APOGEE ENTERPRISES INC

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management of Apogee Enterprises, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The Company's management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of March 2, 2024, using criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). The Company's management believes that, as of March 2, 2024, the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

Following this report are reports from the Company's independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, on the Company's consolidated financial statements and on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of March 2, 2024.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Apogee Enterprises, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Apogee Enterprises, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of March 2, 2024 and February 25, 2023, and the related consolidated results of operations, statements of comprehensive earnings, cash flows, and shareholders' equity, for each of the three years in the period ended March 2, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 2, 2024 and February 25, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 2, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of March 2, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated April 26, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Net Sales — Revenue Recognition for Long-Term Contracts in the Architectural Services Segment — Refer to Notes 1, 2, and 15 to the consolidated financial statements

The Architectural Services segment, which provides building glass and curtainwall installation services and operates under long-term, fixed-price contracts, accounted for approximately $378.4 million, or 27 percent of total net sales for the year ended March 2, 2024. The contracts for this business typically have a single, bundled performance obligation, as the business generally provides interrelated services and integrates these services into a combined output specified by the customer. The customer obtains control of this combined output, generally installed window and curtainwall systems, over time. The Company measures progress on these contracts following an input method, by comparing total costs incurred to-date to the total estimated costs for the contract and recording that proportion of the total contract price as revenue.

Given the judgments necessary to estimate total costs and profit for the contract performance obligations used to recognize revenue for long-term, fixed-price contracts in the Architectural Services segment, auditing such estimates required extensive audit effort due to the complexity of long-term contracts and a high degree of auditor judgment when performing audit procedures and evaluating the results of those procedures.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to management’s estimates of total costs and profit for the contract performance obligations used to recognize revenue for certain long-term contracts in the Architectural Services segment included, but were not limited to the following:

•We tested the effectiveness of controls over long-term contract revenue, including those over the estimates of total costs and profit for performance obligations.

•We developed an expectation of the amount of total long-term contract revenue based on prior year margins applied to cost of sales in the current year and compared our expectation to the amount of long-term contract revenue ultimately recorded by management.

•We evaluated management’s ability to estimate total costs and profit by comparing actual costs and profit to management’s historical estimates for performance obligations that have been fulfilled.

•We selected a sample of long-term contracts from the contract portfolio and performed the following procedures:

•Evaluated whether the long-term contracts were properly included in management’s calculation of long-term contract revenue based on the terms and conditions of each contract, including whether continuous transfer of control to the customer occurred as progress was made toward fulfillment of the performance obligations.

•Compared the transaction prices to the consideration expected to be received based on current rights and obligations under the long-term contracts and any modifications that were agreed upon with the customers.

•Tested management’s identification of distinct performance obligations by evaluating whether the underlying services are highly interdependent and interrelated.

•Tested the accuracy and completeness of the costs incurred to date for the performance obligations.

•We tested the mathematical accuracy of management’s calculation of long-term contract revenue for the performance obligation.

•Evaluated the estimates of total cost and profit for the performance obligations by:

•Comparing costs incurred to date to the costs management estimated to be incurred to date.

•Evaluating management’s ability to achieve the estimates of total cost and profit by performing corroborating inquiries with the Company’s project managers and engineers, and comparing the estimates to management’s work plans, engineering specifications, and supplier contracts.

/s/Deloitte & Touche LLP

Minneapolis, MN

April 26, 2024

We have served as the Company's auditor since fiscal 2003.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Apogee Enterprises, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Apogee Enterprises, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 2, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 2, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended March 2, 2024, of the Company and our report dated April 26, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Minneapolis, MN

April 26, 2024

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE EARNINGS

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Related Data

Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the balances of Apogee Enterprises, Inc. and its subsidiaries (Apogee, we, us, our or the Company) after elimination of intercompany balances and transactions. We consolidate variable interest entities related to our New Markets Tax Credit transactions as it has been determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary of those entities' operations (refer to Note 10 for more information).

Fiscal year

Our fiscal year ends on the Saturday closest to the last day of February, or as otherwise determined by our Board of Directors. Fiscal 2024 consisted of 53 weeks, while fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022 each consisted of 52 weeks.

Accounting estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of cash flows and notes to consolidated financial statements to conform to current year presentation of contract assets and liabilities. These reclassifications had no impact on reported cash flows or total assets and liabilities.

Cash equivalents

Highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less are included in cash equivalents and are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.

Restricted Cash

Cash held that is specifically dedicated to fund each capital project related to our New Markets Tax Credit transactions.

Marketable securities

To the extent the amortized cost basis of the available-for-sale securities exceeds the fair value, we assess the debt securities for credit loss. When assessing the risk of credit loss, we consider factors such as the severity and the reason of the decline in value, including any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency or other adverse conditions specifically related to the security, and management's intended holding period and time horizon for selling. During fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company did not recognize any credit losses related to its available-for-sale securities. Further, as of March 2, 2024 and February 25, 2023, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses related to its available-for-sale securities. Marketable securities are included in other current and non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets and gross realized gains and losses are included in other (income) expense, net in our consolidated results of operations.

Inventories

Inventories, which consist primarily of purchased glass and aluminum, are valued at lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment (PP&E) is recorded at cost. Significant improvements and renewals that extend the useful life of the asset are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. When an asset is retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any related gains or losses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Long-lived assets to be held and used, such as PP&E, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis, based on estimated useful lives of 10 to 25 years for buildings and improvements;3 to 10 years for machinery and equipment; and 3 to 7 years for computer and office equipment and furniture.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets or asset groups, including definite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization and property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances such as asset utilization, physical change, legal factors or other matters indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. When this review indicates the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group, an asset impairment expense is recognized in earnings in the period such a determination is made. The amount of the impairment expense recorded is the amount by which the carrying value of the impaired asset or asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flows.

