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ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP

For the period ended Sep 30, 2026. Filed Oct 27, 2026.

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A company's report for each of its first three quarters. The financial statements are not audited. It shows how the business has moved since the last annual report, and what management says changed.

Sep 30, 2026 · Filed Oct 27, 2026

ASB$30.36-0.6%Stored close · as of Nov 6, 2026

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

These interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared according to the rules and regulations of the SEC and, therefore, certain information and footnote disclosures normally presented in accordance with GAAP have been omitted or abbreviated. The information contained on the consolidated financial statements and footnotes in Associated Banc-Corp's 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K should be referred to in connection with the reading of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

Note 1 Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of the Corporation for the periods presented, and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. The determination of the ACLL is particularly susceptible to significant change. Management has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition or disclosure.

Within the tables presented, certain columns and rows may not recalculate due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes.

Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to U.S. GAAP and to general practice within the financial services industry. A discussion of these policies can be found in Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in the Corporation’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K, except for new accounting pronouncements adopted, as discussed below.

New Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

StandardDescriptionDate of AdoptionEffect on Financial Statements
ASU 2025-08 FinancialInstruments-Credit Losses(Topic 326)The amendments in this update expand the gross-upapproach for initial recognition and measurement ofacquired financial assets to purchased seasoned loans.Early adopted effective April 1, 2026 on a prospective basis, as permitted by the standardThe Corporation early adopted this standard and applied it in the purchase accounting for the acquisition of American National. The ASU expands the gross-up approach to certain acquired non-PCD loans that qualify as purchased seasoned loans, including loans acquired in a business combination, resulting in the acquisition-date allowance for credit losses being added to the loans’ initial amortized cost basis rather than recognized as a Day 1 provision for credit losses. Refer to Note 3 for additional information.

Future Accounting Pronouncements

The expected impact of applicable material accounting pronouncements recently issued or proposed but not yet required to be adopted are discussed in the table below. To the extent that the adoption of new accounting standards materially affects the Corporation's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or disclosures, the impacts are discussed in the applicable sections of this financial review.

StandardDescriptionDate of Anticipated AdoptionEffect on Financial Statements
ASU 2024-03 Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)The amendments in this update require a public business entity to disclose specific information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to its financial statements for interim and annual reporting periods. The objective of the disclosure requirements is to provide disaggregated information about a public business entity's expenses to help investors (a) better understand the entity's performance, (b) better assess the entity's prospects for future cash flows, and (c) compare an entity's performance over time and with that of other entities.Annual period ending December 31, 2027 and subsequent interim periodsThe Corporation is currently evaluating the impact on its disclosures.
ASU 2025-06 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40)The amendments in this update simplify the capitalization guidance by removing all references to prescriptive and sequential software development stages to align with the shift to incremental and iterative software development methods.Interim period ending March 31, 2028 and subsequent periodsThe Corporation is currently evaluating the impact on its disclosures.

Note 3 Business Combinations

On April 1, 2026, the Corporation completed its previously announced acquisition of American National pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement by and between the Corporation and American National.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, (i) American National merged with and into Associated Banc-Corp, with Associated Banc-Corp continuing as the surviving corporation, and (ii) immediately following such merger, American National Bank, a national banking association and wholly owned subsidiary of American National, merged with and into the Bank, with the Bank continuing as the surviving bank.

At the effective time of the merger,100% of the outstanding shares of voting common stock and non-voting common stock of American National outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the merger, other than certain shares held by the Corporation or American National, were converted into the right to receive an aggregate 22,975,382 shares of common stock of the Corporation. This represented 36.250 shares of the Corporation's common stock for each share of outstanding common stock of American National, with cash paid in lieu of fractional shares. Total consideration for the acquisition was $594.1 million valued at the acquisition date fair value of $25.86 per share.

American National operated 33 branches across Nebraska, Minnesota and Iowa, with a concentration in the Greater Omaha and Minneapolis / St. Paul metro markets. As a result of the acquisition, the Corporation increased its deposit market share and is delivering its products and services to an expanded client base across Midwest markets.

The acquisition of American National has been accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. Fair value estimates related to the assets and liabilities from American National are subject to adjustment for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition as additional information becomes available. The purchase consideration allocation is considered preliminary as certain estimates related to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are subject to continuing refinement. Valuations subject to refinement include, but are not limited to, loans, certain deposits, certain other assets, and the core deposit intangible asset.

The following table presents the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the effective date of the American National acquisition.

(in thousands)April 1, 2026
Total Consideration$594,144
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$220,898
Investment securities989,925
Loans, net3,716,472
Other intangible assets(a)103,200
Other assets155,960
Total assets$5,186,455
Liabilities
Deposits$4,544,700
Other liabilities89,700
Total liabilities$4,634,400
Fair value of net assets acquired$552,055
Goodwill$42,089
(a) Core deposit intangibles

The goodwill arising from the acquisition consists largely of the synergies and economies of scale expected from combining the operations of the Corporation with the former operations of American National. None of the goodwill is deductible for income tax purposes as the acquisition was accounted for as a tax-free exchange.

The Corporation engaged an independent, third-party valuation specialist to assist in the valuation of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the business combination. The following valuation techniques were used in the valuation:

Investment securities: The fair value of AFS investment securities and equity securities was determined utilizing quoted prices in an active market, if available, or an external third party broker opinion of the market value.

Loans, net: Fair values of loans were based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considered factors including the type of loan, related collateral, credit quality status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan, amortization status and current discount rates. For the non-credit (interest and liquidity) premium, loans were grouped together according to similar characteristics when applying various valuation techniques. For the credit discount, loans were also grouped based on whether they had more than insignificant deterioration in credit since origination. Purchased loans and leases that reflect a more-than-insignificant deterioration of credit from origination are considered purchase credit deteriorated (PCD) assets. All other loans acquired were deemed purchased seasoned loans (non-PCD). The initial estimate of expected credit losses, excluding credit card loans, was recognized in the ACLL on the date of acquisition using the same methodology as other loans and leases held-for-investment.

The following table includes the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the acquired loans and leases:

(in thousands)Unpaid principal balancePremium (Discount)Loans and leasesAllowance for credit losses on loansLoans and leases, net
Non-PCD loans$3,185,647$2,692$3,188,339$(28,263)$3,160,076
PCD Loans615,403(19,495)595,908(39,512)556,396
Total$3,801,050$(16,803)$3,784,247$(67,775)$3,716,472

Core Deposit Intangibles: This intangible asset represents the value of the relationships with deposit customers. The fair value is estimated based on a discounted cash flow methodology that gave appropriate consideration to expected customer attrition rates, net maintenance cost of the deposit base, alternative cost of funds, and the interest costs associated with customer deposits. The CDIs will be amortized utilizing the sum of years digits basis.

Time Deposits: The fair value for time deposits is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered to the contractual interest rates on such time deposits.

The Corporation's operating results include operating results from American National for the six months ended September 30, 2026. Due to the integration of operating activities into those of the Corporation, bifurcation and reporting of revenues and net income from the former American National operations is impracticable. In addition, such amounts would require significant estimates related to the proper allocation of merger cost savings that cannot be objectively made. The following table presents merger related costs, and the line item that these costs are included in on the consolidated statement of income, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026. Additional transaction and integration costs will be expensed in future periods as incurred.

(in thousands)Three Months Ended September 30, 2026Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2026
Personnel$723$14,087
Technology9,0399,820
Occupancy503606
Business development and advertising8621,516
Equipment102200
Legal and professional2,02912,282
Other—223
Total$13,258$38,734

Pro Forma Financial Information

The following unaudited pro forma summary presents consolidated information of the Corporation as if the American National acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2025. The amounts do not reflect anticipated operating cost savings, revenue enhancements, or other synergies expected to result from the acquisition. Actual results may differ from the unaudited pro forma information presented.

Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
(Unaudited) (in thousands)2026202520262025
Net interest income and noninterest income$462,635$437,119$1,344,241$1,244,017
Net income155,546135,670417,656337,274

The pro forma adjustments include the effect of excluding acquisition-related expenses of $38.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and included such expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2025. These adjustments also include adjusting amortization and accretion of fair value marks on acquired loans, investments, deposits, intangibles, other assets/liabilities, and the effect of income taxes.

Note 4 Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings per common share are calculated utilizing the two-class method. Basic earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock awards (outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock awards). Presented below are the calculations for basic and diluted earnings per common share:

Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
(in thousands, except per share data)2026202520262025
Net income$146,586$124,732$389,785$337,648
Preferred stock dividends(2,875)(2,875)(8,625)(8,625)
Net income available to common equity143,711121,857381,160329,023
Common shareholder dividends(45,073)(38,340)(130,651)(114,977)
Unvested share-based payment awards(105)(190)(325)(590)
Undistributed earnings$98,533$83,326$250,184$213,457
Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders$98,311$82,913$249,505$212,415
Undistributed earnings allocated to unvested share-based payment awards2224136791,042
Undistributed earnings$98,533$83,326$250,184$213,457
Basic
Distributed earnings to common shareholders$45,073$38,340$130,651$114,977
Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders98,31182,913249,505212,415
Total common shareholders earnings, basic$143,384$121,253$380,156$327,392
Diluted
Distributed earnings to common shareholders$45,073$38,340$130,651$114,977
Undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders98,31182,913249,505212,415
Total common shareholders earnings, diluted$143,384$121,253$380,156$327,392
Weighted average common shares outstanding186,685165,029180,034165,064
Effect of dilutive common stock awards1,8151,6741,7481,581
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding188,500166,703181,782166,645
Basic earnings per common share$0.77$0.73$2.11$1.98
Diluted earnings per common share$0.76$0.73$2.09$1.96

Excluded from the earnings per common share calculations were nominal amounts and 0.2 million anti-dilutive common stock options for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and nominal amounts and 0.8 million anti-dilutive common stock options for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Note 5 Stock-Based Compensation

The fair values of stock options and restricted stock are amortized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grants. For colleagues who meet the definition of retirement eligible under the 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan and 2025 Equity Incentive Plan (collectively, the Incentive Plans), expenses related to stock options and restricted stock grants are fully recognized on the date the colleague meets the definition of normal or early retirement. Compensation expense recognized is included in personnel expense on the consolidated statements of income.

A summary of the Corporation’s stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 is presented below:

Stock OptionsShares(a)Weighted AverageExercise PriceWeighted Average Remaining Contractual TermAggregate Intrinsic Value(a)
Outstanding at December 31, 20251,460$22.712.52 years$4,483
Exercised60323.66
Outstanding at September 30, 2026857$22.042.29 years$5,661
Options Exercisable at September 30, 2026857$22.042.29 years$5,661

(a) In thousands

Intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock option. For the nine months ended September 30, 2026, the intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $3.6 million, compared to $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. All stock options were vested as of December 31, 2025.

The Corporation has issued service-based and performance-based restricted stock grants, in the form of awards and units, under the Incentive Plans. Service-based awards are contingent upon continued employment or meeting the requirements for retirement. Performance-based awards are based on performance goals determined by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Corporation's Board of Directors, with vesting ranging from a minimum of 0% to a maximum of 150% of the target award. Performance awards are valued utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate fair value of the awards at the grant date.

The following table summarizes information about the Corporation’s restricted stock activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2026:

Restricted StockShares(a)Weighted AverageGrant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 20252,372$22.02
Granted90326.43
Vested96721.70
Forfeited6724.44
Outstanding at September 30, 20262,241$23.86

(a) In thousands

The Corporation amortizes the expense related to restricted stock awards as compensation expense over the vesting period specified in the grant's award agreement. Performance-based restricted stock granted during 2025 and 2026 will cliff-vest after thethree year performance period has ended. Service-based restricted stock granted during 2025 and 2026 will generally vest ratably over a period offour years. Expense for restricted stock of $14.7 million and $15.0 million was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and September 30, 2025, respectively. Included in compensation expense for the accelerated vesting of restricted stock granted to colleagues meeting applicable retirement eligibility criteria per the related plan documents was $4.5 million and $4.5 million of expense in the first nine months of 2026 and 2025, respectively. The Corporation had $24.2 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock at September 30, 2026 that are expected to be recognized over the remaining requisite service periods that extend through thefirst quarter of 2030.

