus, or (ii) 200% of the minimum capital and surplus requirement, whichever is higher. Since CICA International's capital exceeds both of the metrics, Citizens is not required to make a capital contribution.

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Any capital that Citizens is required to contribute to its insurance subsidiaries could negatively impact the Company's capital resources and liquidity.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As of June 30, 2024, we have no additional contractual obligations or off-balance sheet arrangements other than those described in Part I, Item 1, Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to our consolidated financial statements herein and in Part II, Item 7, Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements in our Form 10-K. We do not utilize special purpose entities as investment vehicles, nor are there any such entities in which we have an investment that engage in speculative activities of any nature, and we do not use such investments to hedge our investment positions.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

We believe that the accounting policies set forth in Part I, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - "Critical Accounting Policies" and Part IV, Item 15, Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of our consolidated financial statements in our Form 10-K continue to describe the significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.