ASSOCIATED BANC-CORP

These interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared according to the rules and regulations of the SEC and, therefore, certain information and footnote disclosures normally presented in accordance with GAAP have been omitted or abbreviated. The information contained on the consolidated financial statements and footnotes in Associated Banc-Corp's 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K should be referred to in connection with the reading of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

Note 1 Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of the Corporation for the periods presented, and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. The determination of the ACLL is particularly susceptible to significant change. Management has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition or disclosure.

Within the tables presented, certain columns and rows may not recalculate due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes.

Note 2 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to U.S. GAAP and to general practice within the financial services industry. A discussion of these policies can be found in Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Future Accounting Pronouncements

The expected impact of applicable material accounting pronouncements recently issued or proposed but not yet required to be adopted are discussed in the table below. To the extent that the adoption of new accounting standards materially affects the Corporation's financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or disclosures, the impacts are discussed in the applicable sections of this financial review.

Note 3 Earnings Per Common Share

Earnings per common share are calculated utilizing the two-class method. Basic earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share are calculated by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock awards (outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock awards). Presented below are the calculations for basic and diluted earnings per common share:

Excluded from the earnings per common share calculations were 0.2 million and 1.9 million anti-dilutive common stock options for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and 0.8 million and 1.9 million anti-dilutive common stock options were excluded from the earnings per common share calculations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Note 4 Stock-Based Compensation

The fair values of stock options and restricted stock awards are amortized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the grants. For colleagues who meet the definition of retirement eligible under the 2020 and 2025 Incentive Compensation Plans, expenses related to stock options and restricted stock awards are fully recognized on the date the colleague meets the definition of normal or early retirement. Compensation expense recognized is included in personnel expense on the consolidated statements of income.

A summary of the Corporation’s stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 is presented below:

(a) In thousands

Intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of the stock option. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $1.0 million, compared to $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. All stock options were vested as of December 31, 2024. The total fair value of stock options vested was $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The Corporation has issued time-based and performance-based restricted stock awards under the 2020 and 2025 Incentive Compensation Plans. Performance awards are based on performance goals determined by the Compensation and Benefits Committee of the Corporation's Board of Directors, with vesting ranging from a minimum of 0% to a maximum of 150% of the target award. Performance awards are valued utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate fair value of the awards at the grant date.

The following table summarizes information about the Corporation’s restricted stock awards activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

(a) In thousands

The Corporation amortizes the expense related to restricted stock awards as compensation expense over the vesting period specified in the grant's award agreement. Performance-based restricted stock awards granted during 2024 and 2025 will cliff-vest after thethree year performance period has ended. Service-based restricted stock awards granted during 2024 and 2025 will generally vest ratably over a period offour years. Expense for restricted stock awards of $15.0 million and $15.8 million was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. Included in compensation expense for the accelerated vesting of restricted stock awards granted to retirement eligible colleagues was $4.5 million and $3.6 million of expense the first nine months of 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Corporation had $21.8 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock awards at September 30, 2025 that are expected to be recognized over the remaining requisite service periods that extend through thefirst quarter of 2029.

The Corporation has the ability to issue shares from treasury or new shares upon the exercise of stock options or the granting of restricted stock awards. The Board of Directors has authorized management to repurchase shares of the Corporation’s common stock, to be made available for issuance in connection with the Corporation’s employee incentive plans and for other corporate purposes. The repurchase of shares, if any, will be based on market and investment opportunities, capital levels, growth prospects, and regulatory constraints. Such repurchases may occur from time to time in open market purchases, block transactions, private transactions, accelerated share repurchase programs, or similar facilities.

Note 5 Investment Securities

Investment securities are designated as AFS, HTM, or equity on the consolidated balance sheets. The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at September 30, 2025 were as follows:

The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at December 31, 2024 were as follows:

Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The expected maturities of AFS and HTM securities at September 30, 2025, are shown below:

The following table summarizes gross realized gains and losses on AFS securities, the gain or loss on sale and fair value adjustment of equity securities, and proceeds from the sale of AFS investment securities:

Investment securities with a carrying value of $1.2 billion and $1.5 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, were pledged as required to secure certain deposits or for other purposes.

Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities totaled $15.5 million and $18.1 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities totaled $23.3 million and $21.4 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on both HTM and AFS securities is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

On a quarterly basis, the Corporation refreshes the credit quality of each HTM security. The Company monitors the credit quality of HTM securities through credit ratings provided by S&P and Moody’s. Investment grade securities are rated BBB- or higher by S&P, or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s, and are generally considered by the rating agencies and market participants to be of low credit risk. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Corporation's HTM portfolio contained all investment grade securities except for securities that were not rated which were individually reviewed noting no credit quality issues.

