COMMERCIAL METALS Co

COMMERCIAL METALS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") and include all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the consolidated balance sheets and the consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, cash flows and stockholders' equity for the periods indicated. Any reference in this Form 10-K to a year refers to the fiscal year ended August 31st of that year, unless otherwise stated.

Nature of Operations

CMC is an innovative solutions provider helping build a stronger, safer and more sustainable world. Through an extensive manufacturing network principally located in the United States ("U.S.") and Central Europe, CMC offers products and technologies to meet the critical reinforcement needs of the global construction sector. CMC’s solutions support early-stage construction across a wide variety of applications, including infrastructure, non-residential, residential, industrial and energy generation and transmission.

North America Steel Group

The North America Steel Group segment is composed of a vertically integrated network of recycling facilities, steel mills and fabrication operations located in the U.S. The recycling facilities process ferrous and nonferrous scrap metals (collectively referred to as "raw materials") for use by manufacturers of metal products. The steel mill operations consist ofsix electric arc furnace ("EAF") mini mills, three EAF micro mills andone rerolling mill. The steel mills manufacture finished long steel products including reinforcing bar ("rebar"), merchant bar, light structural and other special sections and wire rod, as well as semi-finished billets for rerolling and forging applications (collectively referred to as "steel products" in the context of the North America Steel Group segment). The fabrication operations primarily fabricate rebar andsteel fence posts and offer post-tension cable products (collectively referred to as "downstream products" in the context of the North America Steel Group segment). The general strategy in the North America Steel Group segment is to optimize the Company's vertically integrated value chain to maximize profitability by obtaining the lowest possible input costs and highest possible selling prices. The Company operates the recycling facilities to provide low-cost scrap to the steel mills and the fabrication operations to optimize the steel mill volumes. The North America Steel Group segment's products are sold to steel mills and foundries, as well as construction, fabrication and other manufacturing industries.

Emerging Businesses Group

The Emerging Businesses Group segment consists of CMC Construction Services products ("construction products"), Tensar products and solutions (collectively referred to as "ground stabilization solutions"), CMC Impact Metals, performance reinforcing steel products (collectively referred to as "downstream products" in the context of the Emerging Businesses Group segment) and CMC Bridge Systems.

•CMC Construction Services sells and rents products and equipment used to execute construction projects. Primary customers include concrete installers and other businesses in the construction industry.

•Tensar sells geogrids and Geopier foundation systems. Geogrids are polymer-based products used for ground stabilization, soil reinforcement and asphalt optimization in construction applications, including roadways, public infrastructure and industrial facilities. Geopier foundation systems are rammed aggregate pier and other foundation solutions that increase the load-bearing characteristics of ground structures and working surfaces and can be applied in soil types and construction situations where traditional support methods are impractical or would make a project infeasible.

•CMC Impact Metals manufactures heat-treated, high-strength steel products, such as high-strength bar for the truck trailer industry, special bar quality steel for the energy market and armor plate for military vehicles.

•CMC's group of performance reinforcing steel offerings include innovative products such as Galvabar (galvanized rebar with a zinc alloy coating that provides corrosion protection and post-fabrication formability), ChromX (designed for high-strength capabilities, corrosion resistance and a service life of more than 100 years) and CryoSteel (a cryogenic reinforcing steel that exceeds minimum performance requirements for strength and ductility at extremely low temperatures).

Additionally, CMC Anchoring Systems sells custom engineered anchor cages, bolts and fasteners that are fabricated principally from rebar and are used primarily to secure high voltage electrical transmission poles to concrete foundations.

•Through the Company's licensing agreement with InQuik Inc., CMC Bridge Systems is the authorized provider of InQuik Bridges in the U.S. CMC Bridges are a patented prefabricated and modular system for constructing reinforced concrete bridge components off-site, which are then installed on-site with poured concrete for a cast-in-place structure.

The strategy in the Emerging Businesses Group segment is to provide construction-related solutions and value-added products with strong underlying growth fundamentals to serve domestic and international markets adjacent to those served by the vertically integrated operations in the North America Steel Group segment and the Europe Steel Group segment. To execute this strategy, the Company (i) develops proprietary products and solutions that deliver high value to customers by reducing costs and construction time, (ii) provides concrete-related construction products, equipment, and services and (iii) produces reinforcing steel products with increased strength, durability and corrosion resistance to support sustainable concrete construction.

Europe Steel Group

The Europe Steel Group segment is composed of a vertically integrated network of recycling facilities, an EAF mini mill and fabrication operations located in Poland. The scrap metal recycling facilities process ferrous scrap metals for use almost exclusively by the mini mill. The steel products manufactured by the mini mill include rebar, merchant bar and wire rod as well as semi-finished billets. The products manufactured by this segment's fabrication operations include fabricated rebar, wire mesh, welded steel mesh, wire rod, cold-rolled rebar, cold-rolled wire rod, assembled rebar cages and other fabricated rebar by-products (collectively referred to as "downstream products" in the context of the Europe Steel Group segment). The strategy in the Europe Steel Group segment is to optimize profitability of the products manufactured by the mini mill and is executed in the same manner as in the North America Steel Group segment. The Europe Steel Group segment's products are sold primarily to fabricators, manufacturers, distributors and construction companies.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries and certain variable interest entities ("VIEs") for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany account balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and reported amounts of net sales and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include revenue recognition, income taxes, inventories, acquisitions, goodwill and other intangible assets, long-lived assets, derivative financial instruments and contingencies. Actual results could differ significantly from these estimates and assumptions.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on deposit and short-term highly-liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase.

Revenue Recognition and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration received or expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. The Company's performance obligations arise from (i) sales of raw materials, steel products, downstream products, construction products and ground stabilization solutions and (ii) installation services performed by its fabrication operations. The shipment of products to customers is considered a fulfillment activity, and amounts billed to customers for shipping and freight are included in net sales, and the related costs are included in cost of goods sold. Net sales are presented net of taxes remitted to taxing authorities.

The majority of the Company's revenue is recognized at a point in time concurrent with the transfer of control, which usually occurs, depending on shipping terms, upon shipment or customer receipt. Certain revenue from sales of downstream products in the North America Steel Group segment is recognized over time, as discussed below. Remaining revenue from sales of downstream products in the North America Steel Group segment is recognized based on the amount the Company has a right to invoice as a practical expedient.

Each of the North America Steel Group segment's fabrication contracts represents a single performance obligation. For contracts where the Company provides fabricated rebar and installation services, revenue is recognized over time using an input measure of progress based on contract costs incurred to date compared to total estimated contract costs ("input measure"). This input measure provides a reasonable depiction of the Company’s progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation, as there is a direct relationship between costs incurred by the Company and the transfer of the fabrication and installation services. Revenue from fabrication contracts where the Company does not provide installation services is recognized over time using an output measure of progress based on tons shipped compared to total estimated tons ("output measure"). This output measure provides a reasonable depiction of the transfer of contract value to the customer, as there is a direct relationship between the units shipped by the Company and the transfer of the fabricated rebar. If total estimated costs on any contract are greater than the net contract revenues, the Company recognizes the entire estimated loss in the period the loss becomes known. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimates related to net contract revenues, costs to complete or total planned quantity is recorded in the period in which such revisions are identified.

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. The Company records an asset when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing and a liability when revenue is recognized subsequent to invoicing. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although the Company generally requires customers to pay 30 days after the Company satisfies the performance obligations. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company has determined that the contracts do not include a significant financing component.

The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for accounts receivable it estimates will not be collected based on market conditions, customers' financial condition and other factors. Historically, these allowances have not been material. The Company reviews and sets credit limits for each customer. The Europe Steel Group segment uses credit insurance to ensure payment in accordance with the terms of sale. Generally, collateral is not required. Approximately 15% and 13% of total receivables at August 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, were financially assured.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the weighted average cost method. Adjustments to inventory may be due to changes in price levels, assumptions about market conditions, obsolescence, damage, physical deterioration and other causes. Adjustments required to reduce the carrying value of inventory to net realizable value are recorded as a charge to cost of goods sold within the consolidated statements of earnings.