As a result of restructuring plans announced during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, asset impairments on property, plant and equipment and leases in the amount of $6.2 million were recorded for the year ended March 2, 2024. As a result of restructuring plans announced during the second quarter of fiscal 2022, asset impairments on property, plant and equipment and leases in the amount of $21.5 million were recorded for the year ended February 26, 2022.

During the third quarter of fiscal 2022, an impairment of $3.0 million was recognized within other (income) expense within the consolidated results of operations related to a minority equity investment held by the Company. This represents a write-down of the entire investment in the other company.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, based on the finalization of our plans for integrating the Sotawall business into the Architectural Services Segment, which was effective beginning in fiscal 2023, we determined that the related definite-lived intangible assets were impaired as of February 26, 2022. As such, along-lived asset impairment charge of $36.7 million in finite-lived intangible assets was recognized in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022 within the Architectural Framing Systems Segment.

Goodwill and intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the net tangible and identified intangible assets of acquired businesses. We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually on the first day in our fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the goodwill may not be recoverable.

Evaluating goodwill for impairment involves the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit in which goodwill is recorded using a qualitative or quantitative analysis. A reporting unit is an operating segment or a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by segment management on a regular basis. At the beginning of the first quarter of fiscal 2023, we began management of the Sotawall and Harmon businesses under the Architectural Services Segment in order to create a single, unified offering for larger custom curtainwall projects. In connection with the transition, leadership of our Sotawall and Harmon businesses was combined to form the Architectural Services reporting unit. We evaluated goodwill on a qualitative basis prior to and subsequent to this change for these reporting units and concluded no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was necessary as a result of this change. Concurrent with this change in composition of the operating segments effective at the start of our first quarter of fiscal 2023, goodwill was reallocated to the affected reporting units within each operating segment, using a relative fair value approach as outlined in ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other.

The reporting units for our fiscal 2024 annual impairment test align with reporting segments, with the exception of our Architectural Framing Systems Segment. This segment containstwo reporting units, Window and Wall Systems and Storefront and Finishing Solutions, which represent $53.6 million and $35.7 million, of the goodwill balance at March 2, 2024, respectively. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, as a result of an announced restructuring plan, we reassessed our reporting units, which led to a combination of the Window and Wall Systems and Storefront and Finishing Solutions reporting units intoone Architectural Framing Systems reporting unit. We evaluated goodwill on a qualitative basis prior to and subsequent to this change and concluded that no adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was necessary as a result of this change. In addition, no qualitative indicators of impairment were identified during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024. Following this change, we have four reporting units, which align with our reporting segments.

We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using both the income approach and the market approach. The income approach uses a discounted cash flow methodology that involves significant judgment and projections of future performance. Assumptions about future revenues and future operating expenses, capital expenditures and changes in working capital are based on the annual operating plan and other business plans for each reporting unit. These plans take into consideration numerous factors, including historical experience, current and future operational plans, anticipated future economic conditions and growth expectations for the industries and end markets in which we participate. These projections are discounted using a weighted-average cost of capital, which considers the risk inherent in our projections of future cash flows. We determine the weighted-average cost of capital for this analysis by weighting the required returns on interest bearing debt and common equity capital in proportion to their estimated percentages in an expected capital structure, using published data where possible. We used discount rates that are commensurate with the risks and uncertainties inherent in the respective businesses and in the internally developed forecasts. The market approach uses a multiple of earnings and revenue based on guidelines for publicly traded companies.

Intangible assets

We have intangible assets for certain acquired trade names and trademarks which are determined to have indefinite useful lives. We test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually at the same measurement date as goodwill, the first day of our fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. If the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment expense is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. If an impairment expense is recognized, the adjusted carrying amount becomes the asset's new accounting basis.

Fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets is measured using the relief-from-royalty method. This method assumes the trade name or trademark has value to the extent that the owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from the asset. This method requires estimation of future revenue from the related asset, the appropriate royalty rate, and the weighted average cost of capital. The assessment of fair value involves significant judgment and projections about future performance.

Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized based on estimated useful lives ranging from 18 months to 30 years and are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. We use undiscounted cash flows to determine whether impairment exists and measure any impairment loss using discounted cash flows to determine the fair value of long-lived assets.

The estimated useful lives of all intangible assets are reviewed annually, and we have determined that the remaining lives were appropriate. Refer to Note 6 for additional information.

Leases

We have commercially negotiated leases where we recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on our consolidated balance sheet at lease commencement for leases with terms greater than twelve months. The initial lease liability is recognized at the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on our consolidated balance sheet. We recognize lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We combine lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance costs, in calculating the related asset and lease liabilities for all underlying asset groups. Refer to Note 8 for additional information.

Self-Insurance

We obtain commercial insurance to provide coverage for potential losses in areas such as employment practices, workers' compensation, directors and officers, automobile, architect's and engineer's errors and omissions, product rework and general liability. A substantial portion of this risk is retained on a self-insured basis through our wholly-owned insurance subsidiary. We establish a reserve for estimated ultimate losses on reported claims and those incurred but not yet reported utilizing actuarial projections. Reserves are classified within other current liabilities or non-current self-insurance reserves based on expectations of when the estimated loss will be paid.

Additionally, we maintain a self-insurance reserve for health insurance programs offered to eligible employees, included within other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The reserve includes an estimate for losses on reported claims as well as for amounts incurred but not yet reported, based on historical trends.

Warranty and project-related contingencies

We are subject to claims associated with our products and services, principally as a result of disputes with our customers involving the performance or aesthetics of our architectural products and services. We reserve estimated exposures on known claims, as well as on a portion of anticipated claims for product warranty and rework costs, based on historical product liability claims as a ratio of sales. We also reserve for estimated backcharge exposures or other claims as they are known and reasonably estimable. Reserves are included in other current and non-current liabilities based on the estimated timing of dispute resolution.

Foreign currency

Local currencies are considered the functional currencies for our subsidiaries outside of the United States. Assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated using average monthly exchange rates. Translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheets.