The Corporation holds U.S. Treasury, municipal, and mortgage-related securities issued by the U.S. government or a GSE which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and private-label residential mortgage-related securities that have credit enhancement which covers the first 15% of losses and, as a result, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded related to these securities.

The allowance for credit losses on HTM securities was $0.1 million at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, attributable entirely to the Corporation's municipal securities, included in HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets.

The following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at September 30, 2025:

For comparative purposes, the following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2024:

The Corporation reviews the AFS investment securities portfolio on a quarterly basis to monitor its credit exposure. A determination as to whether a security’s decline in fair value is the result of credit risk takes into consideration numerous factors and the relative significance of any single factor can vary by security. Some factors the Corporation may consider in this impairment analysis include the extent to which the security has been in an unrealized loss position, the change in security rating, financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, as well as the security and industry specific economic conditions.

Based on the Corporation’s evaluation, management does not believe any unrealized losses at September 30, 2025 represent credit deterioration as these unrealized losses are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and the current market conditions. As of September 30, 2025, the Corporation does not intend to sell, nor does it believe that it will be required to sell, the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost basis.

FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks: The Corporation is required to maintain Federal Reserve Bank stock and FHLB stock as a member bank of both the Federal Reserve System and the FHLB, and in amounts as required by these institutions. These equity securities are “restricted” in that they can only be sold back to the respective institutions or another member institution at par. Therefore, they are less liquid than other marketable equity securities and their fair value is equal to amortized cost. The Corporation had FHLB stock of $153.6 million and $91.5 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Corporation had Federal Reserve Bank stock of $98.1 million and $88.1 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on FHLB stock totaled $3.6 million at September 30, 2025 and $1.8 million at December 31, 2024. There was $1.0 million accrued interest receivable on Federal Reserve Bank Stock at September 30, 2025 andnone at December 31, 2024. Accrued interest receivable on both FHLB stock and Federal Reserve Bank stock is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Equity Securities

Equity securities with readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is primarily comprised of mutual funds. The Corporation had equity securities with readily determinable fair values of $10.9 million at September 30, 2025 and $10.7 million at December 31, 2024.

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities without readily determinable fair values primarily consists of an investment in a private loan fund. The Corporation had equity securities without readily determinable fair values carried at $15.1 million at September 30, 2025 and $12.6 million at December 31, 2024.

Note 6 Loans

The period end loan composition was as follows:

Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $125.1 million at September 30, 2025 and $126.1 million at December 31, 2024, and is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. The amount of accrued interest reversed was $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The following table presents loans by credit quality indicator by origination year at September 30, 2025:

(a) Revolving loans converted to term loans are those converted during the reporting period and are also reported in their year of origination.

The following table presents loans by credit quality indicator by origination year at December 31, 2024:

(a) Revolving loans converted to term loans are those converted during the reporting period and are also reported in their year of origination.

The following table presents gross charge offs by origination year for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

The following table presents gross charge offs by origination year for the year ended December 31, 2024:

Factors that are important to managing overall credit quality are sound loan underwriting and administration, systematic monitoring of existing loans and commitments, effective loan review on an ongoing basis, early identification of potential problems, and appropriate policies for ACLL, nonaccrual loans, and charge offs.

For commercial loans, management has determined the pass credit quality indicator to include credits exhibiting acceptable financial statements, cash flow, and leverage. If any risk exists, it is mitigated by the loan structure, collateral, monitoring, or control. For consumer loans, performing loans include credits performing in accordance with the original contractual terms.

Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Special mention credits have potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the credit or in the credit position at some future date. Accruing loan modifications could be pass or special mention, depending on the risk rating on the loan. Substandard loans are considered inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged, if any. These loans have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt, and are characterized by the distinct possibility the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Management has determined commercial loan relationships over $0.5 million in nonaccrual status meet the criteria to be individually evaluated. Commercial loans classified as special mention, substandard, and nonaccrual are reviewed at a minimum on a quarterly basis, while pass credits, which are performing rated credits, are generally reviewed on an annual basis or more frequently if the loan renewal is less than one year or if otherwise warranted.

The recorded investment of consumer loans secured by residential real estate properties for which foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $23.3 million and $22.9 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table presents loans by past due status at September 30, 2025:

(a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $38.0 million, or 36%, were current with respect to payment at September 30, 2025.

(b)No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. In addition, there were $14.8 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACLL at September 30, 2025.