Elements of cost in finished goods inventory, in addition to the cost of material, include depreciation, utilities, consumable production inputs, maintenance, production, wages and transportation costs. Additionally, the costs of departments that support production, including materials management and quality control, are allocated to inventory.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Maintenance is expensed as incurred. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lease term. Depreciation and amortization are recorded on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:

The Company evaluates impairment of its property, plant and equipment to be held and used whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. For each asset or asset group held for use with indicators of impairment, the Company compares the undiscounted net cash flows to be generated from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group with its net carrying value. If the net carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds the estimated undiscounted net future cash flows, the excess of the net carrying value over the estimated fair value is charged to impairment loss. Property, plant and equipment held for sale are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or the estimated sales price, less estimated costs to sell.

During 2025, the Company recorded an immaterial impairment charge related to specific equipment; however, no broader events or circumstances triggered a recoverability assessment for property, plant and equipment.

During 2024, the Company committed to a plan to sell a rebar fabrication facility within the North America Steel Group segment and determined that the disposal group met the criteria to be classified as held for sale. Upon concluding that the disposal group met the held for sale criteria, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $6.6 million to record the disposal group at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less costs to sell.

During 2023, historical and current period operating losses were determined to be triggering events for three long-lived asset groups associated with downstream fabricated rebar operations. The Company reviewed the undiscounted future cash flows for the long-lived asset groups for recoverability, which indicated that the net carrying values of certain right-of-use ("ROU") assets included in one long-lived asset group were not recoverable. Therefore, such ROU assets were evaluated for impairment by comparing the estimated fair values of the ROU assets to their net carrying values, which resulted in a non-cash impairment of $3.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2023, included in asset impairments in the consolidated statement of earnings. Further discussion regarding non-recurring fair value remeasurements is included in Note 11, Fair Value.

Software Development Costs

The Company capitalizes certain direct internal and external costs for the development of internal-use software based on the stage of development as well as the nature of the costs incurred. Capitalization of qualifying internal-use software costs begins when the preliminary project stage is completed, management with the relevant authority, implicitly or explicitly, authorizes and commits to funding the project and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will perform as intended. Costs incurred in the application and infrastructure development phases, including significant enhancements and upgrades, are capitalized. Capitalization ends once a project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended purpose. Costs incurred in the preliminary project stage and post implementation phases, including costs associated with post-configuration training and repairs and maintenance of the developed technologies, are expensed as incurred.

Software development includes costs associated with a cloud computing arrangement ("CCA"), such as software as a service or other hosting arrangements. If the CCA includes a software license, the software license element of the arrangement is accounted for in the same manner as the acquisition of internal-use software. If the CCA does not include a software license, the service element of the arrangement is accounted for as a service contract. The Company defers certain implementation costs for its CCAs that are service contracts, which are included in prepaids and other current assets and other noncurrent assets in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company amortizes deferred implementation costs in a CCA over the life of the service contract.

Leases

The Company's leases are primarily for real property and equipment. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of a contract by assessing whether the Company has the right to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all the economic benefits from, a specific asset identified in the contract. The ROU assets represent the Company's right to use the underlying assets for the lease term, and the lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the leases. The Company's ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. Certain of the Company's lease agreements contain options to extend the lease. The Company evaluates these options on a lease-by-lease basis, and if the Company determines it is reasonably certain to be exercised, the lease term includes the extension. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to determine the present value of lease payments, and lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest the Company could borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term with similar payments. The Company does not include leases with an initial term of twelve months or less in the ROU asset or lease liability balances.

Certain of the Company's lease agreements include payments for variable costs not determinable upon lease commencement, including mileage, utilities, fuel and inflation adjustments. These variable lease payments are recognized in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses, but are not included in the ROU asset or lease liability balances. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees, restrictions or covenants.

Government Assistance

Government assistance, including non-monetary grants, herein collectively referred to as grants, is not recognized until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions of the grant and will receive it. Generally, government grants fall into two categories: grants related to assets and grants related to income.

Grants related to assets are government grants for the purchase, construction or other acquisition of long-lived assets. The Company accounts for grants related to assets by deducting the grant in arriving at the carrying amount of the asset on the consolidated balance sheets. Non-monetary grants are recognized at fair value. The Company recognizes the grant in profit or loss over the life of the depreciable asset as a reduction to depreciation expense. Grants related to non-depreciable assets may require the fulfillment of certain obligations and, in such cases, are recognized in profit or loss over the periods that bear the cost of meeting the obligations. As an example, a grant of land that is conditional upon constructing a building on the site is recognized as a reduction to depreciation expense over the life of the building.

Grants related to income are any grants that are not considered grants related to assets, such as grants to compensate for certain expenses. Grants related to income are recognized in profit or loss on a systematic basis upon meeting the recognition criteria specified in the grants and during the periods when the expenses being compensated by the grants are incurred.

During 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company was awarded $74.7 million, $29.2 million and $9.5 million, respectively, in government grants related to income as part of the compensation scheme for energy-intensive sectors and sub-sectors established by the Energy Regulatory Office in Poland (the "Poland Compensation Scheme Act" or "PCSA"). The purpose of the PCSA each year was to provide aid to energy-intensive companies to offset indirect costs of rising carbon emission rights included in energy costs. The amount of government assistance awarded by the PCSA each year was dependent upon the Company meeting certain electricity consumption thresholds and the number of other applicants. The government assistance received and recognized under the PCSA each year is not subject to recapture. The PCSA grants were recognized in the Europe Steel Group segment as reductions to cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of earnings.

During 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company was awarded $4.0 million, $40.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, in government grants related to income as part of the annual Polish state aid programs established for rising electricity and natural gas prices (the "Energy Aid Programs"). The Energy Aid Programs were established by the Polish Ministry of Development and Technology to mitigate the effects of sudden increases in electricity and natural gas prices in Poland for companies that met required energy intensity and sectorial conditions and met certain financial metrics. The government assistance received and recognized under the Energy Aid Programs each year is not subject to recapture. The grants from the Energy Aid Programs were recognized in the Europe Steel Group segment as reductions to cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of earnings.

During 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with the West Virginia Economic Development Authority (the "WVEDA") to permanently finance a portion of the costs to construct the Company's fourth micro mill, which is under development in Berkeley County, West Virginia. Under this agreement, the Company can receive up to $75.0 million in aggregate disbursements in the form of a forgivable loan for eligible costs incurred from June 21, 2023 through June 20, 2027 (the "Completion Date"). Eligible costs include the acquisition of land and buildings, the acquisition and installation of machinery and equipment and necessary construction costs. The Company anticipates receiving disbursements over this period upon achieving certain capital investment and employment thresholds. Amounts received under the agreement are subject to recapture in the event that the Company fails to achieve certain minimum investment and employment thresholds prior to the Completion Date. The Company has determined that amounts received under the agreement are grants related to assets. During 2025 and 2023, the Company received $50.0 million and $5.0 million, respectively, in benefits from the WVEDA as a result of meeting certain investment thresholds; amounts received were recognized in the North America Steel Group segment and the cumulative benefits reduced construction in process in the consolidated balance sheets.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually as of the first day of the Company's fourth quarter, and between annual tests whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a reporting unit, including goodwill, or an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value. To evaluate goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, the Company may use qualitative assessments to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit, including goodwill, or an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative assessments consider multiple factors, including the current operating environment, historical and future financial performance and industry and market conditions. If an initial qualitative assessment identifies that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, additional quantitative testing is performed. The Company may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and instead perform a quantitative impairment test to calculate the fair value of the reporting unit in comparison to its associated carrying value.