Derivatives and hedging activities

We are exposed to, among other risks, the impact of changes in aluminum prices, foreign currency exchange rates, and interest rates in the normal course of business. In order to manage the exposure and volatility arising from these risks, we utilize derivative financial instruments to offset a portion of these risks. We use derivative financial instruments only to hedge identified business risks, and do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes and are not a party to leveraged derivatives.

All derivative instruments within the scope of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, are recorded as either assets or liabilities at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. All hedging instruments that qualify for hedge accounting are designated and effective as hedges with changes recognized in other comprehensive earnings (loss). Instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are marked to market with changes recognized directly in earnings. Cash flows from derivative instruments are classified in the statements of cash flows in the same category as the cash flows from the items subject to designated hedge or undesignated (economic) hedge relationships. Refer to Note 4 for additional information.

Revenue recognition

Our significant accounting policy for revenue recognition follows ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. We generate revenue from the design, engineering and fabrication of architectural glass, curtainwall, window, storefront and entrance systems, and from installing those products on non-residential buildings. We also manufacture value-added glass and acrylic products. Due to the diverse nature of our operations and various types of contracts with customers, we have businesses that recognize revenue at a point in time at shipment, businesses that recognize revenue following an over-time input method and businesses that recognize revenue following an over-time output method.

Approximately 42% of our fiscal 2024 revenue was recognized at the time products were shipped from our manufacturing facilities, which is when control is transferred to our customer, consistent with past practices. These businesses do not generate contract-related assets or liabilities. Variable consideration associated with these contracts and orders, generally related to early pay discounts or volume rebates, is not considered significant.

Approximately 34% of our fiscal 2024 revenue was from long-term, fixed-price contracts, following an over-time input method. The contracts for these businesses have a single, bundled performance obligation, as these businesses generally provide interrelated products and services and integrate these products and services into a combined output specified by the customer. The customer obtains control of this combined output, generally integrated window systems or installed window and curtainwall systems, over time. We measure progress on these contracts following an input method, by comparing total costs incurred to-date to the total estimated costs for the contract, and record that proportion of the total contract price as revenue in the period. Contract costs include materials, labor and other direct costs related to contract performance. We believe this method of recognizing revenue is consistent with our progress in satisfying our contract obligations.

Due to the nature of the work required under these long-term contracts, the estimation of total revenue and costs incurred throughout a project is subject to many variables and requires significant judgment. It is common for these contracts to contain potential bonuses or penalties which are generally awarded or charged upon certain project milestones or cost or timing targets, and these can be based on customer discretion. We estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled. We include estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on our assessments of anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us.

Long-term contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements of work to be performed. We consider contract modifications to exist when the modification, generally through a change order, either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and obligations, and we evaluate these types of modifications to determine whether they may be considered distinct performance obligations. In most cases, these contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract, due to the significant integration service provided in the context of the contract. Therefore, these modifications are accounted for as part of the existing contract. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and our measure of progress is recognized as an adjustment to revenue, generally on a cumulative catch-up basis.

Typically, under these fixed-price contracts, we bill our customers following an agreed-upon schedule based on work performed. Because the progress billings do not generally correspond to our measurement of revenue on a contract, we generate contract assets when we have recognized revenue in excess of the amount billed to the customer. We generate contract liabilities when we have billed the customer in excess of revenue recognized on a contract.

Approximately 24% of our fiscal 2024 revenue was recognized following an over-time output method based upon units produced. The customer is considered to have control over the products at the time of production, as the products are highly customized with no alternative use, and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed over the production period. We believe this over-time output method of recognizing revenue reasonably depicts the fulfillment of our performance obligations under our contracts. Billings still occur upon shipment. Therefore, contract assets are generated for the unbilled amounts on contracts when production is complete. Variable consideration associated with these orders, generally related to early pay discounts, is not considered significant.

Additionally, we have made the following policy elections associated with revenue recognition:

•We account for shipping and handling activities that occur after control of the related goods transfers to the customer as fulfillment activities, instead of assessing such activities as performance obligations.

•We exclude from the transaction price all sales taxes related to revenue-producing transactions that are collected from the customer for a government authority. We are considered a pass-through conduit for collecting and remitting sales taxes.

•We generally expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred because the amortization period would be less than one year. These costs primarily relate to sales commissions and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

•We do not adjust contract price for a significant financing component, as we expect the period between when our goods and services are transferred to the customer and when the customer pays for those goods and services to be less than a year.

Shipping and handling

Amounts billed to a customer in a sales transaction related to shipping and handling are reported as revenue. Costs we incur for shipping and handling are reported as cost of sales.

Restructuring

Restructuring charges are recorded as a result of fundamental changes in the manner in which certain business functions are conducted, including initiatives to drive earnings and cash flow growth and to realign and simplify our business structure. These charges primarily consist of employee severance benefits, asset impairments on property, plant and equipment and operating lease assets and termination penalties for facility closures and consolidations. We record restructuring accruals when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability is reasonably estimable. To the extent our assumptions and estimates differ from our actual costs, subsequent adjustments to restructuring accruals have been and will be required. Restructuring accruals for severance-related costs are included in accrued compensation and related benefits and accruals for remaining obligations and termination penalties are included in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 16 for additional information.

Research and development

Research and development activities include the development of new products, the modification of existing product designs, and research related to process improvements. Our research and development expenses were $30.3 million, $25.5 million and $17.3 million for fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These costs are expensed as incurred.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred within selling, general and administrative expenses, and were $1.3 million in fiscal 2024 and $1.2 million in fiscal 2023 and 2022.

Income taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon the future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Refer to Note 13 for additional information.