The following table presents loans by past due status at December 31, 2024:

(a) Of the total nonaccrual loans, $52.4 million, or 42%, were current with respect to payment at December 31, 2024.

(b)No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans for the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, there were $23.8 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACLL at December 31, 2024.

Loan Modifications

The following tables show the composition of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by the loan portfolio and type of concessions granted. Each of the types of concessions granted comprised less than 1% of their respective classes of loan portfolios at September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.

The following tables summarize, by loan portfolio, the financial effect of the Corporation's loan modifications on the modified loans.

(a) Some interest rate concessions may involve an increase in rate that was lower in comparison to prevailing market rates.

(a) During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, term extensions changed the weighted average term on modified loans from 294 to 414 months and 273 to 373 months, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, term extensions changed the weighted average term on modified loans from 281 to 416 months and 272 to 383 months, respectively.

The Corporation closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the twelve months ended September 30, 2025:

The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the twelve months ended September 30, 2024:

The following table provides the amortized cost of loan modifications by loan portfolio and type of concession for loans that were modified in the previous twelve months and subsequently had a payment default during the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

The following table provides the amortized cost of loan modifications by loan portfolio and type of concession that were modified in the previous twelve months had a payment default during the nine months ended September 30, 2024:

The nature and extent of the impairment of modified loans, including those which have experienced a subsequent payment default, are considered in the determination of an appropriate level of the ACLL.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The ACLL is comprised of the allowance for loan losses and the allowance for unfunded commitments. The level of the ACLL represents management’s estimate of an amount appropriate to provide for expected lifetime credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The expected lifetime credit losses are the product of multiplying the Corporation's estimates of probability of default, loss given default, and the individual loan level exposure at default on an undiscounted basis. A main factor in the determination of the ACLL is the economic forecast. The forecast the Corporation used for September 30, 2025 was the Moody's baseline scenario from August 2025, which was reviewed against the September 2025 baseline scenario with no material updates made, over a two year reasonable and supportable period with straight-line reversion to the historical losses over the second year of the period. The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit). See Note 11 for additional information on the change in the allowance for unfunded commitments.

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the ACLL by portfolio segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the ACLL by portfolio segment for the year ended December 31, 2024:

Note 7 Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized but is instead subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis, and more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.

The Corporation conducted its most recent annual impairment testing in May 2025, utilizing a qualitative assessment. Based on this assessment, management concluded that it is more likely than not that the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value (including goodwill) for each reporting unit. Therefore, a step one quantitative analysis was not required. There have beenno events since the May 2025 impairment test that have changed the Corporation's impairment assessment conclusion. There wereno impairment charges recorded in 2024 or the first nine months of 2025.

The Corporation had goodwill of $1.1 billion at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Core Deposit Intangibles

The Corporation has CDIs which are amortized. Changes in the gross carrying amount, accumulated amortization, and net book value for CDIs were as follows:

Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans in the secondary market and typically retains the right to service the loans sold. MSRs are not traded in active markets. As a result, a cash flow model is used to determine fair value. Key assumptions and estimates, including projected prepayment speeds, assumed servicing costs, ancillary income, costs to service delinquent loans, costs of foreclosure, and discount rates with option-adjusted spreads, are used in measuring the fair value of the MSRs asset. These assumptions are considered significant unobservable inputs. See Note 11 for a discussion of the recourse provisions on sold residential mortgage loans. See Note 12 which further discusses fair value measurement relative to the MSRs asset.

A summary of changes in the balance of the MSRs asset under the fair value measurement method is as follows:

The projections of amortization expense for CDIs and decay for MSRs are based on existing asset balances, the current interest rate environment, and prepayment speeds as of September 30, 2025. The actual expense the Corporation recognizes in any given period may be significantly different depending upon acquisition or sale activities, changes in interest rates, prepayment speeds, market conditions, regulatory requirements, and events or circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The following table shows the estimated future yearly amortization expense for CDIs and decay for MSRs:

(a) Includes the decrease in value due to passage of time, including the impact from both regularly scheduled principal payments and partial loan paydowns.

Note 8 Short and Long-Term Funding

The following table presents the components of short-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities of one year or less), and long-term funding (funding with original contractual maturities greater than one year):

(a) For additional information on the fair value hedges, see Note 9.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase

The Corporation enters into agreements under which it sells securities subject to an obligation to repurchase the same or similar securities. Under these arrangements, the Corporation may transfer legal control over the assets but still retain effective control through an agreement that both entitles and obligates the Corporation to repurchase the assets. The obligation to repurchase the securities is reflected as a liability on the Corporation’s consolidated balance sheets, while the securities underlying the repurchase agreements remain in the respective investment securities asset accounts (i.e., there is no offsetting or netting of the investment securities assets with the repurchase agreement liabilities).