The Company's reporting units represent an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. When performing a quantitative impairment test, the Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units using a weighting of fair values derived from the income and market approaches. Using the income approach, the Company determines the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Cash flow projections are based on management's estimates of revenue growth rates and operating margins, taking into account industry and market conditions. The discount rate is based on a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with the characteristics of the reporting unit. The market approach estimates fair value based on market multiples of earnings derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics to the reporting unit. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is indicated in the amount that the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, not to exceed the goodwill value for the reporting unit.

When estimating the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets using a quantitative approach, the Company applies the relief from royalty method, an income approach. Significant inputs to estimate the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets include projected revenue growth rates, royalty rates and discount rates.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives and are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Impairment charges are recorded on finite-lived intangible assets when indicators of impairment are present and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than their carrying amounts.

Contingencies

The Company accrues for claims and litigation, including environmental investigation and remediation costs, when they are both probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. In the event that estimates or assumptions differ from actual results, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current information. The Company expenses legal fees as incurred.

Environmental costs are based on estimates regarding the sites for which the Company will be responsible, the scope and cost of work to be performed at each site, the portion of costs that will be shared with other parties and the timing of remediation. Where timing and amounts cannot be reasonably determined, a range is estimated and the lower end of the range is recorded.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes stock-based equity and liability awards at fair value. The fair value of each stock-based equity award is estimated at the grant date using either the Black-Scholes or Monte Carlo pricing model. The total compensation cost for these awards is amortized over the requisite service period using the accelerated method of amortization for grants with graded vesting or the straight-line method for grants with cliff vesting. Stock-based liability awards are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period and fluctuate based on the price of CMC common stock and performance relative to the targets.

CMC and its U.S. subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. Deferred income taxes are provided for temporary differences between financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities. The principal differences are described in Note 12, Income Tax. Benefits from income tax credits are recognized as a component of income tax expense in the period earned. The Company records income tax positions based on a more likely than not threshold for sustaining the position upon examination by taxing authorities with full knowledge of all relevant facts. The Company classifies interest and any statutory penalties recognized on a tax position as income tax expense.

Foreign Currencies

The functional currency of the Company's foreign operations is the local currency of each respective country. Translation adjustments are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency resulted inlosses of $9.8 million, $7.7 million and $12.1 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company recognizes derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets and measures those instruments at fair value. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through net earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as hedges are recognized depending on the nature of the hedge. For fair value hedges, changes are recognized as an offset against the change in fair value of the hedged balance sheet item. When the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge and is highly effective, changes are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

Gains or losses on derivative instruments are recognized in the consolidated statements of earnings when the instrument is sold, terminated, exercised, or expires, if it is an undesignated hedge or designated as a fair value hedge. If a derivative instrument is designated as a cash flow hedge, the cumulative unrealized gain or loss, which has been recognized in the statement of comprehensive income, is reclassified to the consolidated statements of earnings when the hedged transaction either impacts earnings or is no longer expected to occur.

Fair Value

The Company has established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. These levels are determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Level 1 represents unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2 represents quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets (other than those included in Level 1) that are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 represents valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2021-08 requires that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The Company adopted this standard on a prospective basis for the annual period beginning September 1, 2023. The adoption did not have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements at the time of adoption.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 requires, among other updates, enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"), as well as the aggregate amount of other segment items included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and requires retrospective adoption. The Company adopted the amendments in ASU 2023-07 for its fiscal year ended August 31, 2025. Based on the Company's assessment of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the CODM, cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses are now disclosed for each reportable segment. The amendment was applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented. See Note 19, Segment Information, for additional information.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 requires enhanced annual disclosures regarding the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and may be adopted on a prospective or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures but does not expect it to have a material effect.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("ASU 2024-03"). ASU 2024-03 requires disaggregated income statement expense disclosures related to functional or natural expense line items within continuing operations. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, and permits either prospective or retrospective adoption. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal Use Software ("ASU 2025-06"). ASU 2025-06 eliminates accounting consideration of software project development stages and clarifies the threshold applied to begin capitalizing costs. ASU 2025-06 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027 and interim periods within those fiscal years, and permits prospective, modified prospective, or retrospective adoption. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

NOTE 2. CHANGES IN BUSINESS

On November 22, 2024, the Company completed the sale of a rebar fabrication facility within the North America Steel Group segment for gross consideration of $5.9 million, which consisted of $5.0 million in cash proceeds and $0.9 million in the form of a seller financing receivable. The sale had an immaterial impact on the Company's results of operations during the year ended August 31, 2025.

2023 Acquisitions

On September 15, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of Advanced Steel Recovery, LLC ("ASR"), a supplier of recycled ferrous scrap metals located in Southern California. ASR's primary operations include processing and brokering capabilities that source material for sale into both the domestic and export markets.

On November 14, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of a Galveston, Texas area metals recycling facility and related assets (collectively, "Kodiak") from Kodiak Resources, Inc. and Kodiak Properties, L.L.C.

On March 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the assets of Roane Metals Group, LLC ("Roane"), a supplier of recycled metals withtwo facilities located in eastern Tennessee.

On March 17, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of Tendon Systems, LLC ("Tendon"), a leading provider of post-tensioning, barrier cable and concrete restoration solutions to the southeastern U.S.

On May 1, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the assets of BOSTD America, LLC ("BOSTD"), a geogrid manufacturing facility located in Blackwell, Oklahoma. Prior to the acquisition, BOSTD produced several product lines for Tensar under a contract manufacturing arrangement.

On July 12, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of EDSCO Fasteners, LLC ("EDSCO"), a leading provider of anchoring solutions for the electrical transmission market, with four manufacturing facilities located in North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Utah. Following the acquisition, EDSCO was rebranded as CMC Anchoring Systems.

The acquisitions of ASR, Kodiak, Roane, Tendon, BOSTD and EDSCO (collectively, the "2023 Acquisitions") were not material individually, or in the aggregate, to the Company's financial position or results of operations, and therefore, pro forma operating results and other disclosures are not presented.

Operating results for the acquired operations of ASR, Kodiak, Roane and Tendon are presented within the Company's North America Steel Group segment. Operating results for BOSTD and CMC Anchoring Systems are presented within the Company's Emerging Businesses Group segment.

Pending Acquisitions

See Note 20, Subsequent Events, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for information regarding the Company's pending acquisitions.

NOTE 3. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

Accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL") was comprised of the following:

(1) Other comprehensive income (loss) ("OCI") before reclassifications from derivatives is presented net of income tax benefit (expense) of $(4.0) million, $30.6 million and $(1.1) million for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. OCI before reclassifications from defined benefit pension plans is presented net of immaterial income tax impacts for 2025 and 2024, and net of income tax benefit of $3.9 million for 2023.

(2) Reclassifications for gains from derivatives included in net earnings are primarily recorded in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of earnings and are presented net of immaterial income tax impacts for 2025 and 2024, and net of income tax expense of $2.2 million for 2023.

(3) Reclassification from defined benefit pension plans include settlement losses and other items such as amortization of unrecognized gains or losses that are recorded in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings and are presented net of immaterial income tax impacts for all periods presented.

NOTE 4. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The majority of the Company's revenue is recognized at a point in time, concurrent with the transfer of control, which usually occurs, depending on shipping terms, upon shipment or customer receipt. See Note 19, Segment Information, for more information about disaggregated revenue by the Company's major product lines.

Certain revenue from sales of downstream products in the North America Steel Group segment is recognized over time, as discussed below. Remaining revenue from sales of downstream products in the North America Steel Group segment is recognized based on the amount the Company has a right to invoice as a practical expedient.

Each of the North America Steel Group segment's fabrication contracts represents a single performance obligation. Revenue from certain fabrication contracts for which the Company provides downstream products and installation services is recognized over time using an input measure. This revenue represented 8% of net sales in the North America Steel Group segment in 2025, 2024 and 2023. Revenue from fabrication contracts for which the Company does not provide installation services is recognized over time using an output measure, and represented 10% of net sales in the North America Steel Group in both 2025 and 2024, compared to 12% in 2023.

The following table provides information about assets and liabilities from contracts with customers:

The entire contract liability as of August 31, 2024 was recognized in net sales during 2025.