The Corporation has the ability to issue shares from treasury or new shares upon the exercise of stock options or the granting of restricted stock. The Board of Directors has authorized management to repurchase shares of the Corporation’s common stock, to be made available for issuance in connection with the Corporation’s employee incentive plans and for other corporate purposes. The repurchase of shares, if any, will be based on market and investment opportunities, capital levels, growth prospects, and regulatory constraints. Such repurchases may occur from time to time in open market purchases, block transactions, private transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, or similar facilities.

Note 6 Investment Securities

Investment securities are designated as AFS, HTM, or equity on the consolidated balance sheets. The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at September 30, 2026 were as follows:

(in thousands)AmortizedCostGrossUnrealizedGainsGrossUnrealizedLossesFair Value
AFS investment securities
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)$6,849$—$(457)$6,392
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC146,337106(11,979)134,464
GNMA5,542,393317(190,604)5,352,106
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC369,363—(21,964)347,399
GNMA111,099—(8,236)102,863
Asset backed securities:
FFELP86,58734(573)86,048
SBA174,150—(9,648)164,502
Other debt securities(a)6,750—(1,696)5,054
Total AFS investment securities$6,443,528$457$(245,157)$6,198,828
HTM investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities$997$—$(4)$993
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)1,576,82744(272,110)1,304,761
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC771,047—(172,347)598,700
GNMA36,181—(4,547)31,634
Private-label284,928—(60,012)224,916
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC752,924—(143,020)609,904
GNMA39,316—(5,342)33,974
Total HTM investment securities$3,462,220$44$(657,382)$2,804,882

(a)Unrealized losses includes allowance for credit losses

The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at December 31, 2025 were as follows:

(in thousands)AmortizedCostGrossUnrealizedGainsGrossUnrealizedLossesFair Value
AFS investment securities
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)$3,063$1$(20)$3,044
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC134,1421,214(5,493)129,863
GNMA5,000,01540,067(253)5,039,829
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC17,959—(1,001)16,958
GNMA113,374—(3,818)109,556
Asset backed securities:
FFELP95,97719(950)95,046
SBA283—(14)269
Other debt securities3,000—(2)2,998
Total AFS investment securities$5,367,813$41,301$(11,551)$5,397,563
HTM investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities$996$19$—$1,015
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)1,628,0883,070(123,856)1,507,302
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC823,630165(127,333)696,462
GNMA39,12382(2,321)36,884
Private-label302,817—(43,990)258,827
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC763,370—(113,004)650,366
GNMA44,552152(4,566)40,138
Total HTM investment securities$3,602,576$3,488$(415,070)$3,190,994

Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The expected maturities of AFS and HTM securities at September 30, 2026, are shown below:

AFS · HTM
(in thousands) · AmortizedCost · FairValue · AmortizedCost · FairValue
Due in one year or less$4,750$3,059$7,118$7,080
Due after one year through five years6,2436,00290,24887,290
Due after five years through ten years——333,317302,799
Due after ten years2,6062,3851,147,141908,585
Total municipal, U.S. Treasury and other debt securities13,59911,4461,577,8241,305,754
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC146,337134,464771,047598,700
GNMA5,542,3935,352,10636,18131,634
Private-label——284,928224,916
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC369,363347,399752,924609,904
GNMA111,099102,86339,31633,974
Asset backed securities:
FFELP86,58786,048——
SBA174,150164,502——
Total investment securities$6,443,528$6,198,828$3,462,220$2,804,882
Ratio of fair value to amortized cost96.2%81.0%

Investment securities with a carrying value of $1.0 billion at September 30, 2026 and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2025, respectively, were pledged as required to secure certain deposits or for other purposes.

Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities totaled $14.6 million and $17.7 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities totaled $25.0 million and $23.0 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on both HTM and AFS securities is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Corporation holds U.S. Treasury, municipal, and mortgage-related securities issued by the U.S. government or a GSE which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government or are GSE guaranteed. The Corporation also holds private-label residential mortgage-related securities that have credit enhancement which covers the first 16% of losses and, as a result, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded related to these securities.

There was a $0.1 million allowance for credit losses on HTM securities at September 30, 2026 and $0.1 million at December 31, 2025, attributable entirely to the Corporation's municipal securities, included in HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets. The allowance for credit losses on AFS securities was $1.7 million at September 30, 2026 andzero at December 31, 2025, attributable to a corporate bond acquired through the recent acquisition of American National, included in other debt securities within the AFS investment securities, net, caption on the consolidated balance sheets.

The following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at September 30, 2026:

Less than 12 months · 12 months or more · Total
(in thousands)NumberofSecuritiesUnrealizedLossesFairValueNumberofSecuritiesUnrealizedLossesFairValueUnrealizedLossesFairValue
AFS investment securities
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)8$(441)$6,1581$(16)$234$(457)$6,392
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC62(4,607)84,7408(7,372)44,429(11,979)129,169
GNMA384(190,401)5,247,6983(203)2,669(190,604)5,250,367
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC9(20,066)331,6261(1,898)15,773(21,964)347,399
GNMA———15(8,236)102,864(8,236)102,864
Asset backed securities:
FFELP1(34)5,61812(539)50,269(573)55,887
SBA9(9,641)164,4022(7)99(9,648)164,501
Other debt securities(a)3(1,696)4,054———(1,696)4,054
Total476$(226,886)$5,844,29642$(18,271)$216,337$(245,157)$6,060,633
HTM investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities1$(4)$994—$—$—$(4)$994
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)636$(68,956)$755,193408$(203,154)$539,761$(272,110)$1,294,954
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC21(1,262)20,95599(171,085)577,745(172,347)598,700
GNMA7(555)7,47378(3,992)24,161(4,547)31,634
Private-label———18(60,012)224,916(60,012)224,916
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC2(1,985)24,67443(141,035)585,230(143,020)609,904
GNMA———13(5,342)33,974(5,342)33,974
Total667$(72,762)$809,289659$(584,620)$1,985,787$(657,382)$2,795,076

(a)Unrealized losses includes allowance for credit losses

For comparative purposes, the following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2025:

Less than 12 months · 12 months or more · Total
(in thousands)NumberofSecuritiesUnrealizedLossesFairValueNumberofSecuritiesUnrealizedLossesFairValueUnrealizedLossesFairValue
AFS investment securities
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)—$—$—2$(20)$863$(20)$863
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC12(95)14,15512(5,398)56,215(5,493)70,370
GNMA16(232)143,7343(21)2,674(253)146,408
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC———1(1,001)16,958(1,001)16,958
GNMA———15(3,818)109,556(3,818)109,556
Asset backed securities:
FFELP2(152)33,23912(798)55,565(950)88,804
SBA———2(14)231(14)231
Other debt securities2(2)1,998———(2)1,998
Total32$(481)$193,12647$(11,070)$242,062$(11,551)$435,188
HTM investment securities
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)81$(2,978)$89,826543$(120,878)$842,485$(123,856)$932,311
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC1—30102(127,333)676,915(127,333)676,945
GNMA———80(2,321)30,237(2,321)30,237
Private-label———18(43,990)258,827(43,990)258,827
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA/FHLMC2(470)26,28743(112,534)624,079(113,004)650,366
GNMA———13(4,566)40,138(4,566)40,138
Total84$(3,448)$116,143799$(411,622)$2,472,681$(415,070)$2,588,824

On a quarterly basis, the Corporation refreshes the credit quality of each HTM security. The Company monitors the credit quality of HTM securities through credit ratings provided by S&P and Moody’s. Investment grade securities are rated BBB- or higher by S&P, or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s, and are generally considered by the rating agencies and market participants to be of low credit risk. As of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Corporation's HTM portfolio contained all investment grade securities except for securities that were not rated which were individually reviewed noting no credit quality issues.

Based on the Corporation’s evaluation, management does not believe any unrealized losses at September 30, 2026 represent credit deterioration as these unrealized losses are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and the current market conditions, except as disclosed above. As of September 30, 2026, the Corporation does not intend to sell, nor does it believe that it will be required to sell, the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost basis.

Regulatory stocks: The Corporation had FHLB stock of $188.4 million and $154.4 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively. The Corporation had Federal Reserve Bank stock of $115.9 million and $98.1 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Accrued interest receivable on FHLB stock totaled $4.1 million at September 30, 2026 and $2.8 million at December 31, 2025. There was $1.7 million accrued interest receivable on Federal Reserve Bank Stock at September 30, 2026 andnone at December 31, 2025. Accrued interest receivable on both FHLB stock and Federal Reserve Bank stock is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Equity Securities

Equity securities with readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is primarily comprised of mutual funds. The Corporation had equity securities with readily determinable fair values of $15.0 million and $11.1 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities without readily determinable fair values primarily consists of an investment in a private loan fund. The Corporation had equity securities without readily determinable fair values carried at $15.0 million at both September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Note 7 Loans

The period end loan composition was as follows:

(in thousands)Sep 30, 2026Dec 31, 2025
Commercial and industrial$13,804,140$11,799,757
Commercial real estate — owner occupied1,601,9251,186,324
Commercial and business lending15,406,06512,986,081
Commercial real estate — investor6,494,9915,246,030
Real estate construction2,601,5711,994,642
Commercial real estate lending9,096,5627,240,672
Total commercial24,502,62720,226,753
Residential mortgage6,740,2146,793,957
Auto finance4,093,2153,106,498
Home equity848,507713,271
Other consumer335,308323,135
Total consumer12,017,24410,936,861
Total loans$36,519,871$31,163,614

Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $138.3 million at September 30, 2026 and $117.6 million at December 31, 2025, and is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. The amount of accrued interest reversed was $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and $1.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026, compared to $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

The following table presents loans by credit quality indicator by origination year at September 30, 2026:

Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
(in thousands)Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)Rev Loans Amortized Cost BasisYTD 20262025202420232022PriorTotal
Commercial and industrial:
Risk rating:
Pass$28,242$2,473,485$3,350,434$3,647,461$1,528,337$806,941$756,529$640,720$13,203,907
Special mention—13,53846499,3936,4196,3263,76630,956160,862
Substandard660113,07039,69531,65718,81012,993130,78027,406374,411
Nonaccrual196624818923,4084,20926835,84364,960
Commercial and industrial$28,921$2,600,755$3,391,074$3,778,600$1,576,974$830,469$891,343$734,925$13,804,140
Commercial real estate - owner occupied:
Risk rating:
Pass$106$180,904$219,020$240,585$196,660$134,447$182,095$348,796$1,502,507
Special mention—1,232—147—85—10,17011,634
Substandard—23,0131,7127,95119,50516,4934117,41186,126
Nonaccrual——355———6146891,658
Commercial real estate - owner occupied$106$205,149$221,087$248,683$216,165$151,025$182,750$377,066$1,601,925
Commercial and business lending:
Risk rating:
Pass$28,348$2,654,389$3,569,454$3,888,046$1,724,997$941,388$938,624$989,516$14,706,414
Special mention—14,77046499,5406,4196,4113,76641,126172,496
Substandard660136,08341,40739,60838,31529,486130,82144,817460,537
Nonaccrual196628368923,4084,20988236,53266,618
Commercial and business lending$29,027$2,805,904$3,612,161$4,027,283$1,793,139$981,494$1,074,093$1,111,991$15,406,065
Commercial real estate - investor:
Risk rating:
Pass$794$713,770$1,463,204$1,536,465$641,786$342,346$647,234$763,920$6,108,725
Special mention—628130,6412813,05517,39957,94328,026237,973
Substandard—17,83712,55212,3573,9765,92453,92127,611134,178
Nonaccrual—671—3,911——7,8311,70214,115
Commercial real estate - investor$794$732,906$1,606,397$1,553,014$648,817$365,669$766,929$821,259$6,494,991
Real estate construction:
Risk rating:
Pass$—$233,335$366,038$590,769$830,808$152,908$3,353$6,026$2,183,237
Special mention—2,40619,880—35,091—30,185—87,562
Substandard—25,54191,70049,0747,65634,493117,775—326,239
Nonaccrual—4,301——17138—234,533
Real estate construction$—$265,583$477,618$639,843$873,726$187,439$151,313$6,049$2,601,571
Commercial real estate lending:
Risk rating:
Pass$794$947,105$1,829,242$2,127,234$1,472,594$495,254$650,587$769,946$8,291,962
Special mention—3,034150,52128138,14617,39988,12828,026325,535
Substandard—43,378104,25261,43111,63240,417171,69627,611460,417
Nonaccrual—4,972—3,911171387,8311,72518,648
Commercial real estate lending$794$998,489$2,084,015$2,192,857$1,522,543$553,108$918,242$827,308$9,096,562
Total commercial:
Risk rating:
Pass$29,142$3,601,494$5,398,696$6,015,280$3,197,591$1,436,642$1,589,211$1,759,462$22,998,376
Special mention—17,804150,98599,82144,56523,81091,89469,152498,031
Substandard660179,461145,659101,03949,94769,903302,51772,428920,954
Nonaccrual195,6348364,00023,5794,2478,71338,25785,266
Total commercial$29,821$3,804,393$5,696,176$6,220,140$3,315,682$1,534,602$1,992,335$1,939,299$24,502,627
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
(in thousands)Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)Rev Loans Amortized Cost BasisYTD 20262025202420232022PriorTotal
Residential mortgage:
Risk rating:
Pass$—$—$247,572$336,139$255,517$428,775$1,416,314$3,971,116$6,655,433
Special mention—————20—162182
Substandard——5,349—568307451—6,675
Nonaccrual——1372,4575,1937,38214,18348,57277,924
Residential mortgage$—$—$253,058$338,596$261,278$436,484$1,430,948$4,019,850$6,740,214
Auto finance:
Risk rating:
Pass$—$—$1,213,885$1,297,093$784,020$439,856$297,260$44,123$4,076,237
Special mention——3829841,0098517601214,107
Nonaccrual——5312,3282,8253,4113,11466212,871
Auto finance$—$—$1,214,798$1,300,405$787,854$444,118$301,134$44,906$4,093,215
Home equity:
Risk rating:
Pass$17,899$747,508$1,440$6,157$3,807$5,219$20,052$55,453$839,636
Special mention668304—200517118853271,551
Nonaccrual891341—522402091,1645,3147,320
Home equity$19,458$748,153$1,440$6,409$4,564$5,546$21,301$61,094$848,507
Other consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass$207$263,790$12,600$8,573$3,455$1,823$756$41,303$332,300
Special mention4990013—13555—986
Substandard—1,967——————1,967
Nonaccrual435———108255
Other consumer$260$266,692$12,613$8,573$3,468$1,888$769$41,305$335,308
Total consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass$18,106$1,011,298$1,475,497$1,647,962$1,046,799$875,673$1,734,382$4,111,995$11,903,606
Special mention7171,2043951,1841,5391,0448506106,826
Substandard—1,9675,349—568307451—8,642
Nonaccrual8953766684,8378,25811,01218,46954,55098,170
Total consumer$19,718$1,014,845$1,481,909$1,653,983$1,057,164$888,036$1,754,152$4,167,155$12,017,244
Total loans:
Risk rating:
Pass$47,248$4,612,792$6,874,193$7,663,242$4,244,390$2,312,315$3,323,593$5,871,457$34,901,982
Special mention71719,008151,380101,00546,10424,85492,74469,762504,857
Substandard660181,428151,008101,03950,51570,210302,96872,428929,596
Nonaccrual9146,0101,5048,83731,83715,25927,18292,807183,436
Total loans$49,539$4,819,238$7,178,085$7,874,123$4,372,846$2,422,638$3,746,487$6,106,454$36,519,871

(a) Revolving loans converted to term loans are those converted during the reporting period and are also reported in their year of origination.

The following table presents loans by credit quality indicator by origination year at December 31, 2025:

Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
(in thousands)Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis20252024202320222021PriorTotal
Commercial and industrial:
Risk rating:
Pass$503$1,920,351$3,886,880$2,097,760$1,133,873$1,238,941$521,793$471,834$11,271,432
Special mention—11,1393,02431113,7745,84924,97129359,361
Substandard7,29065,45160,59378,77322,126162,84170,2311,771461,786
Nonaccrual1,473—257,153————7,178
Commercial and industrial$9,266$1,996,941$3,950,522$2,183,997$1,169,773$1,407,631$616,995$473,898$11,799,757
Commercial real estate - owner occupied:
Risk rating:
Pass$—$2,957$241,141$180,867$141,254$167,496$157,837$201,588$1,093,140
Special mention———11,6205,432——1,24218,294
Substandard—13,4457,47814,00115,6351,69111,92910,50874,687
Nonaccrual——203—————203
Commercial real estate - owner occupied$—$16,402$248,822$206,488$162,321$169,187$169,766$213,338$1,186,324
Commercial and business lending:
Risk rating:
Pass$503$1,923,308$4,128,021$2,278,627$1,275,127$1,406,437$679,630$673,422$12,364,572
Special mention—11,1393,02411,93119,2065,84924,9711,53577,655
Substandard7,29078,89668,07192,77437,761164,53282,16012,279536,473
Nonaccrual1,473—2287,153————7,381
Commercial and business lending$9,266$2,013,343$4,199,344$2,390,485$1,332,094$1,576,818$786,761$687,236$12,986,081
Commercial real estate - investor:
Risk rating:
Pass$3,195$185,825$1,842,395$776,187$503,511$711,947$432,442$503,468$4,955,775
Special mention——40,06711,13514,80958,52326,9645,007156,505
Substandard——24,0901,4467,74170,60817,6333,921125,439
Nonaccrual———546—7,765——8,311
Commercial real estate - investor$3,195$185,825$1,906,552$789,314$526,061$848,843$477,039$512,396$5,246,030
Real estate construction:
Risk rating:
Pass$—$33,847$359,610$720,429$223,239$175,056$2,991$5,768$1,520,940
Special mention——20,611——51,262——71,873
Substandard——122,32042,51148,980187,874——401,685
Nonaccrual———————144144
Real estate construction$—$33,847$502,541$762,940$272,219$414,192$2,991$5,912$1,994,642
Commercial real estate lending:
Risk rating:
Pass$3,195$219,672$2,202,005$1,496,616$726,750$887,003$435,433$509,236$6,476,715
Special mention——60,67811,13514,809109,78526,9645,007228,378
Substandard——146,41043,95756,721258,48217,6333,921527,124
Nonaccrual———546—7,765—1448,455
Commercial real estate lending$3,195$219,672$2,409,093$1,552,254$798,280$1,263,035$480,030$518,308$7,240,672
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year(a)
(in thousands)Rev Loans Converted to Term(a)Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis20252024202320222021PriorTotal
Total commercial:
Risk rating:
Pass$3,698$2,142,980$6,330,026$3,775,243$2,001,877$2,293,440$1,115,063$1,182,658$18,841,287
Special mention—11,13963,70223,06634,015115,63451,9356,542306,033
Substandard7,29078,896214,481136,73194,482423,01499,79316,2001,063,597
Nonaccrual1,473—2287,699—7,765—14415,836
Total commercial$12,461$2,233,015$6,608,437$3,942,739$2,130,374$2,839,853$1,266,791$1,205,544$20,226,753
Residential mortgage:
Risk rating:
Pass$—$—$253,364$238,787$480,076$1,488,335$1,499,223$2,764,379$6,724,164
Substandard———580292129300—1,301
Nonaccrual——2,4253,1025,10113,1418,98535,73868,492
Residential mortgage$—$—$255,789$242,469$485,469$1,501,605$1,508,508$2,800,117$6,793,957
Auto finance:
Risk rating:
Pass$—$—$1,287,267$842,838$551,549$388,064$26,402$2$3,096,122
Special mention——29532581462150—2,105
Nonaccrual——5591,3562,8113,255290—8,271
Auto finance$—$—$1,288,121$844,519$555,174$391,940$26,742$2$3,106,498
Home equity:
Risk rating:
Pass$15,259$623,853$855$2,188$2,728$20,514$4,733$49,793$704,664
Special mention31552—119190104—368833
Nonaccrual1,03817322213331,0164145,6157,774
Home equity$16,612$624,078$857$2,528$3,251$21,634$5,147$55,776$713,271
Other consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass$529$255,490$13,159$4,070$1,990$958$264$43,575$319,506
Special mention121,13927—59—201,200
Substandard—2,374——————2,374
Nonaccrual235—312—2355
Other consumer$543$259,038$13,186$4,073$2,007$967$266$43,598$323,135
Total consumer:
Risk rating:
Pass$15,788$879,343$1,554,645$1,087,883$1,036,343$1,897,871$1,530,622$2,857,749$10,844,456
Special mention3271,1913224441,009734503884,138
Substandard—2,374—580292129300—3,675
Nonaccrual1,0402082,9864,6828,25717,4129,69141,35684,592
Total consumer$17,155$883,116$1,557,953$1,093,589$1,045,901$1,916,146$1,540,663$2,899,493$10,936,861
Total loans:
Risk rating:
Pass$19,486$3,022,323$7,884,671$4,863,126$3,038,220$4,191,311$2,645,685$4,040,407$29,685,743
Special mention32712,33064,02423,51035,024116,36851,9856,930310,171
Substandard7,29081,270214,481137,31194,774423,143100,09316,2001,067,272
Nonaccrual2,5132083,21412,3818,25725,1779,69141,500100,428
Total loans$29,616$3,116,131$8,166,390$5,036,328$3,176,275$4,755,999$2,807,454$4,105,037$31,163,614

(a) Revolving loans converted to term loans are those converted during the reporting period and are also reported in their year of origination.

The following table presents gross charge offs by origination year for the nine months ended September 30, 2026:

Gross Charge Offs by Origination Year
(in thousands)Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis20262025202420232022PriorTotal
Commercial and industrial$15,083$135$14,181$407$715$425$9,887$40,833
Commercial real estate-owner occupied————————
Commercial and business lending15,08313514,1814077154259,88740,833
Commercial real estate-investor——————2,7102,710
Real estate construction————————
Commercial real estate lending——————2,7102,710
Total commercial15,08313514,18140771542512,59743,543
Residential mortgage—351398541108381
Auto finance—5602,5841,8892,7692,58937110,762
Home equity1—60—213328404
Other consumer5,82211154474718386,137
Total consumer5,8235742,8032,0752,9032,66184517,684
Total gross charge offs$20,906$709$16,984$2,482$3,618$3,086$13,442$61,227

The following table presents gross charge offs by origination year for the year ended December 31, 2025:

Gross Charge Offs by Origination Year
(in thousands)Rev Loans Amortized Cost Basis20252024202320222021PriorTotal
Commercial and industrial$5,424$831$627$3,555$3,799$379$—$14,615
Commercial real estate-owner occupied———113———113
Commercial and business lending5,4248316273,6683,799379—14,728
Commercial real estate-investor——8,35618412,666——21,206
Real estate construction————————
Commercial real estate lending——8,35618412,666——21,206
Total commercial5,4248318,9833,85216,465379—35,934
Residential mortgage——115209320744301,148
Auto finance—4321,6992,8043,384433—8,752
Home equity———2655380416
Other consumer8,19418856363224568,703
Total consumer8,1944501,8993,1023,77273686619,019
Total gross charge offs$13,618$1,281$10,882$6,954$20,237$1,115$866$54,953

Factors that are important to managing overall credit quality are sound loan underwriting and administration, systematic monitoring of existing loans and commitments, effective loan review on an ongoing basis, early identification of potential problems, and appropriate policies for ACLL, nonaccrual loans, and charge offs.