The Corporation utilizes repurchase agreements to facilitate the needs of its customers. The fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline. At September 30, 2025, the Corporation had pledged securities valued at 261% of the gross outstanding balance of repurchase agreements to manage this risk.

The remaining contractual maturity of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase on the consolidated balance sheets is presented in the following table:

Long-Term Funding

Senior Notes

In August 2024, the Corporation issued $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.455% Fixed Rate / Floating Rate Senior Notes due August 29, 2030. During the period from, and including, August 29, 2024, to, but excluding, August 29, 2029, the senior notes will have a fixed coupon interest rate of 6.455% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears. During the period from, and including, August 29, 2029, to, but excluding, the maturity date, the senior notes will have a floating rate per annum equal to Compounded SOFR, as defined in the Global Note issued in connection with the senior notes, plus 3.030%, payable quarterly in arrears. Prior to August 29, 2029, the Corporation may, at its option, redeem the senior notes, in whole or in part, at any time and from time to time, by paying the redemption price, as defined in the Global Note issued in connection with the senior notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. On August 29, 2029, the Corporation may at its option, redeem the senior notes, in whole, but not in part, by paying the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. At any time and from time to time on or after July 30, 2030 (30 days prior to the maturity date), the Corporation may, at its option, redeem the senior notes in whole or in part by paying the aggregate principal amount of the senior notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. The senior notes were issued at a discount.

Subordinated Notes

In February 2023, the Corporation issued $300.0 million of 10-year subordinated notes, due March 1, 2033 and redeemable in whole or in part at the Corporation's option (i) on the reset date of March 1, 2028 and any interest payment date thereafter, (ii) at any time on or after the three month period prior to the maturity date, and (iii) upon the occurrence of a Regulatory Capital Treatment Event, as defined in the Global Note issued in connection with the subordinated notes. The subordinated notes have a fixed coupon interest rate of 6.625% until the reset date, after which the rate will be equal to the Five-Year U.S. Treasury Rate as of the reset date plus 2.812% per annum. The notes were issued at a discount.

In January 2025, $250.0 million of 10-year subordinated notes issued in November 2014 by the Corporation matured and were repaid.

Note 9 Derivative and Hedging Activities

The Corporation enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest and currency rates as well as other economic conditions.

At inception, the Corporation designates the derivative contract as either a fair value hedge (i.e., a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability), a cash flow hedge (i.e., a hedge of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability), or a non-designated hedge. The hedge accounting methodologies applied for fair value, cash flow, and non-designated hedges are described in the Derivative and Hedging Activities note in the Corporation's 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The contract or notional amount of a derivative is used to determine, along with the other terms of the derivative, the amounts to be exchanged between the counterparties. The Corporation is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to financial instruments. To mitigate the counterparty risk, contracts generally contain language outlining collateral pledging requirements for each counterparty. For non-centrally cleared derivatives, collateral must be posted when the market value exceeds certain mutually agreed upon threshold limits. Securities and cash are often pledged as collateral. The Corporation pledged $76.9 million and $81.4 million of investment securities as collateral at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. Cash is often pledged as collateral for derivatives that are not centrally cleared. The Corporation's required cash collateral was $23.0 million at September 30, 2025 and $0.3 million at December 31, 2024. For fair value information and disclosures and for the Corporation's accounting policy for derivative and hedging activities, see the Fair Value Measurements and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies notes in the Corporation's 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table presents the total notional amounts and gross fair values of the Corporation's derivatives, as well as the balance sheet netting adjustments:

(a) The notional amounts of the interest rate-related instruments designated as hedging instruments include forward starting interest rate swaps. As of September 30, 2025, such swaps with effective dates of November 1, 2025 to December 1, 2025 had an asset notional amount and fair value of $550.0 million and $3.3 million, respectively, and a liability notional amount and fair value of $50.0 million and $0, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, such swaps with effective dates ranging from February 1, 2025 to March 1, 2025 had an asset notional amount and fair value of $100.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and a liability notional amount and fair value of $300.0 million and $1.4 million, respectively.

(b) The mortgage derivative asset includes interest rate lock commitments, while the mortgage derivative liability includes forward commitments. Given the fair value position as of December 31, 2024, the fair value of the mortgage derivative asset included $0.3 million of interest rate lock commitments and $0.3 million of forward commitments.

The following table presents amounts that were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(a) Excludes hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying amount excluded for foreign currency denominated loans was $439.9 million and $344.2 million, respectively.