Remaining Performance Obligations

As of August 31, 2025, revenue totaling $867.4 million was allocated to remaining performance obligations in the North America Steel Group segment related to contracts for which revenue is recognized using input or output measures. The Company estimates that approximately 75% of the remaining performance obligations will be recognized during 2026 and the remainder will be recognized during 2027. The duration of all other contracts in the North America Steel Group, Emerging Businesses Group and Europe Steel Group segments is typically less than one year.

NOTE 5. INVENTORIES

Most of the Company's inventories are in the form of semi-finished and finished steel products. Under the Company’s vertically integrated business model in the North America Steel Group and Europe Steel Group segments, steel products are sold to external customers in various stages, from semi-finished billets through fabricated steel, so these categories are combined as finished goods.

The components of inventories were as follows:

As of August 31, 2025, the inventory valuation reserve was $2.5 million, and primarily related to the North America Steel Group segment. The inventory valuation reserve was $5.1 million and $11.3 million as of August 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and primarily impacted the Europe Steel Group segment. The inventory write-downs were recorded in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of earnings.

NOTE 6. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill by reportable segment is detailed in the following table:

(1) Measurement period adjustments related to the 2023 Acquisitions which impacted the amount of goodwill originally reported.

During 2025, 2024 and 2023, the annual goodwill impairment assessments, which were performed as of the first day of the Company's fourth quarter (the "annual impairment test date"), did not result in any impairment charges. For the year ended August 31, 2025, the Company performed qualitative assessments for seven reporting units consisting of $120.3 million of goodwill as of the 2025 annual impairment test date and quantitative tests for two reporting units consisting of $194.5 million and $71.7 million of goodwill as of the 2025 annual impairment test date. The results of the qualitative assessments and quantitative tests indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of all reporting units exceeded their carrying values. The difference in the value of goodwill between the 2025 annual impairment test date and August 31, 2025 was due to foreign currency translation adjustments.

Other indefinite-lived intangible assets consisted of the following:

During 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not record any indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges. As of the 2025 annual impairment test date, the Company had $57.9 million of indefinite-lived intangible assets, of which $54.7 million were tested for impairment using a quantitative approach. Based on the quantitative tests performed, the Company concluded it was more likely than not that the estimated fair values of the indefinite-lived intangible assets were greater than their respective carrying values. The changes in the balance of intangible assets with indefinite lives from August 31, 2024 to August 31, 2025 and from the 2025 annual impairment test date to August 31, 2025 were due to foreign currency translation adjustments.

Other intangible assets subject to amortization are detailed in the following table:

The foreign currency translation adjustments for intangible assets subject to amortization were immaterial for all periods presented above.

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $27.1 million, $28.3 million and $25.9 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, including $17.2 million, $18.2 million and $18.7 million, respectively, recorded in cost of goods sold, with the remainder recognized in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings. Estimated amortization expense for the next five years is as follows:

NOTE 7. LEASES

The following table presents the components of total leased assets and lease liabilities, including their classification in the consolidated balance sheets:

The components of lease cost were as follows:

The weighted average remaining lease terms and discount rates for operating and finance leases are presented in the following table:

Cash flow and other information related to leases is included in the following table:

Future maturities of lease liabilities at August 31, 2025 are presented in the following table:

As of August 31, 2025, the Company has additional leases that have not yet commenced, primarily for heavy-duty vehicles, with aggregate fixed payments over their terms of approximately $14 million. Of these, leases with aggregate payments approximately $13 million are expected to commence in 2026 and the remainder are expected to commence in 2027. These leases have noncancellable terms of 4 to 7 years.

NOTE 8. CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS

Long-term debt was as follows:

Senior Notes

In January 2022, the Company issued $300.0 million of 4.125% Senior Notes due January 2030 (the "2030 Notes") and $300.0 million of 4.375% Senior Notes due March 2032 (the "2032 Notes"). Interest on the 2030 Notes is payable semiannually on January 15 and July 15. Interest on the 2032 Notes is payable semiannually on March 15 and September 15.

In February 2021, the Company issued $300.0 million of 3.875% Senior Notes due February 2031 (the "2031 Notes"). Interest on the 2031 Notes is payable semiannually on February 15 and August 15.

Series 2022 Bonds

In February 2022, the Company announced the issuance of $145.1 million in original aggregate principal amount of tax-exempt bonds (the "Series 2022 Bonds") by the Industrial Development Authority of the County of Maricopa (the "MCIDA"). The Series 2022 Bonds were priced to yield 3.5% and provided gross proceeds of $150.0 million. The proceeds were loaned to the Company pursuant to a loan agreement between the Company and the MCIDA and were used to fund a portion of the acquisition, construction and equipping of the Company’s third micro mill.

The Series 2022 Bonds accrue interest at 4.0%, payable semiannually on April 15 and October 15 and have a maturity date in October 2047.

In May 2025, the Company announced the issuance of $150.0 million in original aggregate principal amount of tax-exempt bonds (the "Series 2025 Bonds") by the WVEDA. The Series 2025 Bonds were issued at par. The proceeds of the Series 2025 Bonds were loaned to the Company pursuant to a loan agreement with the WVEDA and will be used to finance a portion of the construction costs for facilities located in Berkeley County, West Virginia, the site of the Company's fourth micro mill. The Series 2025 Bonds accrue interest at a fixed rate of 4.625%, payable semiannually on April 15 and October 15 of each year, with the first such interest payment made in October 2025. The Series 2025 Bonds have a mandatory tender for purchase on May 15, 2032, and will mature in 2055. Issuance costs of $2.9 million were recorded as a reduction of long-term debt in theconsolidated balance sheet as of August 31, 2025.

Credit Facilities

On October 30, 2024, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as amended, the "Credit Agreement"), which, among other things, extended the maturity date of the Credit Agreement from October 26, 2027 to October 26, 2029. The Credit Agreement provides for a $600.0 million revolving credit facility (the

"Revolver"). The maximum availability under the Revolver may be increased to $850.0 million with bank approval. The Company hadno amounts drawn under the Revolver at August 31, 2025 or 2024. The Company's obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by its U.S.-domiciled inventory. The Credit Agreement's capacity includes a $50.0 million sub-limit for the issuance of stand-by letters of credit. Outstanding stand-by letters of credit reduced availability under the Revolver by $1.0 million and $0.9 million at August 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Under the Credit Agreement, the Company is required to comply with certain covenants, including covenants to maintain: (i) an interest coverage ratio (consolidated EBITDA to consolidated interest expense, as each is defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than 2.50 to 1.00 and (ii) a debt to capitalization ratio (consolidated funded debt to total capitalization, as each is defined in the Credit Agreement) that does not exceed 0.60 to 1.00. Loans under the Credit Agreement bear interest based on the Eurocurrency rate, a base rate, or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). At August 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants contained in its credit arrangements. At August 31, 2025, the Company's interest coverage ratio was 10.18 to 1.00 and the Company's debt to capitalization ratio was 0.25 to 1.00.

The Company also has credit facilities in Poland, through its subsidiary, CMC Poland Sp. z.o.o. ("CMCP"), available to support working capital, short-term cash needs, letters of credit, financial assurance and other trade finance-related matters. At August 31, 2025 and 2024, CMCP's credit facilities totaled PLN 600.0 million, or $164.5 million and $154.8 million, respectively. The facilities have an expiration date in April 2028. There were no amounts outstanding under these facilities at August 31, 2025 or 2024. The available balance of these credit facilities was reduced by outstanding stand-by letters of credit, guarantees and/or other financial assurance instruments, which totaled $2.7 million and $2.4 million at August 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The scheduled maturities of the Company's long-term debt, excluding obligations related to finance leases, are included in the table below. See Note 7, Leases, for scheduled maturities of finance leases.