Subsequent events

We have evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and disclosure through the date of this filing and determined that there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

Adoption of new accounting standards

At the beginning of fiscal 2024, we adopted the guidance in ASU 2022-04, Liabilities – Supplier Finance Programs, Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations. The guidance requires that entities that use supplier finance programs disclose information about the nature and potential magnitude of the programs, activity during the period, and changes from period to period. Beginning in the first quarter, we implemented a supplier financing arrangement with U.S. Bank that enables our suppliers, at their sole discretion, to sell the Company's receivables (i.e., our payment obligations to the suppliers) to U.S. Bank on a non-recourse basis in order to be paid earlier than our payment terms provide. Our suppliers’ voluntary inclusion of invoices in the supplier financing arrangement has no bearing on our payment terms, the amounts we pay, or our liquidity. We have no economic interest in a supplier’s decision to participate in the supplier financing program, and we do not provide any guarantees in connection with it. These balances are reflected in accounts payable in the consolidated balance sheets and are reflected in net cash provided by operating activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows when settled.

The following table summarizes the obligation activity and outstanding as of March 2, 2024 that we have confirmed as valid to the administrators of our program with U.S. Bank:

At the beginning of fiscal 2022, we adopted the guidance in ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this ASU removed exceptions on intra-period tax allocations and reporting and provided simplification on accounting for franchise taxes, tax basis goodwill and tax law changes. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

At the beginning of fiscal 2022, we adopted the guidance in ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Accounting standards not yet adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands the required disclosure for reportable segments. This guidance requires entities to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis and to provide in interim periods all segment disclosures which are currently required annually. This ASU additionally requires entities to disclose the title and position of the individual or the name of the group or committee identified as its chief operating decision-maker. Such guidance, which is required to be applied retrospectively, is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, although early adoption is permitted. While the adoption of this ASU will not have an impact on our financial position and/or results of operations, we are currently evaluating the impact to our segment disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, intended to enhance the transparency and decision-usefulness of income tax disclosures. Such guidance requires entities to provide additional information within their income tax rate reconciliation, including further disclosure of federal, state, and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about these reconciling items if a quantitative threshold is met. This guidance additionally requires expanded disclosure of income taxes paid, including amounts paid for federal, state, and foreign taxes. This ASU, which is required to be applied prospectively, is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, although early adoption and retrospective application is permitted. While the adoption of this ASU will not have an impact on our financial position and/or results of operations, we are currently evaluating the impact on our income tax disclosures, including the processes and controls around the collection of this information.

2. Revenue, Receivables and Contract Assets and Liabilities

Revenue

The following table disaggregates total revenue by timing of recognition (see Note 15 for disclosure of revenue by segment):

Receivables

Receivables reflected in the financial statements represent the net amount expected to be collected. An allowance for credit losses is established based on expected losses. Expected losses are estimated by reviewing individual accounts, considering aging, financial condition of the debtor, recent payment history, current and forecast economic conditions and other relevant factors. Upon billing, aging of receivables is monitored until collection. An account is considered current when it is within agreed upon payment terms. An account is written off when it is determined that the asset is no longer collectible. Retainage on construction contracts represents amounts withheld by our customers on long-term projects until the project reaches a level of completion where amounts are released.

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses:

Contract assets and liabilities

Contract assets consist of retainage, costs and earnings in excess of billings and other unbilled amounts typically generated when revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Retainage on construction contracts represents amounts withheld by our customers on long-term projects until the project reaches a level of completion where amounts are released to us from the customer. Contract liabilities consist of billings in excess of costs and earnings and other unearned revenue on contracts.

The time period between when performance obligations are complete and when payment is due is not significant. In certain of our businesses that recognize revenue over time, progress billings follow an agreed-upon schedule of values.

The change in contract assets and contract liabilities was due to timing of project activity from businesses that operate under long-term contracts.

Other contract-related disclosures

Some of our contracts have an expected duration of longer than a year, with performance obligations extending over that time frame. Generally, these contracts are found in our businesses that typically operate with long-term contracts, which recognize revenue over time. The transaction price associated with unsatisfied performance obligations at March 2, 2024 are expected to be satisfied, and the corresponding revenue to be recognized, over the following estimated time periods:

3. Supplemental Balance Sheet Information

Inventories

Other current liabilities

Other non-current liabilities

4. Financial Instruments

Marketable Securities

Through our wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, Prism Assurance, Ltd. (Prism), we hold the following available-for-sale marketable securities, made up of municipal and corporate bonds:

Prism insures a portion of our general liability, workers' compensation and automobile liability risks using reinsurance agreements to meet statutory requirements. The reinsurance carrier requires Prism to maintain fixed-maturity investments, for the purpose of providing collateral for Prism's obligations under the reinsurance agreements.

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our municipal and corporate bonds at March 2, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities, as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalty. Investments that are due within one year are included in other current assets while those due after one year are included as other non-current assets. Gross realized gains and losses were insignificant for all periods presented.

Derivative instruments

We use interest rate swaps, currency put options, and forward purchase contracts to manage risks generally associated with foreign exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price fluctuations. The information that follows explains the various types of derivatives and financial instruments we use, how such instruments are accounted for, and how such instruments impact our financial position and performance.

In fiscal 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap with a notional value of $30 million with an expiration date of February 5, 2026, to hedge a portion of our exposure to variability in cash flows from interest payments on our floating-rate revolving credit facility.

We periodically enter into forward purchase contracts to manage the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency rates (primarily related to the Canadian dollar and Euro) and aluminum prices, generally with an original maturity date of less than one year. As of March 2, 2024, we held foreign exchange option contracts and aluminum purchase contracts with U.S. dollar notional values of $1.4 million and $9.3 million, respectively.

The mark to market adjustments on these derivative instruments are recorded within our consolidated balance sheets within other current assets and other current liabilities. Gains or losses associated with these instruments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss until which time the hedged transaction is settled and gains or losses are reclassified to earnings.

Fair value measurements

Financial assets and liabilities are classified in the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement: Level 1 (unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities); Level 2 (observable market inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1); and Level 3 (unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data). We do not have any Level 3 assets or liabilities.

Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were:

Money market funds and commercial paper

Fair value of money market funds was determined based on quoted prices for identical assets in active markets. Commercial paper was measured at fair value using inputs based on quoted prices for similar securities in active markets. These assets are included within cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets.

Municipal and corporate bonds

Municipal and corporate bonds were measured at fair value based on market prices from recent trades of similar securities and are classified within our consolidated balance sheets as other current or other non-current assets based on maturity date.

Derivative instruments

The interest rate swap is measured at fair value using other observable market inputs, based off benchmark interest rates. Forward foreign exchange and forward purchase aluminum contracts are measured at fair value using other observable market inputs, such as quotations on forward foreign exchange points, foreign currency exchange rates and forward purchase aluminum prices. Derivative positions are primarily valued using standard calculations and models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters. Industry standard data providers are our primary source for forward and spot rate information for interest and currency rates and aluminum prices.

Nonrecurring fair value measurements

We measure certain financial instruments at fair value on a nonrecurring basis including goodwill, intangible assets, property and equipment and right-of-use lease assets. These assets were initially measured and recognized at amounts equal to the fair value determined as of the date of acquisition or purchase, subject to changes in value only for foreign currency translation. Periodically, these assets are tested for impairment, by comparing their respective carrying values to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit or asset group in which they reside. In the event any of these assets were to become impaired, we would recognize an impairment expense equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit, impaired asset or asset group exceeds its estimated fair value.

Fair value measurements of reporting units are estimated using an income approach involving discounted cash flow models that contain certain Level 3 inputs requiring significant management judgment, including projections of economic conditions, customer demand and changes in competition, revenue growth rates, gross profit margins, operating margins, capital expenditures, working capital requirements, terminal growth rates and discount rates. Fair value measurements of the reporting units associated with our goodwill balances and our indefinite-lived intangible assets are estimated at least annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year for purposes of impairment testing if a quantitative analysis is performed. Fair value measurements for long-lived assets or asset groups, including intangible assets subject to amortization, property and equipment and right-of-use lease assets, are valued using undiscounted cash flows to determine whether impairment exists and measure any impairment loss using discounted cash flows to determine the fair value of long-lived assets.

5. Property, Plant and Equipment

Depreciation expense was $37.6 million, $38.2 million, and $42.2 million in fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Refer to Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of the Accounting Policy related to Goodwill.

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost over the net tangible and identified intangible assets of acquired businesses. We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually as of the first day of our fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable, as described in Note 1. Based on the impairment analysis performed in the fourth quarter, estimated fair value was in excess of carrying value at all of our reporting units.

The carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each reporting segment was:

(1) Represents the reallocation of goodwill as a result of transitioning Sotawall from the Architectural Framing Systems Segment to the Architectural Services Segment as of the start of the first quarter of fiscal 2023.

Intangible assets

Indefinite-lived intangible assets

We have intangible assets for certain acquired trade names and trademarks which are determined to have indefinite useful lives. We test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually at the same measurement date as goodwill, the first day of our fiscal fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired as described in Note 1. Based on our annual analysis, the fair value of each of our trade names and trademarks exceeded the carrying amount. During fiscal 2022, as a result of triggering events resulting from the finalization of our plans for integrating the Sotawall business into the Architectural Services Segment, beginning in fiscal 2023, it was determined that the carrying value of the Sotawall trade name exceeded fair value by $12.7 million as it was determined to have an immaterial fair value, resulting in thetrade name being fully impaired as of fiscal 2022 year end. This amount was recognized as impairment expense in the fourth quarter ended February 26, 2022.

Definite-lived intangible assets

Long-lived assets or asset groups, including intangible assets subject to amortization and property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable, as described in Note 1. Due to triggering events as a result of finalization of our plans for integrating the Sotawall business into the Architectural Services Segment, beginning in fiscal 2023, we determined that certain related finite-lived intangible assets were impaired as of February 26, 2022. As such, a long-lived asset impairment charge of $36.7 million in finite-lived intangible assets was recognized in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2022.

The gross carrying amount of our intangible assets and related accumulated amortization was:

Amortization expense on finite-lived intangible assets was $4.9 million, $4.2 million and $7.8 million in fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. All amortization expense is included within selling, general and administrative expenses. Estimated future amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets is:

7. Debt

As of March 2, 2024, we had a committed revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and other lenders (U.S. credit facility) with maximum borrowings of up to $385 million and a maturity of August 5, 2027. Outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility were $50.0 million and $156.0 million as of March 2, 2024 and February 25, 2023, respectively.

We also maintaintwo Canadian committed, revolving credit facilities with the Bank of Montreal totaling $25.0 million USD (Canadian facilities). The Canadian facilities expire annually in February, but can be renewed each year solely at our discretion until August 5, 2027. Therefore, we classify all outstanding amounts under these facilities as long-term debt within our consolidated balance sheets. At March 2, 2024, we hadno outstanding borrowings under these Canadian facilities. At February 25, 2023, outstanding borrowings under these Canadian facilities were $1.8 million.

Our revolving credit facilities contain two maintenance financial covenants that require us to stay below a maximum debt-to-EBITDA ratio of 3.25 and maintain a minimum ratio of EBITDA-to-interest expense of 3.00. Both ratios are computed quarterly, with EBITDA calculated on a rolling four-quarter basis. At March 2, 2024, we were in compliance with both financial covenants.

The revolving credit facilities also contain an acquisition holiday. In the event we make an acquisition for which the purchase price is greater than $75 million, we can elect to increase the maximum debt-to-EBITDA ratio to 3.75 for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters, commencing with the fiscal quarter in which a qualifying acquisition occurs. No more thantwo acquisition "holidays" can occur during the term of the facilities, and at leasttwo fiscal quarters must separate qualifying acquisitions.