For commercial loans, management has determined the pass credit quality indicator to include credits exhibiting acceptable financial statements, cash flow, and leverage. If any risk exists, it is mitigated by the loan structure, collateral, monitoring, or control. For consumer loans, performing loans include credits performing in accordance with the original contractual terms.

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Special mention credits have potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the credit or in the credit position at some future date. Accruing loan modifications could be pass or special mention, depending on the risk rating on the loan. Substandard loans are considered inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged, if any. These loans have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, which may jeopardize liquidation of the debt, and are characterized by the distinct possibility the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Commercial loan relationships over $0.5 million in nonaccrual status, or that otherwise do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans, including those for which a debt restructuring is probable, are evaluated individually for expected credit losses. Commercial loans classified as special mention, substandard, and nonaccrual are reviewed at a minimum on a quarterly basis, while pass credits, which are performing rated credits, are generally reviewed on an annual basis or more frequently if the loan renewal is less than one year or if otherwise warranted.

The recorded investment of consumer loans secured by residential real estate properties for which foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $16.6 million and $20.1 million at September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

The following table presents loans by past due status at September 30, 2026:

Accruing
(in thousands)Current30-59 DaysPast Due60-89 DaysPast Due90+ DaysPast DueNonaccrual(a)(b)Total
Commercial and industrial$13,734,457$1,052$2,465$1,206$64,960$13,804,140
Commercial real estate - owner occupied1,600,128—139—1,6581,601,925
Commercial and business lending15,334,5851,0522,6041,20666,61815,406,065
Commercial real estate - investor6,473,4168156555,99014,1156,494,991
Real estate construction2,596,005577456—4,5332,601,571
Commercial real estate lending9,069,4211,3921,1115,99018,6489,096,562
Total commercial24,404,0062,4443,7157,19685,26624,502,627
Residential mortgage6,642,02519,86318222077,9246,740,214
Auto finance4,034,16242,0754,107—12,8714,093,215
Home equity836,1793,4571,551—7,320848,507
Other consumer(c)330,8581,3781,0042,01355335,308
Total consumer11,843,22466,7736,8442,23398,17012,017,244
Total loans$36,247,230$69,217$10,559$9,429$183,436$36,519,871

(a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $84.4 million, or 46%, were current with respect to payment at September 30, 2026.

(b)No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026. In addition, there were $19.3 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACLL at September 30, 2026.

(c) Past due portions exclude guaranteed student loans.

The following table presents loans by past due status at December 31, 2025:

Accruing
(in thousands)Current30-59 DaysPast Due60-89 DaysPast Due90+ Days Past DueNonaccrual(a)(b)Total
Commercial and industrial$11,789,526$2,153$530$370$7,178$11,799,757
Commercial real estate - owner occupied1,186,087—34—2031,186,324
Commercial and business lending12,975,6132,1535643707,38112,986,081
Commercial real estate - investor5,218,31414,1485,257—8,3115,246,030
Real estate construction1,994,381117——1441,994,642
Commercial real estate lending7,212,69514,2655,257—8,4557,240,672
Total commercial20,188,30816,4185,82137015,83620,226,753
Residential mortgage6,712,33013,135——68,4926,793,957
Auto finance3,081,78214,3402,105—8,2713,106,498
Home equity701,7192,945833—7,774713,271
Other consumer(c)317,9321,4731,2312,44455323,135
Total consumer10,813,76331,8934,1692,44484,59210,936,861
Total loans$31,002,071$48,311$9,990$2,814$100,428$31,163,614

(a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $31.2 million, or 31%, were current with respect to payment at December 31, 2025.

(b)No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the year ended December 31, 2025. In addition, there were $14.6 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACLL at December 31, 2025

(c) Past due portions exclude guaranteed student loans.

Loan Modifications

The following tables show the composition of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by the loan portfolio and type of concessions granted. Each of the types of concessions granted comprised less than 1% of their respective classes of loan portfolios at September 30, 2026 and September 30, 2025.

Interest Rate Concession
Amortized Cost
Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
(in thousands)2026202520262025
Commercial and industrial$110$210$257$417
Residential mortgage4113941139
Other consumer6757501,6651,891
Total loans modified$826$1,098$1,963$2,448
Term Extension
Amortized Cost
Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
(in thousands)2026202520262025
Residential mortgage$411$194$1,466$498
Combination - Interest Rate Concession and Term Extension
Amortized Cost
Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
(in thousands)2026202520262025
Residential mortgage$1,992$1,815$5,446$3,903
Home equity—7586168
Total loans modified$1,992$1,889$5,532$4,071

The following tables summarize, by loan portfolio, the financial effect of the Corporation's loan modifications on the modified loans.

Interest Rate Concession
Financial Effect, Weighted Average Contractual Interest Rate (Decrease) Increase(a)
Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
Loan Type2026202520262025
Commercial and industrial(22)%(23)%(22)%(24)%
Residential mortgage1%1%1%1%
Home equity—%(3)%(2)%(2)%
Other consumer(21)%(22)%(21)%(21)%
Weighted average of total loans modified(5)%(6)%(5)%(7)%

(a) Some interest rate concessions may involve an increase in rate that was lower in comparison to prevailing market rates.

Term Extension
Financial Effect, Weighted Average Term Increase(a)
Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
Loan Type2026202520262025
Residential mortgage148 months122 months121 months138 months
Home equity0 months60 months131 months60 months
Weighted average of total loans modified148 months120 months121 months135 months

(a) During the three months ended September 30, 2026 and September 30, 2025, term extensions changed the weighted average term on modified loans from 299 to 447 months and 294 to 414 months, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and September 30, 2025, term extensions changed the weighted average term on modified loans from 303 to 424 months and 281 to 416 months, respectively.

The Corporation closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the twelve months ended September 30, 2026:

Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
(in thousands)Current30-89 Days Past Due90+ Days Past Due
Commercial and industrial$301$—$—
Residential mortgage6,0851,965867
Home equity49147—
Other consumer2,001——
Total loans modified$8,436$2,112$867

The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the twelve months ended September 30, 2025:

Payment Status (Amortized Cost Basis)
(in thousands)Current30-89 Days Past Due90+ Days Past Due
Commercial and industrial$458$—$—
Residential mortgage4,424880433
Home equity221——
Other consumer2,220——
Total loans modified$7,324$880$433

The following table provides the amortized cost of loan modifications by loan portfolio and type of concession for loans that were modified in the previous twelve months and subsequently had a payment default during the nine months ended September 30, 2026:

Amortized Cost of Loan Modifications that Subsequently Defaulted
(in thousands)Interest Rate ConcessionTerm ExtensionCombination Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Residential mortgage$41$—$341

The following table provides the amortized cost of loan modifications by loan portfolio and type of concession for loans that were modified in the previous twelve months and subsequently had a payment default during the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Amortized Cost of Loan Modifications that Subsequently Defaulted
(in thousands)Interest Rate ConcessionTerm ExtensionCombination Interest Rate Reduction and Term Extension
Home equity$—$—$48

The nature and extent of the impairment of modified loans, including those which have experienced a subsequent payment default, are considered in the determination of an appropriate level of the ACLL.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The ACLL is comprised of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded commitments. The level of the ACLL represents management’s estimate of an amount appropriate to provide for expected lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The expected lifetime credit losses are the product of multiplying the Corporation's estimates of probability of default, loss given default, and the individual loan level exposure at default on an undiscounted basis. A main factor in the determination of the ACLL is the economic forecast. The forecast the Corporation used for September 30, 2026 was the Moody's baseline scenario from August 2026, which was reviewed against the September 2026 baseline scenario with no material updates made, over a two-year reasonable and supportable period with straight-line reversion to the historical losses over the second year of the period. The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit). See Note 12 for additional information on the change in the allowance for unfunded commitments.

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the ACLL by portfolio segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2026:

(in thousands)Dec 31, 2025Provision for loan losses recorded at acquisitionAllowance for PCD loans acquiredAllowance for PSL acquiredCharge offsRecoveriesNet (Charge offs) RecoveriesProvision for Credit LossesSep 30, 2026ACLL / Loans
Allowance for loan losses
Commercial and industrial$168,636$294$19,514$5,086$(40,833)$7,879$(32,954)$43,073$203,649
Commercial real estate — owner occupied11,327—2,5161,198———(967)14,074
Commercial and business lending179,96329422,0306,284(40,833)7,879(32,954)42,106217,723
Commercial real estate — investor58,243—11,6407,590(2,710)500(2,210)(16,650)58,613
Real estate construction46,595—3,4593,298—775,13558,494
Commercial real estate lending104,838—15,09910,888(2,710)507(2,203)(11,515)117,107
Total commercial284,80129437,12917,172(43,543)8,386(35,157)30,591334,830
Residential mortgage33,644—7901,028(381)241(140)(1,140)34,182
Auto finance27,470—1,3467,241(10,762)3,783(6,979)9,08238,160
Home equity16,343—1742,058(404)1,002598(710)18,463
Other consumer15,81010373764(6,137)1,699(4,438)3,17715,489
Total consumer93,2671032,38311,091(17,684)6,725(10,959)10,409106,294
Total loans$378,068$397$39,512$28,263$(61,227)$15,111$(46,116)$41,000$441,124
Allowance for unfunded commitments
Commercial and industrial$18,698$—$1,300$689$—$—$—$(1,966)$18,721
Commercial real estate — owner occupied132—1821———(25)146
Commercial and business lending18,830—1,318710———(1,991)18,867
Commercial real estate — investor499—10228———28657
Real estate construction17,947—2,169901———5,56326,580
Commercial real estate lending18,446—2,271929———5,59127,237
Total commercial37,276—3,5891,639———3,60046,104
Home equity2,406—8207———(43)2,578
Other consumer1,594——25———(557)1,062
Total consumer4,000—8232———(600)3,640
Total loans$41,276$—$3,597$1,871$—$—$—$3,000$49,744
Allowance for credit losses on loans
Commercial and industrial$187,334$294$20,814$5,775$(40,833)$7,879$(32,954)$41,107$222,3701.61%
Commercial real estate — owner occupied11,459—2,5341,219———(992)14,2200.89%
Commercial and business lending198,79329423,3486,994(40,833)7,879(32,954)40,115236,5901.54%
Commercial real estate — investor58,742—11,7427,618(2,710)500(2,210)(16,622)59,2700.91%
Real estate construction64,542—5,6284,199—7710,69885,0743.27%
Commercial real estate lending123,284—17,37011,817(2,710)507(2,203)(5,924)144,3441.59%
Total commercial322,07729440,71818,811(43,543)8,386(35,157)34,191380,9341.55%
Residential mortgage33,644—7901,028(381)241(140)(1,140)34,1820.51%
Auto finance27,470—1,3467,241(10,762)3,783(6,979)9,08238,1600.93%
Home equity18,749—1822,265(404)1,002598(753)21,0412.48%
Other consumer17,40410373789(6,137)1,699(4,438)2,62016,5514.94%
Total consumer97,2671032,39111,323(17,684)6,725(10,959)9,809109,9340.91%
Total loans$419,344$397$43,109$30,134$(61,227)$15,111$(46,116)$44,000$490,8681.34%

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the ACLL by portfolio segment for the year ended December 31, 2025:

(in thousands)Dec 31, 2024Charge offsRecoveriesNet (Charge offs) RecoveriesProvision for Credit LossesDec 31, 2025ACLL / Loans
Allowance for loan losses
Commercial and industrial$136,596$(14,615)$8,357$(6,258)$38,298$168,636
Commercial real estate — owner occupied9,417(113)—(113)2,02311,327
Commercial and business lending146,013(14,728)8,357(6,371)40,321179,963
Commercial real estate — investor71,547(21,206)2,985(18,221)4,91758,243
Real estate construction51,499—154154(5,058)46,595
Commercial real estate lending123,046(21,206)3,139(18,067)(141)104,838
Total commercial269,060(35,934)11,496(24,438)40,180284,801
Residential mortgage32,576(1,148)615(533)1,60133,644
Auto finance28,467(8,752)3,029(5,723)4,72627,470
Home equity16,620(416)999583(860)16,343
Other consumer16,823(8,703)1,837(6,866)5,85315,810
Total consumer94,486(19,019)6,480(12,539)11,32093,267
Total loans$363,545$(54,953)$17,976$(36,977)$51,500$378,068
Allowance for unfunded commitments
Commercial and industrial$14,456$—$—$—$4,242$18,698
Commercial real estate — owner occupied151———(19)132
Commercial and business lending14,607———4,22318,830
Commercial real estate — investor578———(79)499
Real estate construction19,591———(1,644)17,947
Commercial real estate lending20,169———(1,723)18,446
Total commercial34,776———2,50037,276
Home equity2,465———(59)2,406
Other consumer1,535———591,594
Total consumer4,000————4,000
Total loans$38,776$—$—$—$2,500$41,276
Allowance for credit losses on loans
Commercial and industrial$151,052$(14,615)$8,357$(6,258)$42,540$187,3341.59%
Commercial real estate — owner occupied9,568(113)—(113)2,00411,4590.97%
Commercial and business lending160,620(14,728)8,357(6,371)44,544198,7931.53%
Commercial real estate — investor72,125(21,206)2,985(18,221)4,83858,7421.12%
Real estate construction71,090—154154(6,702)64,5423.24%
Commercial real estate lending143,215(21,206)3,139(18,067)(1,864)123,2841.70%
Total commercial303,835(35,934)11,496(24,438)42,680322,0771.59%
Residential mortgage32,576(1,148)615(533)1,60133,6440.50%
Auto finance28,467(8,752)3,029(5,723)4,72627,4700.88%
Home equity19,085(416)999583(919)18,7492.63%
Other consumer18,358(8,703)1,837(6,866)5,91217,4045.39%
Total consumer98,486(19,019)6,480(12,539)11,32097,2670.89%
Total loans$402,322$(54,953)$17,976$(36,977)$54,000$419,3441.35%

Note 8 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The Corporation conducted its most recent annual impairment testing in May 2026, utilizing a qualitative assessment. Based on this assessment, management concluded that it is more likely than not that the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value (including goodwill) for each reporting unit. Therefore, a step one quantitative analysis was not required. There have beenno events since the May 2026 impairment test that have changed the Corporation's impairment assessment conclusion. There wereno impairment charges recorded in the first nine months of 2025 or 2026.

The Corporation added $42.1 million goodwill related to the American National acquisition in the second quarter of 2026. The Corporation had goodwill of $1.1 billion at both September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Core Deposit Intangibles

The Corporation has CDIs which are amortized. CDI recorded as part of the American National acquisition is amortized over ten years using the sum of digits method while prior acquisitions are amortized under the straight line method. Changes in the gross carrying amount, accumulated amortization, and net book value for CDIs were as follows:

(in thousands)Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2026Year Ended Dec 31, 2025
Core deposit intangibles
Gross carrying amount at the beginning of period$88,109$88,109
Additions during the period103,200—
Accumulated amortization(81,250)(65,260)
Net book value$110,059$22,849
Amortization during the period$15,990$8,811

Mortgage Servicing Rights

A summary of changes in the balance of the MSRs asset under the fair value measurement method is as follows:

(in thousands)Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2026Year Ended Dec 31, 2025
Mortgage servicing rights
Mortgage servicing rights at beginning of period$86,337$87,683
Additions9,3918,716
Decay(7,479)(8,621)
Valuation:
Changes in fair value of asset6,670(1,441)
Mortgage servicing rights at end of period$94,919$86,337
Portfolio of residential mortgage loans serviced for others (“servicing portfolio”)$6,164,126$6,191,012
Mortgage servicing rights to servicing portfolio1.54%1.39%

The projections of amortization expense for CDIs and decay for MSRs are based on existing asset balances, the current interest rate environment, and prepayment speeds as of September 30, 2026. The actual expense the Corporation recognizes in any given period may be significantly different depending upon acquisition or sale activities, changes in interest rates, prepayment speeds, market conditions, regulatory requirements, and events or circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The following table shows the estimated future yearly amortization expense for CDIs and decay for MSRs:

(in thousands)Core Deposit IntangiblesMortgage Servicing Rights
Three Months Ended December 31, 2026$6,894$2,157
202726,16711,051
202818,96512,226
202915,28511,773
203011,78811,137
20319,85110,368
Beyond 203121,10936,207
Total estimated amortization expense and MSRs decay(a)$110,059$94,919

(a) Includes the decrease in value due to passage of time, including the impact from both regularly scheduled principal payments and partial loan paydowns.

Note 9 Short and Long-Term Funding

The following table presents the components of short-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities of one year or less), and long-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities greater than one year):

(in thousands)September 30, 2026December 31, 2025
Short-term funding
Federal funds purchased$200,205$260,070
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase66,12447,794
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase$266,329$307,864
Long-term funding
Corporation senior notes, at par$300,000$300,000
Corporation subordinated notes(a)295,768301,760
Discount and capitalized costs(6,600)(7,484)
Total long-term funding$589,168$594,276
Total short and long-term funding, excluding FHLB advances$855,497$902,140
FHLB advances
Short-term FHLB advances$3,454,500$2,855,250
Long-term FHLB advances(a)506,612412,844
Total FHLB advances$3,961,112$3,268,094
Total short and long-term funding$4,816,609$4,170,234

(a) Includes fair value hedge. For additional information on the fair value hedges, see Note 10.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The Corporation enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. Under these arrangements, the Corporation may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Corporation to repurchase the assets. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements remain in the respective investment securities asset accounts (i.e., there is no offsetting or netting of the investment securities assets with the repurchase agreement liabilities).

The Corporation utilizes repurchase agreements to facilitate the needs of its customers. The fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline. At September 30, 2026, the Corporation had pledged securities valued at 222% of the gross outstanding balance of repurchase agreements to manage this risk.

The remaining contractual maturity of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase on the consolidated balance sheets is presented in the following table:

Overnight and Continuous
(in thousands)September 30, 2026December 31, 2025
Repurchase agreements
Agency mortgage-related securities$66,124$47,794

Long-Term Funding

Senior Notes

In August 2024, the Corporation issued $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.455% Fixed Rate / Floating Rate Senior Notes due August 29, 2030. During the period from, and including, August 29, 2024, to, but excluding, August 29, 2029, the senior notes will have a fixed coupon interest rate of 6.455% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears. During the period from, and including, August 29, 2029, to, but excluding, the maturity date, the senior notes will have a floating rate per annum equal to Compounded SOFR, as defined in the Global Note issued in connection with the senior notes, plus 3.030%, payable quarterly in arrears. Prior to August 29, 2029, the Corporation may, at its option, redeem the senior notes, in whole or in part, at any time and from time to time, by paying the redemption price, as defined in the Global Note issued in connection with the senior notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. On August 29, 2029, the Corporation may at its option, redeem the senior notes, in whole, but not in part, by paying the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. At any time and from time to time on or after July 30, 2030 (30 days prior to the maturity date), the Corporation may, at its option, redeem the senior notes in whole or in part by paying the aggregate principal amount of the senior notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. The senior notes were issued at a discount.

Subordinated Notes

In February 2023, the Corporation issued $300.0 million of 10-year subordinated notes, due March 1, 2033 and redeemable in whole or in part at the Corporation's option (i) on the reset date of March 1, 2028 and any interest payment date thereafter, (ii) at any time on or after the three month period prior to the maturity date, and (iii) upon the occurrence of a Regulatory Capital Treatment Event, as defined in the Global Note issued in connection with the subordinated notes. The subordinated notes have a fixed coupon interest rate of 6.625% until the reset date, after which the rate will be equal to the Five-Year U.S. Treasury Rate as of the reset date plus 2.812% per annum. The notes were issued at a discount.

FHLB Advances

Under agreements with the FHLB of Chicago, FHLB advances are secured by pledging qualifying collateral of the subsidiary bank (such as residential mortgage loans, residential mortgage loans held for sale, home equity loans, CRE loans, and investment securities). The FHLB advances had maturity or call dates ranging from 2026 through 2031 at September 30, 2026.

Note 10 Derivative and Hedging Activities

The Corporation enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest and currency rates as well as other economic conditions.

At inception, the Corporation designates the derivative contract as either a fair value hedge (i.e., a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability), a cash flow hedge (i.e., a hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability), or a non-designated hedge. The hedge accounting methodologies applied for fair value, cash flow, and non-designated hedges are described in the Derivative and Hedging Activities note in the Corporation's 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The contract or notional amount of a derivative is used to determine, along with the other terms of the derivative, the amounts to be exchanged between the counterparties. The Corporation is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to financial instruments. To mitigate the counterparty risk, contracts generally contain language outlining collateral pledging requirements for each counterparty. For non-centrally cleared derivatives, collateral must be posted when the market value exceeds certain mutually agreed upon threshold limits. Securities and cash are often pledged as collateral. The Corporation pledged $67.0 million and $79.4 million of investment securities as collateral at September 30, 2026, and December 31, 2025, respectively. Cash is often pledged or received as collateral for derivatives that are not centrally cleared. The Corporation's cash collateral pledged was $1.6 million at September 30, 2026 and $11.8 million at December 31, 2025. For fair value information and disclosures and for the Corporation's accounting policy for derivative and hedging activities, see the Fair Value Measurements and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies notes in the Corporation's 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table presents the total notional amounts and gross fair values of the Corporation's derivatives, as well as the balance sheet netting adjustments:

Sep 30, 2026 · Dec 31, 2025
Asset · Liability · Asset · Liability
(in thousands) · Notional Amount · Fair Value · Notional Amount · Fair Value · Notional Amount · Fair Value · Notional Amount · Fair Value
Designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate-related instruments(a)$775,000$308$2,250,000$21,136$2,425,000$10,517$25,000$1
Foreign currency exchange forwards321,5062,24022,368245280,15975738,384194
Total designated as hedging instruments2,54821,38111,274195
Not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate-related and other instruments4,530,042112,6067,640,608220,9644,775,81866,7877,072,274108,631
Foreign currency exchange forwards41,74445136,36622648,9041,73143,7871,517
Mortgage banking(b)67,9652,931124,500—39,998814107,000444
Total not designated as hedging instruments115,988221,19069,332110,592
Gross derivatives before netting118,536242,57180,606110,787
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements92692612,83912,839
Less: Cash collateral pledged/received75,6511,63010,3438,334
Total derivative instruments, after netting$41,959$240,015$57,424$89,614

(a) The notional amounts of the interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments include forward starting interest rate swaps. As of September 30, 2026, this includes swaps with effective dates of November 1, 2026 to December 1, 2026 that had an asset notional of $25.0 million and a nominal fair value, and a liability notional amount and fair value of $550.0 million and $10.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the Corporation did not have any forward starting interest rate-swaps.

(b) The mortgage derivative asset includes interest rate lock commitments, while the mortgage derivative liability includes forward commitments. Given the fair value position as of September 30, 2026, the fair value of the mortgage derivative asset included $0.1 million of interest rate lock commitments and $2.9 million of forward commitments. Given the fair value position as of December 31, 2025, the fair value of the mortgage derivative asset included $0.8 million of interest rate lock commitments and the derivative liability included $0.4 million of forward commitments.