The Company capitalized $10.8 million, $5.4 million and $21.5 million of interest in the cost of property, plant and equipment during 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Accounts Receivable Facility

The Company's subsidiary in Poland, CMCP, transfers trade accounts receivable to financial institutions without recourse (the "Poland Facility"). The Poland Facility had a limit of PLN 288.0 million as of August 31, 2025 and 2024, equivalent to $78.9 million and $74.3 million, respectively. Advances taken under the Poland Facility incur interest based on the Warsaw Interbank Offered Rate plus a margin. Receivables transferred under the Poland Facility do not qualify for sale accounting. Therefore, any advances outstanding under this program are recorded as debt on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company had no outstanding advances under the Poland Facility as of August 31, 2025 or 2024.

Commitment Letter

In connection with pending acquisitions, the Company entered into a commitment letter (the "Commitment Letter") dated October 15, 2025, with Bank of America, N.A. ("Bank of America"), BofA Securities, Inc. ("BofA"), and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. ("Citi"), pursuant to which Bank of America and Citi agreed to provide a 364-day senior unsecured bridge facility in aggregate principal amount of up to $1.85 billion (the "Bridge Facility") and a senior secured revolving credit facility in the aggregate principal amount of $600.0 million (the "Backstop Facility"), subject to customary terms and conditions. See Note

20, Subsequent Events, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for information regarding the Company's pending acquisitions and the Commitment Letter.

NOTE 9. NEW MARKETS TAX CREDIT TRANSACTIONS

During 2016 and 2017, the Company entered into three New Markets Tax Credit ("NMTC") transactions with U.S. Bancorp Community Development Corporation, a Minnesota corporation ("USBCDC"). The NMTC transactions supported the construction and equipping of the micro mill in Durant, Oklahoma, as well as a rebar spooler and an automated T-post shop located on the same site.

The transactions qualified through the New Markets Tax Credit program provided for in the Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of 2000 (the "NMTC Program"), as the micro mill, spooler and T-post shop are located in an eligible zone designated by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and were considered eligible business activities for the NMTC Program. Under the NMTC Program, an investor that makes a capital investment, which, in turn, together with leverage loan sources, is used to make a Qualifying Equity Investment ("QEI") in an entity that (i) qualifies as a Community Development Entity ("CDE"), (ii) has applied for and been granted an allocation of a portion of the total federal funds available to fund the credits (an "NMTC Allocation") and (iii) uses a minimum specified portion of the QEI to make a Qualified Low Income Community Investment up to the maximum amount of the CDE’s NMTC Allocation will be entitled to claim, over a period of seven years, federal nonrefundable tax credits in an amount equal to 39% of the QEI amount. NMTCs are subject to 100% recapture for a period of seven years as provided in the Internal Revenue Code.

In general, the three NMTC transactions were structured similarly. USBCDC made a capital contribution to an investment fund, and Commonwealth Acquisition Holdings, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company ("Commonwealth"), made a loan to the investment fund. The investment fund used the proceeds from the capital contribution and the loan to make a QEI into a CDE, which, in turn, made loans of the QEIs to the operating subsidiaries of the Company with terms similar to the loans by Commonwealth.

The following table summarizes the key terms and conditions for each of the three NMTC transactions ($ in millions):

By its capital contributions to the investment funds (exclusive of Twain Investment Fund 222) (collectively, the "Funds"), USBCDC was entitled to substantially all the benefits derived from the NMTCs. These transactions included a put/call provision whereby the Company was obligated or entitled to repurchase USBCDC’s interest in the Funds at the end of aseven-year period in the case of USBCDC Investment Fund 156, LLC and Twain Investment Fund 249, LLC and aneight-year period in the case of Twain Investment Fund 219, LLC (each of such periods, an "Exercise Period").

In December 2022, the Exercise Period on the first NMTC transaction, USBCDC Investment Fund 156, ended, and the corresponding $17.7 million USBCDC capital contribution was recognized in net sales in the consolidated statements of earnings. In July 2024, the Exercise Period on Twain Investment Fund 249 ended, and the $6.7 million USBCDC capital contribution was recognized in net sales in the consolidated statements of earnings. In March 2025, the Exercise Period on Twain Investment Fund 219 ended, and the remaining $2.8 million USBCDC capital contribution was recognized in net sales in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Additionally, the $2.2 million of capital contributions to Twain Investment Fund 222 resulted in a $2.1 million QEI, which was repaid by the Company at maturity in March 2024.

Direct costs incurred in structuring the transactions were deferred and recognized as expenses over each Exercise Period. Incremental costs to maintain the structures during the compliance periods were recognized as incurred. All NMTC related transactions were fully unwound, and no NMTC related obligations remained outstanding as of August 31, 2025.

NOTE 10. DERIVATIVES

The Company's global operations and product lines expose it to risks from fluctuations in metal prices, foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and natural gas, electricity and other energy prices. One objective of the Company's risk management program is to mitigate these risks using derivative instruments. The Company enters into (i) copper futures and forward contracts to mitigate the risk of unanticipated changes in net earnings due to price volatility, (ii) foreign currency forward contracts that align with the expected settlements for purchases and sales denominated in foreign currencies and (iii) natural gas and electricity commodity derivatives to mitigate the risk related to price volatility in those markets.

The Company designates only those contracts that closely match the terms of the underlying transaction as hedges for accounting purposes. Certain foreign currency and commodity contracts were not designated as hedges for accounting purposes, although management believes these contracts are essential economic hedges.

The Company considers the total notional value of its futures and forward contracts to be the best measure of the volume of derivative transactions. At August 31, 2025 and 2024, the notional values of the Company's commodity contract commitments were $453.4 million and $480.1 million, respectively. At August 31, 2025 and 2024, the notional values of the Company's foreign currency contract commitments were $279.3 million and $225.1 million, respectively.

The following table provides information regarding the Company's commodity contract commitments as of August 31, 2025:

MT = Metric ton

MW(h) = Megawatt hour

MMBtu = Million British thermal unit

The following table summarizes the location and fair value amounts of the Company's derivative instruments as reported in the consolidated balance sheets:

The following table summarizes the effects of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of earnings. All other activity related to these derivatives was immaterial for the periods presented.

The following table summarizes the effects of derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and consolidated statements of earnings. The amounts presented exclude the effects of foreign currency translation adjustments.

The Company's natural gas and electricity derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedging instruments have maturities extending to August 2028 and December 2034, respectively. As of August 31, 2025, the AOCL balance included an estimated net gain of $10.1 million from cash flow hedging instruments which is expected to be reclassified into net earnings within the twelve months following August 31, 2025. Cash flows associated with these instruments are recorded as operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 11, Fair Value, for the fair value of derivative instruments recorded in the consolidated balance sheets.

NOTE 11. FAIR VALUE

The Company has established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels. These levels are determined based on the lowest-level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. See Note 1, Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for definitions of the three levels within the hierarchy.

The Company presents the fair value of its derivative contracts on a net-by-counterparty basis when a legal right to offset exists under an enforceable netting agreement. The following table summarizes the Company's financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

(1) Investment deposit accounts are short-term in nature, and the value is based on principal plus interest.

As of August 31, 2025, the Company had three Level 3 commodity derivatives with the same counterparty. The fair value of the Level 3 commodity derivatives is estimated using internally developed discounted cash flow models that rely on significant unobservable inputs. The Company forecasts future energy rates using a range of historical prices (the "floating rate"), which is the only significant unobservable input used in the Company's discounted cash flow models. Significant variations in the floating rate could materially impact the fair value measurement. The following table summarizes the range of floating rates used to measure the fair value of the Level 3 commodity derivatives at August 31, 2025 and 2024, which are applied uniformly across each of the Company's Level 3 commodity derivatives:

Below is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the Level 3 commodity derivatives recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Amounts are shown before income taxes. The fluctuation in energy rates over time may cause volatility in the fair value estimate and was the primary reason for unrealized gains and losses in OCI in 2025, 2024 and 2023.

(1) Unrealized holding gains (losses), net of foreign currency translation, less amounts reclassified, are included in net unrealized holding gain (loss) on derivatives in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

(2) Realized gains included in net earnings are recorded in cost of goods sold in the consolidated statements of earnings.