The Corporation terminated its $500.0 million fair value hedge during the fourth quarter of 2019. At September 30, 2025, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolios which had previously been used in the terminated hedging relationship was $199.2 million and is included in loans on the consolidated balance sheets. This amount includes $0.7 million of hedging adjustments on the discontinued hedging relationships, which are not presented in the table above.

The tables below identify the effect of fair value and cash flow hedge accounting on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income:

(a) Includes net settlements on the derivatives.

The following table presents the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

(a) The entirety of gains (losses) recognized in OCI as well as the losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into interest income were included components in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to cash flow hedge derivatives are reclassified to interest income as interest payments are made on the hedged variable interest rate assets. The Corporation estimates that $5.1 million will be reclassified as an increase to interest income over the next 12 months. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, or the addition of other hedges subsequent to September 30, 2025. The maximum length of time over which the Corporation is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is 27 months as of September 30, 2025.

The table below identifies the effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Corporation's consolidated statements of income:

Note 10 Balance Sheet Offsetting

Interest Rate-Related Instruments and Foreign Exchange Forwards (“Interest and Foreign Exchange Agreements”)

The Corporation is permitted to present derivative receivables and derivative payables with the same counterparty and the related cash collateral receivables and payables on a net basis on the consolidated balance sheets when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. The Corporation has elected to net such balances where it has determined that the specified conditions are met.

The Corporation uses master netting agreements to mitigate counterparty credit risk in these transactions, including derivative contracts. A master netting agreement is a single agreement with a counterparty that permits multiple transactions governed by that agreement to be terminated or accelerated and settled through a single payment in a single currency in the event of a default (e.g., bankruptcy, failure to make a required payment or securities transfer or deliver collateral or margin when due).

Typical master netting agreements for these types of transactions also contain a collateral/margin agreement that provides for a security interest in, or title transfer of, securities or cash collateral/margin to the party that has the right to demand margin (the “demanding party”). The collateral/margin agreement typically requires a party to transfer collateral/margin to the demanding party with a value equal to the amount of the margin deficit on a net basis across all transactions governed by the master netting agreement, less any threshold. The collateral/margin agreement grants to the demanding party, upon default by the counterparty, the right to offset any amounts payable by the counterparty against any posted collateral or the cash equivalent of any posted collateral/margin. It also grants to the demanding party the right to liquidate collateral/margin and to apply the proceeds to an amount payable by the counterparty.

For additional information on the Corporation’s derivative and hedging activities, see the Derivative and Hedging Activities note in the Corporation's 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table presents the interest rate and foreign exchange assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement. The interest rate and foreign exchange agreements the Corporation has with its commercial customers are not subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement and are therefore excluded from these tables:

Note 11 Commitments, Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Legal Proceedings, and Regulatory Matters

The Corporation utilizes a variety of financial instruments in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers and to manage its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include lending-related and other commitments (see below) as well as derivative instruments (see Note 9). The following is a summary of lending-related commitments:

(a) These off-balance sheet financial instruments are exercisable at the market rate prevailing at the date the underlying transaction will be completed and, thus, are deemed to haveno current fair value, or the fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements and was not material at September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

(b) Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale are considered derivative instruments and are disclosed in Note 9.

(c) Standby letters of credit are presented excluding participations. The Corporation has established a liability of $2.2 million at September 30, 2025 and $2.5 million at December 31, 2024, as an estimate of the fair value of these financial instruments.

Lending-related Commitments

As a financial services provider, the Corporation routinely enters into commitments to extend credit. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans made by the Corporation, with each customer’s creditworthiness evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. The Corporation’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to these financial instruments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Corporation upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Since a significant portion of commitments to extend credit are subject to specific restrictive loan covenants or may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements. An allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded commitments (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit).

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments:

Lending-related commitments include commitments to extend credit, commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to customers at predetermined interest rates, as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contracts. Interest rate lock commitments to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale and forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans are considered derivative instruments, and the fair value of these commitments is recorded in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation’s derivative and hedging activity is further described in Note 9. Commercial and standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce and typically result in the commitment being drawn on when the underlying transaction is consummated between the customer and the third party, while standby letters of credit generally are contingent upon the failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of the underlying contract with the third party.

Other Commitments

The Corporation invests in qualified affordable housing projects, historic projects, new market projects, and opportunity zone funds for the purpose of community reinvestment and obtaining tax credits and other tax benefits. Return on the Corporation's investment in these projects and funds comes in the form of the tax credits and tax losses that pass through to the Corporation. The aggregate carrying value of these investments at September 30, 2025 was $183.5 million, compared to $204.8 million at December 31, 2024, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets.