The following table presents amounts that were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

Line Item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Which the Hedged Item is Included
Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)(a)Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)(a)Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
(in thousands) · Sep 30, 2026 · Dec 31, 2025
Other long-term funding$(295,768)$4,232$(301,760)$(1,760)
FHLB Advances(195,006)4,994(198,722)1,278
Total$(490,774)$9,226$(500,482)$(482)

(a) Excludes hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk. At September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the carrying amount excluded for foreign currency denominated loans was $343.9 million and $318.5 million, respectively.

The Corporation terminated its $500.0 million fair value hedge during the fourth quarter of 2019. At September 30, 2026, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios which had previously been used in the terminated hedging relationship was $147.4 million and is included in loans on the consolidated balance sheets. This amount includes $0.6 million of hedging adjustments on the discontinued hedging relationships, which are not presented in the table above.

The tables below identify the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income:

Location and Amount Recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income in Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
Three Months Ended Sep 30, · Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
2026202520262025
(in thousands)Interest IncomeInterest (Expense)Interest IncomeInterest (Expense)Interest IncomeInterest (Expense)Interest IncomeInterest (Expense)
Total amounts of income/expense presented on the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of the fair value or cash flow hedges are recorded(a)$412$(476)$(1,474)$(1,324)$1,581$(1,253)$(4,087)$(5,485)
The effects of fair value and cash flow hedging: Impact on fair value hedging relationships in Subtopic 815-20
Interest contracts:
Hedged items(24)3,767(33)(696)(198)9,708(92)(11,793)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments(a)436(4,243)(1,440)(628)1,779(10,961)(3,995)6,308

(a) Includes net settlements on the derivatives.

Location and Amount Recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income in Fair Value Hedging Relationships
Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
2026202520262025
(in thousands)Capital Markets, NetCapital Markets, NetCapital Markets, NetCapital Markets, Net
Total amounts of income/expense presented on the consolidated statements of income in which the effects of the fair value hedges are recorded$—$—$53$1
Foreign currency contracts:
Hedged items(4,002)(8,352)(22,088)11,742
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments4,0028,35222,141(11,741)

The following table presents the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
(in thousands)2026202520262025
Interest rate-related instruments designated as cash flow hedging instruments
Amount of (loss) income recognized in OCI on cash flow hedge derivatives(a)$(15,247)$(825)$(29,665)$7,707
Amount of loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into interest income(a)(436)1,440(1,779)3,995

(a) The entirety of gains (losses) recognized in OCI as well as those reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into interest income were included components in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to cash flow hedge derivatives are reclassified to interest income as interest payments are made on the hedged variable interest rate assets. The Corporation estimates that $9.2 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest income over the next 12 months. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, or the addition of other hedges subsequent to September 30, 2026. The maximum length of time over which the Corporation is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is 38 months as of September 30, 2026.

The table below identifies the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income:

Consolidated Statements of Income Category of Gain / (Loss) Recognized in Income · Three Months Ended Sep 30, · Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
(in thousands) · 2026 · 2025 · 2026 · 2025
Derivative instruments
Interest rate-related and other instruments — customer and mirror, netCapital markets, net$80$(18)$49$(108)
Interest rate-related instruments — MSRs hedgeMortgage banking, net(8,157)131(8,376)1,290
Foreign currency exchange forwardsCapital markets, net215315857(261)
Interest rate lock commitments (mortgage)Mortgage banking, net(1,380)(792)(763)803
Forward commitments (mortgage)Mortgage banking, net3,2769133,323(703)

Note 11 Balance Sheet Offsetting

Interest Rate-Related Instruments and Foreign Exchange Forwards (“Interest and Foreign Exchange Agreements”)

The Corporation is permitted to present derivative receivables and derivative payables with the same counterparty and the related cash collateral receivables and payables on a net basis on the consolidated balance sheets when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. The Corporation has elected to net such balances where it has determined that the specified conditions are met.

The Corporation uses master netting agreements to mitigate counterparty credit risk in these transactions, including derivative contracts. A master netting agreement is a single agreement with a counterparty that permits multiple transactions governed by that agreement to be terminated or accelerated and settled through a single payment in a single currency in the event of a default (e.g., bankruptcy, failure to make a required payment or securities transfer, or failure to deliver collateral or margin when due).

Typical master netting agreements for these types of transactions also contain a collateral/margin agreement that provides for a security interest in, or title transfer of, securities or cash collateral/margin to the party that has the right to demand margin (the "demanding party"). The collateral/margin agreement typically requires a party to transfer collateral/margin to the demanding party with a value equal to the amount of the margin deficit on a net basis across all transactions governed by the master netting agreement, less any threshold. The collateral/margin agreement grants to the demanding party, upon default by the counterparty, the right to offset any amounts payable by the counterparty against any posted collateral or the cash equivalent of any posted collateral/margin. It also grants to the demanding party the right to liquidate collateral/margin and to apply the proceeds to an amount payable by the counterparty.

For additional information on the Corporation’s derivative and hedging activities, see the Derivative and Hedging Activities note in the Corporation's 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following tables present the interest rate and foreign exchange assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement. The interest rate and foreign exchange agreements the Corporation has with its commercial customers are not subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement and are therefore excluded from these tables:

Gross Amounts Recognized · Gross Amounts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets · Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets · Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands) · DerivativeLiabilities Offset · Cash Collateral Received · Security Collateral Received · NetAmount
Derivative assets
September 30, 2026$111,742$(926)$(75,651)$35,165$(16,214)$18,951
December 31, 202542,468(12,839)(10,343)19,286(18,131)1,155
Gross Amounts Recognized · Gross Amounts Subject to Master Netting Arrangements Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets · Net Amounts Presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets · Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands) · Derivative Assets Offset · Cash Collateral Pledged · Security Collateral Pledged · Net Amount
Derivative liabilities
September 30, 2026$21,995$(926)$(1,630)$19,439$—$19,439
December 31, 202523,006(12,839)(8,334)1,833—1,833

Note 12 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, and Legal Proceedings

The Corporation utilizes a variety of financial instruments in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers and to manage its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include lending-related and other commitments (see below) as well as derivative instruments (see Note 10). The following is a summary of lending-related commitments:

(in thousands)Sep 30, 2026Dec 31, 2025
Commitments to extend credit(a), excluding commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale(b)$13,640,398$11,872,816
Commercial letters of credit(a)430425
Standby letters of credit(c)255,660222,047

(a) These off-balance sheet financial instruments are exercisable at the market rate prevailing at the date the underlying transaction will be completed and, thus, are deemed to haveno current fair value, or the fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements and was not material at September 30, 2026 or December 31, 2025.

(b) Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale are considered derivative instruments and are disclosed in Note 10.

(c) Standby letters of credit are presented excluding participations. The Corporation has established a liability of $2.4 million at September 30, 2026 and $2.2 million at December 31, 2025, as an estimate of the fair value of these financial instruments.

Lending-related Commitments

As a financial services provider, the Corporation routinely enters into commitments to extend credit. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans made by the Corporation, with each customer’s creditworthiness evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. The Corporation’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to these financial instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Corporation upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Since a significant portion of commitments to extend credit are subject to specific restrictive loan covenants or may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements. An allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded commitments (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit).

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments:

(in thousands)Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2026Year Ended Dec 31, 2025
Allowance for unfunded commitments
Balance at beginning of period$41,276$38,776
Initial allowance for PCD unfunded commitments3,597—
Initial allowance for purchased seasoned unfunded commitments1,871—
Provision for unfunded commitments3,0002,500
Balance at end of period$49,744$41,276

Lending-related commitments include commitments to extend credit, commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers at predetermined interest rates, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contracts. Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair value of these commitments is recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation’s derivative and hedging activity is further described in Note 10. Commercial and standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and the third party, while standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party.

Other Commitments

The Corporation invests in qualified affordable housing projects, historic projects, new market projects, and opportunity zone funds for the purpose of community reinvestment and obtaining tax credits and other tax benefits. Return on the Corporation's investment in these projects and funds comes in the form of the tax credits and tax losses that pass through to the Corporation.

The aggregate carrying value of investments in qualified affordable housing and historic projects at September 30, 2026 was $167.0 million, compared to $174.3 million at December 31, 2025, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation's remaining investments accounted for under the proportional amortization method totaled $165.9 million at September 30, 2026 and $172.2 million at December 31, 2025.

Under the proportional amortization method, the Corporation amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits. The following table summarizes income tax credits, other income tax benefits, and investment amortization generated from the Corporation's investments in these projects, which are recognized as a component within income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income and included in the change in net income tax position and amortization of tax credit investments on the consolidated statements of cash flows:

Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
(in thousands)2026202520262025
Income tax credits and other income tax benefits recognized$9,046$9,468$28,589$29,698
Amortization expense8,4769,24925,62326,307

The Corporation’s unfunded contributions relating to investments in qualified affordable housing and historic projects are recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation’s remaining unfunded contributions totaled $34.1 million at September 30, 2026 and $22.8 million at December 31, 2025.

The Corporation has principal investment commitments to provide capital-based financing to private companies through either direct investment in specific companies or through investment funds and partnerships. The timing of future cash requirements to fund such principal investment commitments is generally dependent on the investment cycle, whereby privately held companies are funded by private equity investors and ultimately sold, merged, or taken public through an initial public offering, which can vary based on overall market conditions, as well as the nature and type of industry in which the companies operate. The timing of future cash requirements to fund these pools is dependent upon loan demand, which can vary over time. The aggregate carrying value of these investments was $75.9 million at September 30, 2026 and $62.3 million at December 31, 2025, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets.

Legal Proceedings

The Corporation is party to various pending and threatened claims and legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business activities, some of which involve claims for substantial amounts. Although there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcomes, the Corporation believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against it in its currently outstanding matters and intends to continue to defend itself vigorously with respect to such legal proceedings. The Corporation will consider settlement of cases when, in management’s judgment, it is in the best interests of the Corporation and its shareholders.

Management believes that the legal proceedings currently pending against it should not have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s consolidated financial condition. However, in light of the uncertainties involved in such proceedings, there is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the reserves the Corporation has currently accrued or that a matter will not have material reputational or other qualitative consequences. As a result, the outcome of a particular matter may be material to the Corporation’s operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of the Corporation’s income for that period.

Mortgage Repurchase Reserve

The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans to investors in the normal course of business. Residential mortgage loans sold to others are predominantly conventional residential first lien mortgages originated under the Corporation's usual underwriting procedures, and are most often sold on a nonrecourse basis, primarily to the GSEs. The Corporation’s agreements to sell residential mortgage loans in the normal course of business usually require certain representations and warranties on the underlying loans sold, related to credit information, loan documentation, collateral, and insurability. Subsequent to being sold, if a material underwriting deficiency or documentation defect is discovered, the Corporation may be obligated to repurchase the loan or reimburse the GSEs for losses incurred (collectively, “make whole requests”). The make whole requests and any related risk of loss under the representations and warranties are largely driven by borrower performance. The Corporation also sells qualifying residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies into GNMA pools.

As a result of make whole requests, the Corporation has repurchased loans with aggregate principal balances of $4.3 million and $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and the year ended December 31, 2025, respectively. There wereno loss reimbursement and settlement claims paid in the nine months ended September 30, 2026 or for the year ended December 31, 2025. Make whole requests since January 1, 2025 generally arose from loans originated since January 1, 2022 with balances totaling $4.5 billion at the time of sale, consisting primarily of loans sold to GSEs. As of September 30, 2026, $2.1 billion of those loans originated since January 1, 2022 remain outstanding.