During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company committed to a plan to sell a rebar fabrication facility within the North America Steel Group segment and determined that the disposal group met the criteria to be classified as held for sale. Accordingly, the Company classified $17.5 million of assets and $4.1 million of liabilities as held for sale within the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of August 31, 2024. The liabilities held for sale were included in other accrued expenses and payables. Upon concluding that the disposal group met the held for sale criteria, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $6.6 million to record the disposal group at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. The Company determined the fair value of the disposal group using a Level 2 input, based on a quoted price in an inactive market. There were no other material nonrecurring fair value remeasurements in 2025 or 2024.

The carrying values of the Company's short-term items, including documentary letters of credit and notes payable, approximate fair value.

The carrying value and fair value of the Company's long-term debt, including current maturities, excluding other borrowings and finance leases, was $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively, at August 31, 2025, and $1.0 billion and $962.8 million, respectively, at August 31, 2024. The fair values were estimated based on Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy using indicated market values. The Company's other borrowings contain variable interest rates, so their carrying values approximate fair values.

NOTE 12. INCOME TAX

The components of earnings before income taxes were as follows:

The income taxes included in the consolidated statements of earnings were as follows:

A reconciliation of the federal statutory rate to the Company's effective income tax rate, including material items impacting the effective income tax rate, is presented below:

(1) 2025, 2024 and 2023 include impacts of uncertain tax positions.

The Company plans to repatriate the current and future earnings from the Europe Steel Group segment and certain immaterial foreign jurisdictions in the Emerging Businesses Group segment and has recorded an immaterial amount of tax expense related to such earnings. The Company considers the undistributed earnings of the Europe Steel Group segment prior to August 31, 2019 and all other undistributed earnings of the Emerging Businesses Group segment to be indefinitely reinvested and has not recorded deferred tax liabilities on such earnings.

The income tax effects of significant temporary differences giving rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

Net operating losses giving rise to deferred tax assets consist of $269.3 million of state net operating losses and $915.0 million of foreign net operating losses that expire in varying amounts beginning in 2026 (with certain amounts having indefinite carryforward periods). These assets will be reduced as income tax expense is recognized in future periods.

The Company maintains a valuation allowance to reduce certain deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be realized. The Company's valuation allowances primarily relate to net operating loss and credit carryforwards in certain state and foreign jurisdictions for which utilization is uncertain.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized income tax benefits is presented below:

(1) The full balance of unrecognized income tax benefits in each year, if recognized, would have impacted the Company’s effective income tax rate at the end of each respective year.

At August 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had accrued interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions of $5.8 million and $4.1 million, respectively.

During 2026, the Company anticipates the statute of limitations relating to positions of the Company in prior year income tax returns may lapse. As a result, it is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $12.6 million.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. and multiple foreign jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. In the normal course of business, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to examination by various taxing authorities. A summary of fiscal years open to examination is presented below.

U.S. Federal — 2022 and forward

U.S. States — 2021 and forward

Foreign — 2020 and forward

One Big Beautiful Bill Act

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the "OBBBA") was enacted into law, introducing significant amendments to U.S. tax legislation with varying effective dates. Key provisions that impact CMC include the expansion of bonus depreciation, accelerated expensing of research and development costs and revisions to international tax regimes. CMC has incorporated these amendments into its fiscal 2025 tax provision, as applicable, and there was no material impact to the Company's income tax expense or effective tax rate. The Company continues to evaluate the legislation.

NOTE 13. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company's stock-based compensation plans provide for the issuance of incentive and nonqualified stock options, restricted stock awards and performance-based awards. The Compensation Committee of the Board (the "Compensation Committee") approves all awards granted under the Company's stock-based compensation plans. Stock-based compensation expense for 2025, 2024 and 2023 of $37.1 million, $45.1 million and $60.5 million, respectively, was primarily included in SG&A expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings. Total tax benefits recognized in the consolidated statements of earnings related to stock-based compensation expense were $7.9 million, $10.6 million and $14.2 million for the years ended August 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of August 31, 2025, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements was $20.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.42 years.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units issued under the Company's stock-based compensation plans may not be sold, transferred, pledged or assigned until service-based restrictions lapse. The restricted stock units generally vest and are converted to shares of the Company's common stock in three equal installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the date of grant. Generally, upon termination of employment, restricted stock units that have not vested are forfeited. Other than awards granted to certain executives, which continue to vest following qualifying retirement, a pro-rata portion of the unvested awards will vest and become payable upon death, disability or qualifying retirement.

The estimated fair value of the restricted stock units is based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant, discounted for the expected dividend yield through the vesting period. Compensation cost related to the restricted stock units is recognized ratably over the service period and is recorded in equity on the consolidated balance sheets.

Performance Stock Units

Performance stock units issued under the Company's stock-based compensation plans may not be sold, transferred, pledged or assigned until service-based restrictions lapse and any performance objectives have been attained as established by the Compensation Committee. Performance stock units have a three-year performance period that includes the fiscal year in which the awards were granted and the succeeding two fiscal years (the "performance period"). Recipients of these awards generally must be actively employed by and providing services to the Company on the last day of the performance period in order to receive an award payout. Performance stock units that have not vested are generally forfeited upon termination of employment. Other than awards granted to certain executives, which continue to vest following qualifying retirement, a pro-rata portion of the performance stock units vests and becomes payable at the end of the performance period upon death, disability or qualifying retirement.

Compensation cost for performance stock units is accrued based on the probable outcome of specified performance conditions, net of estimated forfeitures. The Company accrues compensation cost if it is probable that the performance conditions will be met. The Company reassesses the probability of meeting the specified performance conditions at the end of each reporting period and adjusts compensation cost, as necessary, based on the probability of achieving those conditions. If they are not met at the end of the performance period, the Company reverses the related compensation cost.

Performance stock units awarded are settled in shares of the Company's common stock. Award payouts range from a threshold of 50% to a maximum of 200% for each portion of the target awards. The fair value of these performance stock units is measured each reporting period and is recognized ratably over the performance period.

Performance targets established by the Compensation Committee for performance stock units were weighted 75% based on the Company's cumulative EBITDA targets and positive return on invested capital during the performance period, as approved by the Board in the respective year's business plan, and 25% based on a three-year relative total stockholder return metric. EBITDA, as used in this context, reflects the definition approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors in the respective year’s business plan for compensation purposes and may differ from the Company’s adjusted EBITDA disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report.

The performance stock units associated with the Company's cumulative EBITDA targets and positive return on invested capital were classified as liability awards on the date of grant and are included in other accrued expenses and payables on the consolidated balance sheets until the start of the third year within the performance period. Upon entering the third year within the performance period when the final EBITDA target is set, the liability awards are reclassified as equity awards. The performance stock units associated with the total stockholder return metric were included in equity on the consolidated balance sheets on the date of grant and measured at fair value using the Monte Carlo pricing model.

The following table summarizes the total liability awards and equity awards granted:

As of August 31, 2025, the Company had 2,607,024 shares of common stock available for future grants under its long-term equity incentive plan.

Information for restricted stock units and performance stock units accounted for as equity awards is presented below:

(1) Includes grants related to (i) all restricted stock units accounted for as equity awards, (ii) performance stock units accounted for as equity awards on the date of grant and (iii) performance stock units reclassified from liability awards to equity awards in the applicable year, which is the third year of the respective performance period for such performance stock units.

The total fair value of shares vested during 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $44.2 million, $47.8 million and $41.0 million, respectively.

The Company granted 172,992 and 188,453 equivalent shares of restricted stock units and performance stock units accounted for as liability awards during 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of August 31, 2025, the Company had 337,508 equivalent shares of awards outstanding and expects 331,623 equivalent shares to vest.