Borrowings under the credit facilities bear floating interest at either the Base Rate or Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), or, in the case of the Canadian facilities, Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average (CORRA) plus, in each a margin based on the Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreements). For Base Rate borrowings, the margin ranges from 0.125% to 0.75%. For Term SOFR and CORRA borrowings, the margin ranges from 1.125% to 1.75%, with an incremental Term SOFR and CORRA adjustment of 0.10% and 0.29547%.

The U.S. credit facility also contains an "accordion" provision. Under this provision, we can request that the facility be increased by as much as $200.0 million. Any Lender may elect or decline to participate in the requested increase at the Lender’s sole discretion.

At March 2, 2024, we had a total of $15.0 million of ongoing letters of credit related to industrial revenue bonds, construction contracts and insurance collateral that expire in fiscal year 2025 and reduce borrowing capacity under the revolving credit facility. As of March 2, 2024, the amount available for revolving borrowings was $320.0 million and $25.0 million under the U.S. credit facility and Canadian facilities, respectively.

At March 2, 2024, debt included $12.0 million of industrial revenue bonds that mature in fiscal years 2036 through 2043.

The fair value of our U.S. credit facility, Canadian credit facilities and industrial revenue bonds approximated carrying value at March 2, 2024, and would be classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy described in Note 4, due to the variable interest rates on these instruments.

Debt maturities and other selected information follows:

Interest payments were $9.3 million in fiscal 2024, $8.2 million in fiscal 2023 and $3.5 million in fiscal 2022.

8. Leases

We have operating leases for certain of the buildings and equipment used in our operations. We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. Under ASU 2016-20, Leases, we have elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance in adopting ASC 842, which, among other things, allowed us to carry forward our historical lease classification. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our leases have remaining lease terms ofone toten years, some of which include renewal options that can extend the lease for up to an additionalten years, at our sole discretion. We have made an accounting policy election not to record leases with an original term oftwelve months or less on our consolidated balance sheet; such leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As of March 2, 2024, we haveone additional future operating lease commitment of$13.7 million that is signed but has not yet commenced, forone facility located in Texas within our Architectural Services Segment.

In determining lease asset value, we consider fixed or variable payment terms, prepayments, incentives, and options to extend, terminate or purchase. Renewal, termination or purchase options affect the lease term used for determining lease asset value only if the option is reasonably certain to be exercised. We use a discount rate for each lease based upon an estimated incremental borrowing rate over a similar term. We have elected the practical expedient to account for lease and non-lease components (e.g., common-area maintenance costs) as a single lease component. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

Other supplemental information related to leases are as follows:

Future maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:

9. Employee Benefit Plans

401(k) Retirement Plan

We sponsor a single 401(k) retirement plan covering substantially all full-time, non-union employees, as well as union employees attwo of our manufacturing facilities. Under the plan, employees are allowed to contribute up to 60% of eligible earnings to the plan, up to statutory limits. On January 1, 2023, we began matching 100% of the firsttwo percent contributed and 50% of the next four percent contributed on eligible compensation that non-union employees contribute. Previously, we matched 100% of the firstone percent contributed and 50% of the next five percent contributed on eligible compensation that non-union employees contribute. We contribute to the union plans based on the contractual terms. In total, our matching contributions were $9.6 million in fiscal 2024, $8.6 million in fiscal 2023 and $7.7 million in fiscal 2022.

Deferred Compensation Plan

We maintain a plan that allows participants to defer compensation. The deferred compensation liability was $5.9 million and $9.5 million at March 2, 2024 and February 25, 2023, respectively. We have investments in corporate-owned life insurance policies (COLI) of $8.5 million and money market funds (classified as cash equivalents) of $0.3 million with the intention of utilizing them as long-term funding sources for this plan. The COLI assets are recorded at their net cash surrender values and are included in other non-current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Plans under Collective Bargaining Agreements

We contribute to a number of multi-employer union retirement plans, which provide retirement benefits to the majority of our union-represented employees; none of the plans is considered significant. However, the risks of participating in these multi-employer plans are different from single-employer plans in the following aspects:

•Assets contributed to these plans by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers

•If a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers

•If we choose to stop participating in some of these plans, we may be required to pay those plans an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability

Our participation in these plans is outlined in the following table. The most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2024 and 2023 relates to the plan years ending December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The zone status is based on information that we have received from each plan, certified by an actuary. Among other factors, plans in the red zone are generally less than 65% funded, plans in the yellow zone are between 65% and 80% funded, and plans in the green zone are at least 80% funded.

The Company was listed in the plans' Forms 5500 as providing more than 5% of the total contributions for the following plans and plan years:

Amounts contributed in fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022 to defined contribution multiemployer plans were $2.2 million, $2.2 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

Obligations and Funded Status of Defined-Benefit Pension Plans

We sponsor the Tubelite Inc. Hourly Employees' Pension Plan, a defined-benefit pension plan that was frozen to new entrants in fiscal 2004, with no additional benefits accruing to plan participants after such time. We also sponsor an unfunded SERP, a defined-benefit pension plan that was frozen to new entrants in fiscal 2009, with no additional benefits accruing to plan participants after such time.

The following tables present reconciliations of the benefit obligation and the funded status of these plans. The Tubelite plan uses a measurement date as of the calendar month-end closest to our fiscal year-end, while the SERP uses a measurement date aligned with our fiscal year-end.

The funded status was recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as follows:

The following was included in accumulated other comprehensive loss and has not yet been recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost:

The net actuarial gain recognized in comprehensive earnings, net of tax expense, was $0.9 million in fiscal 2024, and $0.7 million in fiscal 2023.

Components of the defined-benefit pension plans' net periodic benefit cost:

Total net periodic pension benefit cost is expected to be approximately $0.5 million in fiscal 2025. The estimated net actuarial gain for the defined-benefit pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost for fiscal 2025 is $0.2 million, net of tax expense.