Under the proportional amortization method, the Corporation amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits. The Corporation recognized additional income tax expense attributable to the amortization of investments in qualified affordable housing projects of $26.3 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and recognized $9.2 million and $8.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The Corporation's remaining investment in qualified affordable housing projects accounted for under the proportional amortization method totaled $181.5 million at September 30, 2025 and $202.8 million at December 31, 2024.

The Corporation’s unfunded contributions relating to investments in qualified affordable housing and historic projects are recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation’s remaining unfunded contributions totaled $26.7 million at September 30, 2025 and $29.7 million at December 31, 2024.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024, the Corporation didnot record any impairment related to qualified affordable housing investments.

The Corporation has principal investment commitments to provide capital-based financing to private companies through either direct investment in specific companies or through investment funds and partnerships. The timing of future cash requirements to fund such principal investment commitments is generally dependent on the investment cycle, whereby privately held companies are funded by private equity investors and ultimately sold, merged, or taken public through an initial offering, which can vary based on overall market conditions, as well as the nature and type of industry in which the companies operate. The timing of future cash requirements to fund these pools is dependent upon loan demand, which can vary over time. The aggregate carrying value of these investments was $61.7 million at September 30, 2025 and $54.1 million at December 31, 2024, included in tax credit and other investments on the consolidated balance sheets.

Legal Proceedings

The Corporation is party to various pending and threatened claims and legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business activities, some of which involve claims for substantial amounts. Although there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcomes, the Corporation believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against it in its currently outstanding matters and intends to continue to defend itself vigorously with respect to such legal proceedings. The Corporation will consider settlement of cases when, in management’s judgment, it is in the best interests of the Corporation and its shareholders.

On at least a quarterly basis, the Corporation assesses its liabilities and contingencies in connection with all pending or threatened claims and litigation, utilizing the most recent information available. On a matter by matter basis, an accrual for loss is established for those matters which the Corporation believes it is probable that a loss may be incurred and that the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Once established, each accrual is adjusted as appropriate to reflect any subsequent developments. Accordingly, management’s estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more or less than the current estimate. For matters where a loss is not probable, or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, no accrual is established.

Resolution of legal claims is inherently unpredictable, and in many legal proceedings various factors exacerbate this inherent unpredictability, including where the damages sought are unsubstantiated or indeterminate, it is unclear whether a case brought as a class action will be allowed to proceed on that basis, discovery is not complete, the proceeding is not yet in its final stages, the matters present legal uncertainties, there are significant facts in dispute, there are a large number of parties (including where it is uncertain how liability, if any, will be shared among multiple defendants), or there is a wide range of potential results.

Management believes that the legal proceedings currently pending against it should not have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s consolidated financial condition. However, in light of the uncertainties involved in such proceedings, there is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the reserves the Corporation has currently accrued or that a matter will not have material reputational or other qualitative consequences. As a result, the outcome of a particular matter may be material to the Corporation’s operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of the Corporation’s income for that period.

Regulatory Matters

A variety of consumer products, including mortgage and deposit products, and certain fees and charges related to such products, have come under increased regulatory scrutiny. It is possible that regulatory authorities could bring enforcement actions, including civil money penalties, or take other actions against the Corporation in regard to these consumer products. The Bank could also determine of its own accord, or be required by regulators, to refund or otherwise make remediation payments to customers in connection with these products, fees and charges. It is not possible at this time for management to assess the probability of a material adverse outcome or reasonably estimate the amount of any potential loss related to such matters.

Mortgage Repurchase Reserve

The Corporation sells residential mortgage loans to investors in the normal course of business. Residential mortgage loans sold to others are predominantly conventional residential first lien mortgages originated under the Corporation's usual underwriting procedures, and are most often sold on a nonrecourse basis, primarily to the GSEs. The Corporation’s agreements to sell residential mortgage loans in the normal course of business usually require certain representations and warranties on the underlying loans sold, related to credit information, loan documentation, collateral, and insurability. Subsequent to being sold, if a material underwriting deficiency or documentation defect is discovered, the Corporation may be obligated to repurchase the loan or reimburse the GSEs for losses incurred (collectively, “make whole requests”). The make whole requests and any related risk of loss under the representations and warranties are largely driven by borrower performance. The Corporation also sells qualifying residential mortgage loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies into GNMA pools.