Stock Purchase Plan

Almost all U.S. resident employees may participate in the Company's employee stock purchase plan. In 2024 and 2023, each eligible employee could purchase up to 500 shares annually. In 2025, each eligible employee could purchase shares equal to up to 15% of their annual compensation, not to exceed the IRS allowable limit. The Board established a 15% purchase discount based on market prices on specified dates for 2025, 2024 and 2023. Yearly activity of the stock purchase plan is presented below:

NOTE 14. EMPLOYEES' RETIREMENT PLANS

Substantially all employees in the U.S. are covered by a defined contribution 401(k) retirement plan. The tax-qualified defined contribution plan is maintained, and contributions are made, in accordance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA"). The Company also provides certain eligible executives benefits pursuant to its Benefit Restoration Plan ("BRP") equal to amounts that would have been available under the tax qualified ERISA plan but were subject to the limitations of ERISA, tax laws and regulations. Company expenses for these plans, a portion of which are discretionary, totaled $46.6 million, $46.9 million and $40.4 million for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of which $28.3 million, $27.7 million and $26.1 million were recorded in cost of goods sold and the remainder was recorded in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings.

The deferred compensation liability under the BRP was $43.4 million and $48.8 million at August 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, of which $38.0 million and $44.3 million, respectively, was included in other noncurrent liabilities, and the remainder was included in other accrued expenses and payables on the consolidated balance sheets. Though under no obligation to fund the BRP, the Company has segregated assets in a trust with a value of $67.5 million and $67.0 million at August 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and such assets were included in other noncurrent assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The net holding gain on these segregated assets was $10.1 million, $8.5 million and $5.0 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was included in net sales in the consolidated statements of earnings.

U.K. Pension Plan

In 2022, the Company acquired a partially funded defined benefit pension plan in the United Kingdom (the "U.K.") (the "U.K. Pension Plan"). The U.K. Pension Plan provides retirement benefit payments for participating retired employees and their spouses, and was closed to new participants prior to the acquisition. The Company’s funding policy for the U.K. Pension Plan is to contribute annually the amount necessary to provide for benefits based on accrued service and meet the minimum contributions required by applicable regulations.

U.S. Pension Plan

In 2019, the Company acquired a partially funded defined benefit pension plan in the U.S. (the "U.S. Pension Plan"), which was closed to new participants prior to the acquisition. In October 2022, the Company terminated its U.S. Pension Plan. As part of the termination, the Company made a contribution of $4.1 million. Plan assets were liquidated to purchase annuity contracts with an insurance company for all participants. The Company recognized a $4.2 million settlement charge as a result of the termination, including an immaterial non-cash charge for unrecognized losses within accumulated other comprehensive loss as of the termination date. The $4.2 million settlement charge was included in SG&A expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings during 2023. All other components of net periodic benefit cost recognized in the consolidated statements of earnings and changes in plan assets and benefits obligations recorded in OCI were immaterial in 2023. No benefit obligation or plan assets related to the U.S. Pension Plan remain.

The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the pension benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets resulting from the U.K. Pension Plan and the related amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as of August 31, 2025 and 2024:

Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations are detailed below:

The pension accumulated benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits based on employee service and compensation as of the measurement date and does not include an assumption about future compensation levels.

Net periodic benefit cost (gain) are recorded in SG&A expenses within the consolidated statements of earnings. Components of net periodic benefit cost (gain) and other supplemental information are detailed below:

Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs (gains) are detailed below:

The Company determines the discount rates used to measure liabilities as of the August 31 measurement date, which is also the date used for the related annual measurement assumptions. The discount rates reflect the current rate at which the associated liabilities could be effectively settled at the end of the year. For the U.K. Pension Plan, the Company sets its discount rate by reference to a corporate bond yield curve derived from AA rated U.K. corporate bonds. The single equivalent discount rate is equivalent to applying the full yield curve approach to each future year's projected benefit cash flow.

The expected return assumptions are based on the strategic asset allocation of each plan and long-term capital market return expectations. For the U.K. Pension Plan, the interest cost calculation is determined by applying the single equivalent discount rate to the discounted value of the year-by-year projected benefit payments. The single equivalent discount rate does not affect the measurement of the total benefit obligation.

The Company plans to make immaterial contributions to the U.K. Pension Plan in 2026. Future contributions will depend on market conditions, interest rates and other factors.

Plan Assets

Plan assets consist primarily of public equity, corporate and government bonds. The principal investment objectives are to achieve, over the long term, a return on the plan assets that is consistent with the assumptions made by the plan actuaries in determining the funding of the plans, to ensure that sufficient liquid assets are available to meet benefit payments as they are due and to consider the interest of the Company in relation to the size and volatility of the Company's contribution requirements. Each asset class has broadly diversified characteristics. Asset and benefit obligation forecasting studies are conducted periodically, generally every two to three years, or when significant changes have occurred in market conditions, benefits, participant demographics or funded status.

The U.K. Pension Plan's weighted average target allocation ranges and actual allocations as a percentage of plan assets, including the notional exposure of future contracts by asset categories, are detailed below:

Investment Valuation

Investments are stated at fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability at the measurement date. Fixed income securities are valued at the yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings. Purchases and sales of securities are recorded as of the trade date. Realized gains and losses on sales of securities are determined based on average cost. Interest income is recognized on the accrual basis. Dividend income is recognized on the ex-dividend date. Non-interest-bearing cash is valued at cost, which approximates fair value.

Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents the fair value of the plan assets by asset class for the U.K. Pension Plan as of August 31, 2025 and 2024. Level 1 assets consist of cash and cash equivalents. Level 2 assets include funds invested in bonds and fixed income securities. The Company had no level 3 assets as part of its U.K. Pension Plan as of August 31, 2025 or 2024.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of U.K. Pension Plan Level 3 assets recognized in the consolidated balance sheets:

Future Pension Benefit Payments

The following table provides the estimated aggregate pension benefit payments that are payable from the U.K. Pension Plan to participants in future years:

NOTE 15. CAPITAL STOCK

Treasury Stock

In October 2021, the Board approved a share repurchase program under which CMC was authorized to repurchase up to $350.0 million of shares of common stock. In January 2024, the Board authorized an increase of $500.0 million to the existing share repurchase program. The share repurchase program does not require the Company to purchase any dollar amount or number of shares of CMC common stock and may be modified, suspended, extended or terminated by the Company at any time without prior notice. During 2025, 2024 and 2023, the Company repurchased 3,913,560,3,499,225 and 2,309,452 shares of CMC common stock, respectively, at average purchase prices of $50.80, $52.28 and $43.91 per share, respectively. CMC was authorized to purchase $205.0 million of common stock at August 31, 2025.

Preferred Stock

The Company has 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value of $1.00 per share, authorized. The Company may issue preferred stock in series, and the shares of each series may have such rights and preferences as determined by the Board when authorizing the issuance of that particular series. There areno shares of preferred stock outstanding.

NOTE 16. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is computed using the weighted average shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Restricted stock is included in the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding, but excluded from the basic EPS calculation until the shares vest. Diluted EPS is computed based on the weighted average shares of common stock and the effect of dilutive securities outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. The effect of dilutive securities includes the impact of outstanding stock-based incentive awards and shares purchased by employees through participation in the Company's employee stock purchase plan.

The calculations of basic and diluted EPS were as follows:

Anti-dilutive shares not included in the table above were immaterial for all periods presented.

NOTE 17. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

In the ordinary course of conducting its business, the Company becomes involved in litigation, administrative proceedings and governmental investigations, including environmental matters.