The balance in the mortgage repurchase reserve at the balance sheet date reflects the estimated amount of potential loss the Corporation could incur from repurchasing a loan, as well as loss reimbursements, indemnifications, and other settlement resolutions. The mortgage repurchase reserve, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, was $0.5 million at September 30, 2026 and $0.3 million at December 31, 2025.

The Corporation may also sell residential mortgage loans with limited recourse (limited in that the recourse period ends prior to the loan’s maturity, usually after certain time and/or loan paydown criteria have been met), whereby repurchase could be required if the loan had defined delinquency issues during the limited recourse periods. At September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, there were $12.7 million and $11.4 million, respectively, of residential mortgage loans sold with such recourse risk. There have been limited instances and immaterial historical losses on repurchases for recourse under the limited recourse criteria.

The Corporation has a subordinate position to the FHLB in the credit risk on residential mortgage loans it sold to the FHLB Mortgage Partnership Finance Traditional program in exchange for a monthly credit enhancement fee. At September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, there were $419.0 million and $273.4 million, respectively, of such residential mortgage loans with credit risk recourse, upon which there have been immaterial historical losses to the Corporation.

Note 13 Fair Value Measurements

Fair value represents the estimated price at which an orderly transaction to sell an asset or to transfer a liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., an exit price concept).

The valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis are described in the Fair Value Measurements note in the Corporation’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as Note 3 Business Combinations.

The tables below present the Corporation’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis and carrying amounts and estimated fair values of certain financial instruments, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:

Sep 30, 2026
(in thousands)Carrying AmountFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Cash and due from banks$644,519$644,519$644,519$—$—
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions982,850982,850982,850——
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell100100100——
AFS investment securities:
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)6,3926,392—6,392—
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC134,464134,464—134,464—
GNMA5,352,1065,352,106—5,352,106—
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC347,399347,399—347,399—
GNMA102,863102,863—102,863—
Asset backed securities:
FFELP86,04886,048—86,048—
SBA164,502164,502—164,502—
Other debt securities(a)5,0545,054—2,9912,063
Total AFS investment securities6,198,8286,198,828—6,196,7652,063
HTM investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities997993993——
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)1,576,8271,304,761—1,304,761—
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC771,047598,700—598,700—
GNMA36,18131,634—31,634—
Private-label284,928224,916—224,916—
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC752,924609,904—609,904—
GNMA39,31633,974—33,974—
Total HTM investment securities3,462,2202,804,8829932,803,889—
Equity securities:
Equity securities15,04315,04315,043——
Equity securities at NAV15,00015,000
Total equity securities30,04330,043
Regulatory stocks304,330304,330—304,330—
Residential loans held for sale66,77066,770—66,770—
Loans, net36,005,49534,759,951——34,759,951
Bank and corporate owned life insurance717,175717,175—717,175—
Mortgage servicing rights, net94,91994,919——94,919
Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(b)308308—308—
Foreign currency exchange forwards designated as hedging instruments(b)2,2402,240—2,240—
Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(b)112,606112,606—112,606—
Foreign currency exchange forwards not designated as hedging instruments(b)451451—451—
Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale2,9312,931——2,931
Total selected assets at fair value$48,625,785$46,722,903$1,643,505$10,204,534$34,859,864

(a) The quantifiable unobservable input for fair value measurement of the Level 3 classified security is externally developed.

(b) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 10 and Note 11 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

Sep 30, 2026
(in thousands)Carrying AmountFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Liabilities
Deposits:
Brokered CDs$3,790,075$3,773,476$—$3,773,476$—
Other time deposits4,963,7374,948,274—4,948,274—
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase266,329266,329266,329——
FHLB advances3,961,1123,950,034—3,950,034—
Senior and subordinated debt589,168566,385—566,385—
Standby letters of credit(a)2,3652,365—2,365—
Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(b)21,13621,136—21,136—
Foreign currency exchange forwards designated as hedging instruments(b)245245—245—
Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(b)220,964220,964—220,964—
Foreign currency exchange forwards not designated as hedging instruments(b)226226—226—
Total selected liabilities at fair value$13,815,357$13,749,434$266,329$13,483,105$—

(a) The commitment on standby letters of credit was $255.7 million at September 30, 2026. See Note 12 for additional information on the standby letters of credit and for information on the fair value of lending-related commitments.

(b) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 10 and Note 11 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

Dec 31, 2025
(in thousands)Carrying AmountFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Cash and due from banks$574,698$574,698$574,698$—$—
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions1,144,1231,144,1231,144,123——
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell1,4001,4001,400——
AFS investment securities:
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)3,0443,044—3,044—
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC129,863129,863—129,863—
GNMA5,039,8295,039,829—5,039,829—
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC16,95816,958—16,958—
GNMA109,556109,556—109,556—
Asset backed securities:
FFELP95,04695,046—95,046—
SBA269269—269—
Other debt securities2,9982,998—2,998—
Total AFS investment securities5,397,5635,397,563—5,397,563—
HTM investment securities:
U.S. Treasury securities9961,0151,015——
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)1,628,0881,507,302—1,507,302—
Residential mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC823,630696,462—696,462—
GNMA39,12336,884—36,884—
Private-label302,817258,827—258,827—
Commercial mortgage-related securities:
FNMA / FHLMC763,370650,366—650,366—
GNMA44,55240,138—40,138—
Total HTM investment securities3,602,5763,190,9941,0153,189,979—
Equity securities:
Equity securities11,06011,06011,060——
Equity securities at NAV15,00015,000
Total equity securities26,06026,060
Regulatory stocks252,514252,514—252,514—
Residential loans held for sale72,49972,499—72,499—
Loans, net30,766,88629,970,788——29,970,788
Bank and corporate owned life insurance694,452694,452—694,452—
Mortgage servicing rights, net86,33786,337——86,337
Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(a)10,51710,517—10,517—
Foreign currency exchange forwards designated as hedging instruments(a)757757—757—
Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(a)66,78766,787—66,787—
Foreign currency exchange forwards not designated as hedging instruments(a)1,7311,731—1,731—
Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale814814——814
Total selected assets at fair value$42,699,714$41,492,034$1,732,296$9,686,799$30,057,939

(a) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 10 and Note 11 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

Dec 31, 2025
(in thousands)Carrying AmountFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Liabilities
Deposits:
Brokered CDs$3,795,133$3,791,245$—$3,791,245$—
Other time deposits4,041,1784,035,549—4,035,549—
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase307,864307,864307,864——
FHLB advances3,268,0943,267,836—3,267,836—
Senior and subordinated debt594,276598,141—598,141—
Standby letters of credit(a)2,2252,225—2,225—
Interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments(b)11—1—
Foreign currency exchange forwards designated as hedging instruments(b)194194—194—
Interest rate-related and other instruments not designated as hedging instruments(b)108,631108,631—108,631—
Foreign currency exchange forwards not designated as hedging instruments(b)1,5171,517—1,517—
Forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans444444——444
Total selected liabilities at fair value$12,119,557$12,113,647$307,864$11,805,339$444

(a) The commitment on standby letters of credit was $222.0 million at December 31, 2025. See Note 12 for additional information on the standby letters of credit and for information on the fair value of lending-related commitments.

(b) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 10 and Note 11 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

The table below presents a rollforward of the consolidated balance sheets amounts for the Corporation's mortgage derivatives measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy:

(in thousands)Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for saleForward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans
Balance December 31, 2024$327$(254)
New production13,435(3,998)
Closed loans / settlements(13,690)2,738
Other7421,958
Change in mortgage derivative487698
Balance December 31, 2025814444
New production11,173(158)
Closed loans / settlements(8,815)4,843
Other(241)(5,129)
Change in mortgage derivative2,117(444)
Balance September 30, 2026$2,931$—

Refer to Note 8 for a rollforward of the consolidated balance sheets amounts for the Corporation's mortgage servicing rights measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table presents a rollforward of the fair value of Level 3 equity securities that are measured under the measurement alternative, and the related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes:

(in thousands)
Fair value as of December 31, 2024$72
Purchases14
Sales(23)
Transfers out of level 3(63)
Fair value as of December 31, 2025$—

The Corporation did not have any activity for Level 3 equity securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2026.

The Corporation acquired a Level 3 AFS debt security upon the acquisition of American National on April 1, 2026. The security was valued at $2.1 million and no related adjustments to fair value have been recorded as of September 30, 2026.

The table below presents the Corporation’s assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:

Fair Value
(in thousands)Fair Value HierarchySeptember 30, 2026December 31, 2025
Assets
Individually evaluated loansLevel 3$69,679$18,659
OREO(a)Level 21,442770

(a) These assets are held at lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Assets included here are those that were adjusted to fair value less cost to sell during the period.

The table below presents the unobservable inputs that are readily quantifiable pertaining to Level 3 measurements:

September 30, 2026 · Valuation Technique · Significant Unobservable Input · Range of Inputs · Weighted Average Input Applied
Mortgage servicing rightsDiscounted cash flowOption adjusted spread5%-8%5%
Mortgage servicing rightsDiscounted cash flowConstant prepayment rate2%-100%8%
Individually evaluated loansDiscounted cash flowDiscount factor30%-45%32%
Individually evaluated loansMarket approachAppraisal / Cost to sell41%-80%49%
Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for saleDiscounted cash flowClosing ratio58%-100%92%

Note 14 Retirement Plans

The Corporation has a noncontributory defined benefit RAP, covering employees who meet participation requirements. The benefit allocations are based primarily on years of service and the employee’s compensation paid. Employees of acquired entities generally participate in the RAP after consummation of the business combinations. As part of acquisition-related integration activities, employees who become eligible for participation in the RAP are generally provided service credit for their employment with the acquired institution for eligibility and vesting purposes.

The Corporation also provides legacy healthcare access to a limited group of retired employees from a previous acquisition in the Postretirement Plan. There are no other active retiree healthcare plans.

The components of net periodic pension benefit and net periodic cost for the RAP and Postretirement Plan were as follows:

Three Months Ended Sep 30,Nine Months Ended Sep 30,
(in thousands)2026202520262025
RAP
Service cost$869$636$2,606$2,255
Interest cost2,7493,0278,2488,655
Expected return on plan assets(9,772)(9,832)(29,316)(29,450)
Amortization of prior service credit(44)(44)(133)(133)
Total net periodic pension benefit$(6,198)$(6,213)$(18,595)$(18,673)
Postretirement Plan
Interest cost$22$26$65$78
Amortization of prior service credit(19)(19)(56)(56)
Amortization of actuarial loss—4—12
Total net periodic cost$3$11$9$34

The components of net periodic pension benefit and net periodic cost, other than the service cost component, are included in the other noninterest expense caption of the consolidated statements of income. The service cost component is included in the personnel noninterest expense caption of the consolidated statements of income.

The Corporation’s funding policy is to pay at least the minimum amount required by federal law and regulations, with consideration given to the maximum funding amounts allowed. The Corporation regularly reviews the funding of its RAP. There wereno contributions during 2025 or the nine months ended September 30, 2026.

Note 15 Segment Reporting

The Corporation is managed through operating segments based on our internal structure and management process, which is how we assess performance and allocate resources to the segments. Certain operating segments have been aggregated into our three reportable segments where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer, and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The three reportable segments are Corporate and Commercial Specialty; Community, Consumer, and

Business; and Risk Management and Shared Services. A description of the products and services and the related customers for each reportable segment can be found in the Segment Reporting note in the Corporation’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Effective beginning the first quarter of 2026, the Corporation made adjustments to both its FTP and expense allocation of shared services to its reportable segments to better align with how management assesses performance and allocates resources. These changes consisted of updates to the FTP methodology, including revisions to the funding curve and deposit assumptions; reassignment of certain branch locations based on the primary business activities supported by those branches; and revisions to the allocation of shared service expenses. The Corporation has recast prior period segment information to conform to the current period presentation.