Additional Information

Assumptions

Discount rate. The discount rate reflects the current rate at which the defined-benefit plans' pension liabilities could be effectively settled at the end of the year based on the measurement date. The discount rate was determined by matching the expected benefit payments to payments from the Principal Discount Yield Curve. There are no known or anticipated changes in the discount rate assumption that will have a significant impact on pension expense in fiscal 2025.

Expected return on assets. The expected long-term rate of return on assets is based on historical long-term rates of return achieved by the plan investments, the plan's investment strategy, and current and projected market conditions. During fiscal 2019, the assets of the Tubelite plan were moved from investment in a short-term bond fund to various duration fixed income funds. The investments are carried at fair value based on prices from recent trades of similar securities, which would be classified as Level 2 in the valuation hierarchy. We do not maintain assets intended for the future use of the SERP.

Contributions

Company contributions to the plans for fiscal 2024 were $0.6 million and fiscal 2023 were $0.7 million, which equaled or exceeded the minimum funding requirements.

Estimated Future Benefit Payments

The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid by the plans:

10. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Bond commitments

In the ordinary course of business, predominantly in the Architectural Services and Architectural Framing Systems Segments, we are required to provide surety or performance bonds that commit payments to our customers for any non-performance. At March 2, 2024, $1.3 billion of these types of bonds were outstanding, of which, $463.3 million is on our backlog. These bonds have expiration dates that align with completion of the purchase order or contract. We have never been required to make payments under surety or performance bonds with respect to our existing businesses.

Warranty and project-related contingencies

We reserve estimated exposures on known claims, as well as on a portion of anticipated claims, for product warranty and rework costs, based on historical product liability claims as a ratio of sales. Claim costs are deducted from the accrual when paid. Factors that could have an impact on the warranty accrual in any given period include the following: changes in manufacturing quality, changes in product mix, and any significant changes in sales volume.

Additionally, we are subject to project management and installation-related contingencies as a result of our fixed-price material supply and installation service contracts, primarily in our Architectural Services segment and certain of our Architectural Framing Systems businesses. We manage the risk of these exposures through contract negotiations, proactive project management and insurance coverages.

Letters of credit

At March 2, 2024, we had $15.0 million of ongoing letters of credit, all of which have been issued under our revolving credit facility, as discussed in Note 7.

Purchase obligations

Purchase obligations for raw material commitments and capital expenditures totaled $41.2 million as of March 2, 2024.

Environmental liability

In fiscal 2008, we acquiredone manufacturing facility which has certain historical environmental conditions. Remediation of these conditions is ongoing without significant disruption to our operations. The estimated remaining liability for these remediation activities was $0.4 million at March 2, 2024 and February 25, 2023, respectively.

New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) transactions

We havetwo outstanding NMTC arrangements which help to support operational expansion. Proceeds received from investors on these transactions are included within other non-current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. The NMTC arrangements are subject to 100% tax credit recapture for a period of seven years from the date of each respective transaction. Upon the termination of each arrangement, these proceeds will be recognized in earnings in exchange for the transfer of tax credits. The direct and incremental costs incurred in structuring these arrangements have been deferred and are included in other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. These costs will be recognized in conjunction with the recognition of the related proceeds on each arrangement. During the construction phase or for working capital purposes for each project, we are required to hold cash dedicated to fund each capital project which is classified as restricted cash on our consolidated balance sheets. Variable-interest entities, which have been included within our consolidated financial statements, have been created as a result of the structure of these transactions, as investors in the programs do not have a material interest in their underlying economics.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2024, one NMTC transaction was settled as expected and as a result, a $4.7 million benefit was recorded in other (income) expense, net.

The table below provides a summary of our outstanding NMTC transactions (in thousands):

(1) Continuation of the August 2018 NMTC financing transaction

Litigation

The Company is a party to various legal proceedings incidental to its normal operating activities. In particular, like others in the construction supply and services industry, the Company is routinely involved in various disputes and claims arising out of construction projects, sometimes involving significant monetary damages or product replacement. We have in the past and are currently subject to product liability and warranty claims, including certain legal claims related to a commercial sealant product formerly incorporated into our products. In December 2022, the claimant in an arbitration of one such claim was awarded $20 million. The Company has appealed the award and believes, after taking into account all currently available information, including the advice of counsel and the likelihood of available insurance coverage, that this award will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. The Company is also subject to litigation arising out of areas such as employment practices, workers compensation and general liability matters. Although it is very difficult to accurately predict the outcome of any such proceedings, facts currently available indicate that no matters will result in losses that would have a material adverse effect on the results of operations, cash flows or financial condition of the Company.

11. Shareholders' Equity

Share Repurchases

During fiscal 2004, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program, with subsequent increases in authorization. We repurchased 279,916 shares under the program during fiscal 2024, for a total cost of $11.8 million. We repurchased 1,571,139 shares under the program, for a total cost of $74.3 million, in fiscal 2023, and repurchased 2,292,846 shares under the program, for a total cost of $100.0 million, in fiscal 2022. We have repurchased a total of 11,276,517 shares, at a total cost of $393.5 million, since the inception of this program. On October 6, 2023, the Board of Directors increased the share repurchase authorization by 2 million shares. We have remaining authority to repurchase 2,973,483 shares under this program, which has no expiration date.

In addition to the shares repurchased under this repurchase plan, during fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company also withheld $2.5 million, $2.3 million and $2.1 million, respectively, of Company stock from employees in order to satisfy stock-for-stock option exercises or tax obligations related to stock-based compensation, pursuant to terms of Board and shareholder-approved compensation plans.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following summarizes the accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, at March 2, 2024 and February 25, 2023:

12. Share-Based Compensation

We have a 2019 Stock Incentive Plan and a 2019 Non-Employee Director Stock Plan (the Plans) that provide for the issuance of 1,150,000 and 150,000 shares, respectively, for various forms of stock-based compensation to employees and non-employee directors. Awards under these Plans may be in the form of incentive stock options (to employees only), non-statutory options, stock-settled stock appreciation rights (SARs), or nonvested share awards and units, all of which are granted at a price or with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s stock at the date of award. We also have 2009 Non-Employee Director Stock Incentive Plan under which deferred restricted stock units were allocated, in addition to deferred restricted stock units acquired pursuant to a dividend equivalent reinvestment feature. As of June 23, 2019, no additional awards can be made under the 2009 Non-Employee Director Stock Incentive Plan.