Legal Proceedings

On October 30, 2020, plaintiff Pacific Steel Group ("PSG") filed a suit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (the "Northern District Court") alleging that CMC, CMC Steel Fabricators, Inc. and CMC Steel US, LLC violated the federal and California state antitrust laws and California common law by entering into an exclusivity agreement for certain steel mill equipment manufactured by one of the Company’s equipment suppliers. On November 5, 2024, a jury returned a verdict in favor of PSG in the amount of $110.0 million, which the Northern District Court, in entering its judgment on the verdict, subsequently trebled as a matter of law. PSG is also entitled to petition for and recover its attorneys' fees, costs and post-judgment interest. On December 20, 2024, CMC, CMC Steel Fabricators, Inc. and CMC Steel US, LLC filed a motion with the Northern District Court challenging the jury’s verdict and requesting a new trial. On September 29, 2025, the Northern District Court denied this post-trial motion, upholding the jury’s verdict. The Company is confident it conducted its business appropriately and intends to vigorously pursue all reasonably available avenues to have the verdict and judgment overturned, including by filing an appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit within the statutory period. In the meantime, as a trial judgment in favor of PSG was rendered, it was determined that there was a probable and reasonably estimable loss, which was recorded as an expense within the consolidated financial statements. In the year ended August 31, 2025, the Company reported $362.3 million of litigation expense in the consolidated statements of earnings, which represents the Company's estimate based on its understanding of the PSG judgment, PSG's attorneys' fees and other related costs, including post-judgment interest. This amount was classified as a current liability in the consolidated balance sheet as of August 31, 2025 because the timing of the potential payment is uncertain. All other legal expenses for the year ended August 31, 2025 and 2024 are reported within SG&A expenses. If the verdict and judgment are overturned through the appeals process, the expenses and related liability will be reversed in the same period the verdict and judgment are overturned. The Company's litigation defense costs are expensed as incurred. Although the Company is vigorously pursuing a reversal of the jury’s verdict and the judgment, the ultimate resolution is uncertain. Unless the verdict and judgment are overturned or the judgment is significantly reduced, the losses incurred in connection with this litigation would have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

On March 13, 2022, PSG filed a second suit in the San Diego County Superior Court of California alleging that CMC Steel Fabricators, Inc., CMC Steel US, LLC, and CMC Rebar West (which later merged into CMC Steel Fabricators, Inc.) violated California state antitrust and unfair competition laws by bidding below their costs for rebar furnish-and-install projects in California to hamper PSG's ability to win jobs and reduce PSG’s profitability. These allegations were initially brought in PSG's lawsuit in the Northern District Court, but were dismissed without prejudice by the Northern District Court for lack of jurisdiction. This second lawsuit was later removed to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California (the "Southern District Court"). There, PSG seeks, among other things, a jury trial on its claims in addition to injunctive relief, compensatory damages of approximately $29 million for alleged lost profits, pre-judgment interest, fees and costs. Fact and expert discovery are substantially complete. On November 12, 2024, CMC Steel Fabricators, Inc., CMC Steel US, LLC and CMC Rebar West filed a motion for summary judgment, which was subsequently denied on September 29, 2025. This ruling does not represent a determination on the merits of the case. As of the date of this Annual Report, no trial has been scheduled. The Company is confident it conducted its business appropriately, believes it has substantial defenses and intends to vigorously defend against PSG's claims. The Company has not recorded any liability for this matter as it does not believe a loss is probable, and it cannot estimate any reasonably possible loss or range of possible loss. It is possible that an unfavorable resolution to this matter could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Other Matters

At August 31, 2025 and 2024, the amounts accrued for cleanup and remediation costs at certain sites in response to notices, actions and agreements under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA") and analogous state and local statutes were immaterial. Total accrued environmental liabilities, including CERCLA sites, were $3.4 million as of both August 31, 2025 and 2024, of which $1.9 million was classified asother noncurrent liabilities at both August 31, 2025 and 2024. These amounts have not been discounted to present value. Due to evolving remediation technology, changing regulations, possible third-party contributions, the inherent uncertainties of the estimation process and other factors, amounts accrued could vary significantly from amounts paid.

NOTE 18. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER PAYABLES

Significant accrued expenses and other payables are presented below:

NOTE 19. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company's operating segments engage in business activities from which they may earn revenues and incur expenses and for which discrete financial information is available. The Company's CODM is the President and Chief Executive Officer. The CODM uses adjusted EBITDA to evaluate the underlying operational performance of the Company’s reportable segments and to guide strategic decisions aligned with Company-wide objectives, as it provides a consistent and comparable view of operating results across segments. In doing so, the CODM considers the performance of this measure relative to historical, planned and forecasted financial information when making decisions about capital and personnel allocation.

Adjusted EBITDA is the sum of the Company's earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization expense, impairment expense and unrealized gains and losses on undesignated commodity hedges. During the fourth quarter of 2025, the Company modified its method of calculating adjusted EBITDA to exclude the impact of unrealized gains and losses on undesignated commodity derivatives. This change was primarily driven by heightened volatility in copper forward markets, which introduced significant non-cash fluctuations unrelated to core operations. By removing this volatility, the revised metric provides a more representative view of operating performance and cash-generating capability. The Company has recast adjusted EBITDA for all periods presented in this Annual Report to conform to the new presentation.

The Company structures its business into the following three reportable segments: North America Steel Group, Emerging Businesses Group and Europe Steel Group. See Note 1, Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for more information about the reportable segments, including the types of products and services from which each reportable segment derives its net sales. Corporate and Other contains earnings or losses on assets and liabilities related to the Company's BRP assets and short-term investments, expenses of the Company's corporate headquarters, litigation-related expenses, interest expense related to long-term debt, other revenue resulting from the Company's NMTC transactions and intercompany eliminations. Certain corporate administrative expenses are allocated to the segments based upon the nature of the expense.

The following tables present net sales and the significant expense categories that are included in adjusted EBITDA and regularly provided to the Company's CODM:

(1) Depreciation and amortization, asset impairments and unrealized gain on undesignated commodity hedges are included in either cost of goods sold or SG&A expenses when those expenses are provided to the CODM.

(1) Depreciation and amortization, asset impairments and unrealized gain on undesignated commodity hedges are included in either cost of goods sold or SG&A expenses when those expenses are provided to the CODM.

(1) Depreciation and amortization, asset impairments and unrealized loss on undesignated commodity hedges are included in either cost of goods sold or SG&A expenses when those expenses are provided to the CODM.

The following tables present a reconciliation of certain financial information to consolidated totals for the reportable segments:

The following tables display net sales to external customers by reportable segment and Corporate and Other, disaggregated by major product:

The Company allocates net sales to external customers based on the location of the customer. The following table presents net sales by geographic area of the Company's customers:

The following table presents long-lived assets, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, by geographic area:

NOTE 20. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On September 17, 2025, the Company entered into an Equity Purchase Agreement to acquire Concrete Pipe and Precast, LLC ("CP&P"), a portfolio company of Eagle Corporation, and a leading supplier of precast concrete solutions to the U.S. Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic markets, for aggregate consideration of $675.0 million, subject to customary purchase price adjustments. The transaction will be funded with cash on hand and is not contingent on any financing arrangements. The transaction is subject to customary regulatory review and closing conditions.

On October 15, 2025, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Foley Purchase Agreement")to acquire Foley Products Company, LLC ("Foley"), a leading provider of precast concrete products and reinforced concrete pipe to southeastern and western U.S., for aggregate consideration of approximately $1.84 billion, subject to customary purchase price adjustments. The transaction is subject to customary regulatory review and closing conditions.

Concurrently with the execution of the Foley Purchase Agreement, the Company entered into the Commitment Letter with Bank of America, BofA, and Citi, pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, Bank of America and Citi agreed to provide the Bridge Facility and the Backstop Facility. The Company may borrow under the Bridge Facility if proceeds from other financing sources sufficient to consummate the Foley acquisition are not available on or prior to closing. Commitments under the Bridge Facility will be reduced by the net cash proceeds received from certain credit facilities or the issuance of certain debt, equity, or equity-linked securities, and upon other specified events, subject to exceptions set forth in the Commitment Letter.

The Backstop Facility is available to replace the outstanding commitments under the Credit Agreement if the Company does not obtain an amendment, waiver, or consent from the requisite lenders under the Credit Agreement to permit the incurrence of loans under the Bridge Facility, if drawn. If drawn, the Backstop Facility will have substantially the same terms as the Credit Agreement.