As a result of make whole requests, the Corporation has repurchased loans with aggregate principal balances of $2.8 million and $3.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively. There wereno loss reimbursement and settlement claims paid in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 or for the year ended December 31, 2024. Make whole requests since January 1, 2024 generally arose from loans originated since January 1, 2022 with such balances totaling $3.8 billion at the time of sale, consisting primarily of loans sold to GSEs. As of September 30, 2025, $1.6 billion of those loans originated since January 1, 2022 remain outstanding.

The balance in the mortgage repurchase reserve at the balance sheet date reflects the estimated amount of potential loss the Corporation could incur from repurchasing a loan, as well as loss reimbursements, indemnifications, and other settlement resolutions. The mortgage repurchase reserve, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, was $0.5 million at September 30, 2025 and $0.6 million at December 31, 2024.

The Corporation may also sell residential mortgage loans with limited recourse (limited in that the recourse period ends prior to the loan’s maturity, usually after certain time and/or loan paydown criteria have been met), whereby repurchase could be required if the loan had defined delinquency issues during the limited recourse periods. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were $9.6 million and $13.7 million, respectively, of residential mortgage loans sold with such recourse risk. There have been limited instances and immaterial historical losses on repurchases for recourse under the limited recourse criteria.

The Corporation has a subordinate position to the FHLB in the credit risk on residential mortgage loans it sold to the FHLB Mortgage Partnership Finance Traditional program in exchange for a monthly credit enhancement fee. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were $236.2 million and $133.8 million, respectively, of such residential mortgage loans with credit risk recourse, upon which there have been immaterial historical losses to the Corporation.

Note 12 Fair Value Measurements

Fair value represents the estimated price at which an orderly transaction to sell an asset or to transfer a liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., an exit price concept).

The valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis are described in the Fair Value Measurements note in the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The tables below present the Corporation’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis and carrying amounts and estimated fair values of certain financial instruments, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:

(a) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 9 and Note 10 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

(a) A portion of network transaction deposits are included within this deposit category.

(b) When the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value, the carrying value is reported as the fair value.

(c) The commitment on standby letters of credit was $221.9 million at September 30, 2025. See Note 11 for additional information on the standby letters of credit and for information on the fair value of lending-related commitments.

(d) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 9 and Note 10 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

(a) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 9 and Note 10 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

(a) When the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value, the carrying value is reported as the fair value.

(b) The commitment on standby letters of credit was $253.7 million at December 31, 2024. See Note 11 for additional information on the standby letters of credit and for information on the fair value of lending-related commitments.

(c) Figures are presented gross before netting. See Note 9 and Note 10 for information relating to the impact of offsetting derivative assets and liabilities and cash collateral with the same counterparty where there is a legally enforceable master netting agreement in place.

The table below presents a rollforward of the consolidated balance sheets amounts for the Corporation's mortgage derivatives measured on a recurring basis and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy:

The following table presents a rollforward of the fair value of Level 3 equity securities that are measured under the measurement alternative, and the related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes:

The table below presents the Corporation’s assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall:

(a) If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the carrying amount of the asset, no charge off or adjustment is necessary, the asset is not considered to be carried at fair value and is therefore not included in the table.

(b) When a property's value is written down at the time it is transferred to OREO, the charge off is booked to the provision for credit losses. When a property is already in OREO and subsequently written down, the charge off is booked to other noninterest expense.

The table below presents the unobservable inputs that are readily quantifiable pertaining to Level 3 measurements:

Note 13 Retirement Plans

The Corporation has a noncontributory defined benefit RAP, covering substantially all employees who meet participation requirements. The benefits are based primarily on years of service and the employee’s compensation paid. Employees of acquired entities generally participate in the RAP after consummation of the business combinations. Any retirement plans of acquired entities are typically merged into the RAP after completion of the mergers, and credit is usually given to employees for years of service at the acquired institution for vesting and eligibility purposes.

The Corporation also provides legacy healthcare access to a limited group of retired employees from a previous acquisition in the Postretirement Plan. There are no other active retiree healthcare plans.

The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic benefit cost for the RAP and Postretirement Plan were as follows:

The components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic benefit cost, other than the service cost component, are included in the other noninterest expense caption of the consolidated statements of income. The service cost components are included in personnel noninterest expense caption of the consolidated statements of income.

The Corporation’s funding policy is to pay at least the minimum amount required by federal law and regulations, with consideration given to the maximum funding amounts allowed. The Corporation regularly reviews the funding of its RAP. There wereno contributions during 2024 or the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Note 14 Segment Reporting

The Corporation is managed through operating segments based on our internal structure and management process, which is how we assess performance and allocate resources to the segments. Certain operating segments have been aggregated into our three reportable segments where the nature of the products and services, the type of customer, and the distribution of those products and services are similar. The three reportable segments are Corporate and Commercial Specialty; Community, Consumer, and Business; and Risk Management and Shared Services. A description of the products and services and the related customers for each reportable segment can be found in the Segment Reporting note in the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Effective beginning the fourth quarter of 2024, the Corporation made the change to move the private wealth operating segment from the Corporate and Commercial Specialty segment to the Community, Consumer and Business segment given its continued alignment with the products, services, and customers of that segment. This impacted the composition of the reportable segments and the Corporation has recast the impacted items of reportable segment information for the earlier presented periods.