The financial information of the Corporation’s segments disclosed below has been compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in the Corporation’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K with certain exceptions based on internal management accounting policies. The significant exceptions are as follows:

The Corporation allocates certain net interest income, the provision for credit losses, certain noninterest expenses, and income taxes to each operating segment. Allocation methodologies are subject to periodic adjustment as the internal management accounting system is revised, the interest rate environment evolves, and business or product lines within the segments change. Also, because the development and application of these methodologies is a dynamic process, the financial results presented may be periodically reviewed.

The Corporation allocates certain net interest income using an internal FTP methodology that charges users of funds (assets, primarily loans) and credits providers of funds (liabilities, primarily deposits) based on the funding curve, maturity, prepayment, and other characteristics of the assets and liabilities. This allocation is reflected as net intersegment interest income (expense) in the accompanying tables.

The provision for credit losses is allocated to segments based on the expected long-term annual net charge off rates attributable to the credit risk of loans managed by the segment during the period. In contrast, the level of the consolidated provision for credit losses is determined based on an ACLL model using methodologies described in the Corporation’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The net effect of the above allocations is recorded within the Risk Management and Shared Services segment to ensure consolidated totals reflect the Corporation's consolidated financial information.

Indirect expenses incurred by the Corporation's centralized support functions - including facilities, information technology, finance, and corporate risk management - are allocated to reportable segments based on actual usage, such as transaction volumes or FTEs, as well as other relevant drivers that reflect consumption of those services. Because these allocations are based on estimated activity levels, individual period results may reflect variability in the distribution of indirect expenses among segments. Certain corporate-level expenses, including acquisition-related costs, integration expenses, and gains or losses on the disposition of branches or business units, are not allocated and remain in the Risk Management and Shared Services segment. These allocations are reflected as allocated indirect expense in the accompanying tables.

Income tax expense (benefit) is allocated to segments based on the Corporation’s estimated effective tax rate, with certain segments adjusted for any tax-exempt income or non-deductible expenses.

Financial information about the Corporation’s segments is presented below:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2026
(in thousands)Corporate and Commercial SpecialtyCommunity, Consumer and BusinessRisk Management and Shared ServicesConsolidated Corporation
Net segment interest income$272,556$86,379$18,316$377,251
Net intersegment interest (expense) income(111,503)158,683(47,180)—
Net interest income (expense)161,053245,062(28,864)377,251
Noninterest income22,17456,3188,63987,131
Total income (expense) before provision183,227301,380(20,225)464,382
Provision for credit losses19,7766,695(12,466)14,005
Total income (expense) after provision163,451294,685(7,759)450,377
Noninterest expense
Personnel25,53570,10358,076153,714
Technology(a)1,29314,85326,57942,725
Occupancy(a)2488,8696,43515,552
Business development and advertising9438557,6799,477
Equipment(a)62,3743,1005,480
Legal and professional3581,3207,3759,053
Loan and foreclosure costs1561,866172,039
FDIC assessment——11,80211,802
Other intangible amortization——6,8946,894
Other noninterest expense (income)9148,305(5,613)3,606
Allocated indirect expense (income)28,42167,629(96,050)—
Total noninterest expense57,874176,17426,294260,342
Net income (loss) before income taxes105,577118,511(34,053)190,035
Income tax expense (benefit)19,46124,887(899)43,449
Net income (loss)$86,116$93,624$(33,154)$146,586
Loans$21,954,404$14,173,208$392,259$36,519,871
Allocated goodwill556,343590,738—1,147,081
Total assets22,743,70015,345,77613,310,37651,399,852

(a) A portion of total depreciation expense of $0.2 million, $6.1 million, and $5.8 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
(in thousands)Corporate and Commercial SpecialtyCommunity, Consumer and BusinessRisk Management and Shared ServicesConsolidated Corporation
Net segment interest income (expense)$246,829$68,027$(9,634)$305,222
Net intersegment interest (expense) income(107,596)146,139(38,543)—
Net interest income (expense)139,233214,166(48,177)305,222
Noninterest income17,88253,6709,71381,265
Total income (expense) before provision157,115267,836(38,464)386,487
Provision for credit losses20,4246,437(10,861)16,000
Total income (expense) after provision136,691261,399(27,603)370,487
Noninterest expense
Personnel21,28762,33452,082135,703
Technology(a)90313,17914,50828,590
Occupancy(a)1637,4305,16412,757
Business development and advertising7877786,7978,362
Equipment(a)62,1862,1764,368
Legal and professional3375854,3105,232
Loan and foreclosure costs1119795481,638
FDIC assessment——9,9809,980
Other intangible amortization——2,2032,203
Other noninterest expense (income)8827,702(1,215)7,369
Allocated indirect expense (income)32,55663,997(96,553)—
Total noninterest expense57,032159,170—216,202
Net income (loss) before income taxes79,659102,229(27,603)154,286
Income tax expense (benefit)15,05521,468(6,969)29,554
Net income (loss)$64,604$80,761$(20,634)$124,732
Loans$18,033,065$12,481,836$437,063$30,951,964
Allocated goodwill525,836579,156—1,104,992
Total assets18,304,87112,974,38313,176,60944,455,863

(a) A portion of total depreciation expense of $0.1 million, $5.9 million, and $6.1 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2026
(in thousands)Corporate and Commercial SpecialtyCommunity, Consumer and BusinessRisk Management and Shared ServicesConsolidated Corporation
Net segment interest income$770,984$241,297$42,198$1,054,479
Net intersegment interest (expense) income(325,347)432,201(106,854)—
Net interest income (expense)445,637673,498(64,656)1,054,479
Noninterest income51,714168,69822,975243,387
Total income (expense) before provision497,351842,196(41,681)1,297,866
Provision for credit losses61,72320,086(37,415)44,394
Total income (expense) after provision435,628822,110(4,266)1,253,472
Noninterest expense
Personnel73,680200,513175,861450,054
Technology(a)3,40942,83059,089105,328
Occupancy(a)72125,49117,15743,369
Business development and advertising3,0402,38120,43025,851
Equipment(a)186,7629,73416,514
Legal and professional8873,48428,85733,228
Loan and foreclosure costs8764,0953275,298
FDIC assessment——31,23431,234
Other intangible amortization——15,99015,990
Other noninterest expense (income)2,72226,363(4,565)24,520
Allocated indirect expense (income)80,651194,739(275,390)—
Total noninterest expense166,004506,65878,724751,386
Net income (loss) before income taxes269,624315,452(82,990)502,086
Income tax expense (benefit)49,13466,346(3,179)112,301
Net income (loss)$220,490$249,106$(79,811)$389,785

(a) A portion of total depreciation expense of $0.5 million, $18.6 million, and $17.7 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

Nine Months Ended Sep 30, 2025
(in thousands)Corporate and Commercial SpecialtyCommunity, Consumer and BusinessRisk Management and Shared Services(a)Consolidated Corporation
Net segment interest income (expense)$717,093$199,393$(25,323)$891,163
Net intersegment interest (expense) income(311,153)434,995(123,842)—
Net interest income (expense)405,940634,388(149,165)891,163
Noninterest income42,770154,23010,019207,019
Total income (expense) before provision448,710788,618(139,146)1,098,182
Provision for credit losses59,80618,871(31,678)46,999
Total income (expense) after provision388,904769,747(107,468)1,051,183
Noninterest expense
Personnel62,763178,847144,983386,593
Technology(b)2,33639,12640,77582,237
Occupancy(b)49923,24917,03440,782
Business development and advertising2,9732,58316,94022,496
Equipment(b)186,5176,85413,389
Legal and professional7591,92815,30217,989
Loan and foreclosure costs1,1823,4952,2606,937
FDIC assessment——30,12430,124
Other intangible amortization——6,6086,608
Other noninterest expense2,59623,1293,29229,017
Allocated indirect expense (income)96,061188,111(284,172)—
Total noninterest expense169,187466,985—636,173
Net income (loss) before income taxes219,717302,762(107,468)415,010
Income tax expense (benefit)41,05363,580(27,271)77,362
Net income (loss)$178,662$239,182$(80,196)$337,648

(a) An unusual item of a $7.0 million loss on mortgage portfolio sale as a result of the settlement of the mortgage sale announced in the fourth quarter of 2024 is included within the

noninterest income caption.

(b) A portion of total depreciation expense of $0.2 million, $17.8 million, and $20.0 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

Expenses included within the other noninterest expense line of the segment information above relate to the remaining segment expenses including office expense and card issuance costs. None of the individual expense categories rise to the level of significance for the segment; however, they are utilized in determining the profit or loss measure for each segment.

The management accounting policies and processes utilized in compiling segment financial information are highly subjective and, unlike financial accounting, are not based on authoritative guidance similar to U.S. GAAP. As a result, reportable segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities.

The chief operating decision maker for each of the segments is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation. For the Corporate and Commercial Specialty and Community, Consumer and Business segments, the chief operating decision maker utilizes net interest income, net income and average total loans and deposits in allocating resources for each segment predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process. The chief operating decision maker considers budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis for both profit measures when making decisions about allocating capital and personnel to the segments. Based on the reviews of these two segments and other company-wide initiatives, the chief operating decision maker is informed about allocation of resources to the Risk Management and Shared Services segment.

Note 16 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table summarizes the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at September 30, 2026 and 2025, including changes during the preceding nine and three month periods as well as any reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

(in thousands)InvestmentSecuritiesCash Flow Hedge DerivativesDefined BenefitPension andPostretirementObligationsAccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncome (Loss)
Balance December 31, 2025$(2,456)$12,894$(18,003)$(7,566)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(272,763)——(272,763)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income:
Amortization of net unrealized losses on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities5,503——5,503
Other assets / accrued expenses and other liabilities—(29,665)—(29,665)
Interest expense—(1,779)—(1,779)
Personnel expense——(189)(189)
Income tax benefit (expense)66,660(7,565)4759,143
Net other comprehensive loss during period(200,600)(39,009)(142)(239,750)
Balance September 30, 2026$(203,056)$(26,115)$(18,145)$(247,316)
Balance December 31, 2024$(48,993)$(1,268)$(24,154)$(74,416)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications47,970—4,77052,741
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Amortization of net unrealized losses on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities5,978——5,978
Other assets / accrued expenses and other liabilities—7,707—7,707
Interest income—3,995—3,995
Personnel expense——(189)(189)
Other expense——(12)(12)
Income tax (expense) benefit(13,456)2,816(1,140)(11,780)
Net other comprehensive income during period40,49214,5183,42958,439
Balance September 30, 2025$(8,501)$13,249$(20,725)$(15,977)
(in thousands)InvestmentSecuritiesCash Flow Hedge DerivativesDefined BenefitPension andPostretirementObligationsAccumulatedOtherComprehensive(Loss) Income
Balance June 30, 2026$(54,836)$(6,659)$(18,098)$(79,593)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(199,386)——(199,386)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income:
Amortization of net unrealized losses on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities1,912——1,912
Other assets / accrued expenses and other liabilities—(15,247)—(15,247)
Interest income—(436)—(436)
Personnel expense——(63)(63)
Income tax benefit (expense)49,254(3,773)1645,497
Net other comprehensive loss during period(148,220)(19,456)(47)(167,723)
Balance September 30, 2026$(203,056)$(26,115)$(18,145)$(247,316)
Balance June 30, 2025$(6,109)$12,487$(20,674)$(14,297)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(5,178)——(5,178)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Amortization of net unrealized losses on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities1,992——1,992
Other assets / accrued expenses and other liabilities—(825)—(825)
Interest income—1,440—1,440
Personnel expense——(63)(63)
Other expense——(4)(4)
Income tax benefit79514817960
Net other comprehensive (loss) income during period(2,392)763(51)(1,680)
Balance September 30, 2025$(8,501)$13,249$(20,725)$(15,977)
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