The financial information of the Corporation’s segments disclosed below has been compiled utilizing the accounting policies described in the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K with certain exceptions based on internal management accounting policies. The significant exceptions are as follows:

The Corporation allocates certain net interest income, the provision for credit losses, certain noninterest expenses, and income taxes to each operating segment. Allocation methodologies are subject to periodic adjustment as the internal management accounting system is revised, the interest rate environment evolves, and business or product lines within the segments change. Also, because the development and application of these methodologies is a dynamic process, the financial results presented may be periodically reviewed. There were no significant changes in the current year to the methods for allocations to the segments from the prior periods.

The Corporation allocates certain net interest income using an internal FTP methodology that charges users of funds (assets, primarily loans) and credits providers of funds (liabilities, primarily deposits) based on the maturity, prepayment, and/or re-pricing characteristics of the assets and liabilities. This allocation is reflected as net intersegment interest income (expense) in the accompanying tables.

The provision for credit losses is allocated to segments based on the expected long-term annual net charge off rates attributable to the credit risk of loans managed by the segment during the period. In contrast, the level of the consolidated provision for credit losses is determined based on an ACLL model using methodologies described in the Corporation’s 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The net effect of the above allocations is recorded within the Risk Management and Shared Services segment to ensure consolidated totals reflect the Corporation's consolidated financial information.

Indirect expenses incurred by certain centralized support areas (including facilities, information technology services and applications, management expenses, and FDIC expense) are allocated to segments based on actual usage (for example, volume measurements or FTEs) and other criteria. Certain types of administrative expense and bank-wide expense accruals (including, when applicable, amortization of CDIs and other intangible assets associated with acquisitions, acquisition-related costs, and asset gains on disposed business units) are generally not allocated and remain in the Risk Management and Shared Services segment. This allocation is reflected as allocated indirect expense in the accompanying tables.

Income tax expense (benefit) is allocated to segments based on the Corporation’s estimated effective tax rate, with certain segments adjusted for any tax-exempt income or non-deductible expenses.

Financial information about the Corporation’s segments is presented below:

(a) A portion of total depreciation expense of $0.1 million, $2.7 million, and $9.3 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

(a) A portion of total depreciation expense of $0.1 million, $2.4 million, and $9.6 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

(a) An unusual item of a $7.0 million loss on mortgage portfolio sale as a result of the settlement of the mortgage sale announced in the fourth quarter of 2024 is included within the noninterest income (expense) caption.

(b) A portion of total depreciation expense of $0.2 million, $8.0 million, and $29.8 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

(a) A portion of total depreciation expense of $0.2 million, $9.7 million, and $39.1 million for the Corporate and Commercial Specialty, Community Consumer and Business, and Risk Management and Shared Services segments, respectively, is included in this expense caption.

Expenses included within the other noninterest expense line of the segment information above relate to the remaining segment expenses including office expense and card issuance costs. None of the individual expense categories rise to the level of significance for the segment; however, they are utilized in determining the profit or loss measure for each segment.

The management accounting policies and processes utilized in compiling segment financial information are highly subjective and, unlike financial accounting, are not based on authoritative guidance similar to U.S. GAAP. As a result, reportable segments and the financial information of the reported segments are not necessarily comparable with similar information reported by other financial institutions. Furthermore, the information presented is not indicative of how the segments would perform if they operated as independent entities.

The chief operating decision maker for each of the segments is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation. For the Corporate and Commercial Specialty and Community, Consumer and Business segments, the chief operating decision maker utilizes net interest income, net income and average total loans and deposits in allocating resources for each segment predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process. The chief operating decision maker considers budget-to-actual variances on a monthly basis for both profit measures when making decisions about allocating capital and personnel to the segments. Based on the reviews of these two segments and other company-wide initiatives, the chief operating decision maker is informed about allocation of resources to the Risk Management and Shared Services segment.

Note 15 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following tables summarize the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at September 30, 2025 and 2024, including changes during the preceding three and nine month periods as well as any reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

(a) Amortization of net unrealized losses on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities.

(a) Amortization of net unrealized losses on AFS securities transferred to HTM securities.