We recorded share-based compensation expense, in which we account for any forfeitures as they occur, as follows:

Stock Options

Stock option and SAR activity for the current fiscal year is summarized below:

For the fiscal year ended March 2, 2024, there wereno cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options as all stock options were exercised on a stock-for-stock basis. The aggregate intrinsic value of securities exercised (the amount by which the stock price on the date of exercise exceeded the stock price of the award on the date of grant) was $1.8 million. For the fiscal year ended February 25, 2023, there wereno cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options as all stock options were exercised on a stock-for-stock basis. The aggregate intrinsic value of securities exercised was $2.7 million.

Service Condition Awards

Nonvested share awards and units generally vest over atwo, three orfour-year period. The following table summarizes nonvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units activity for fiscal 2024:

Performance Condition Awards

In fiscal 2022, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors implemented an executive compensation program for certain key employees. In each of the first quarters of fiscal 2024, 2023 and fiscal 2022, we issued performance shares in the form of nonvested share unit awards, which give the recipient the right to receive shares earned at the end of the respective three-fiscal-year performance period. The number of share units issued at grant is equal to the target number of performance shares and allows for the right to receive a variable number of shares, ranging from 0% to 200% of target, dependent on achieving a defined performance goal and being employed at the end of the performance period.

The following table summarizes nonvested performance share units granted and outstanding for which all plans are at maximum achievement of 200% of target:

At March 2, 2024, there was $11.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share and nonvested share unit awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 21 months. The total fair value of shares vested during fiscal 2024 was $5.8 million.

13. Income Taxes

Earnings before income taxes consisted of the following:

The components of income tax expense for each of the last three fiscal years are as follows:

Income tax payments, net of refunds, were $33.0 million, $27.4 million and $8.2 million in fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to our consolidated effective tax rates:

The effective tax rate for fiscal 2024 increased 12.2 percentage points from fiscal 2023, primarily due to the impact of discrete items in fiscal 2023.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at March 2, 2024 and February 25, 2023 were:

The Company has state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards with a tax effect of $12.3 million. A valuation allowance of $9.0 million has been established for these net operating loss carryforwards due to the uncertainty of the use of the tax benefits in future periods.

Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing Deferred Tax Assets. This has resulted in valuation allowances being recorded against Deferred Tax Assets in prior years in Brazil, Canada and various states.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various U.S. state jurisdictions, Canada, Brazil and other international jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations or state and local tax examinations for years prior to fiscal 2021. The Company is not currently under U.S. federal examination for years subsequent to fiscal 2020, and there is very limited audit activity of the Company’s income tax returns in U.S. state jurisdictions or international jurisdictions.

The Company considers the earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries to be indefinitely invested outside of the United States on the basis of estimates that future domestic cash generation will be sufficient to meet future domestic cash needs and specific plans for reinvestment of those subsidiary earnings. Should the Company decide to repatriate the foreign earnings, it would need to adjust the income tax provision in the period it was determined that the earnings will no longer be indefinitely invested outside the U.S.

If we were to prevail on all unrecognized tax benefits recorded, $3.3 million, $3.8 million and $1.7 million for fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, would benefit the effective tax rate. Also included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits for fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022 are $1.8 million, $1.5 million, and $1.7 million, respectively, of tax benefits that, if recognized, would result in decreases to deferred taxes.

Penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded in income tax expense. For fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, we accrued penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits of $0.6 million, $0.4 million, and $0.3 million, respectively.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits:

In December 2021, the OECD issued model rules for a new global minimum tax framework (“Pillar Two”), and various governments around the world have issued, or are in the process of issuing, legislation to implement these rules. The Company is within the scope of the OECD Pillar Two model rules and is assessing the impact thereof. As of March 4, 2024, we believe the implementation of these rules will not have a material impact on our financial results.

14. Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, including the dilutive effects of stock options, SARs and nonvested shares. The following table presents a reconciliation of the share amounts used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

15. Business Segment Data

We have four reporting segments:

•The Architectural Framing Systems Segment designs, engineers, fabricates and finishes the aluminum window, curtainwall, storefront and entrance systems for the exterior of buildings.

•The Architectural Glass Segment coats and fabricates high-performance glass used in custom window and wall systems on non-residential buildings.

•The Architectural Services Segment integrates technical services, project management, and field installation services to design, engineer, fabricate, and install building glass and curtainwall systems.

•The Large-Scale Optical (LSO) Segment manufactures high-performance glazing products for the custom framing, fine art, and engineered optics markets.

Segment net sales is defined as net sales for a certain segment and includes revenue related to intersegment transactions. We report net sales intersegment eliminations separately to exclude these sales from our consolidated total. Segment operating income is equal to net sales, less cost of goods sold, SG&A, and any asset impairment charges associated with the segment. Segment operating income includes operating income related to intersegment sales transactions and excludes certain corporate costs that are not allocated at a segment level. We report these unallocated corporate costs separately in Corporate and other. Operating income does not include other income or expense, interest expense or a provision for income taxes.

Due to the varying combinations and integration of individual window, storefront and curtainwall systems, it is impractical to report product revenues generated by class of product beyond the segment revenues currently reported.

The following table presents net sales, based on the location in which the sale originated, and long-lived assets, representing property, plant and equipment, net of related depreciation, by geographic region.

Our export net sales from U.S. operations were $47.6 million, $56.2 million, and $59.5 million in fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, representing approximately 3%,4%, and 5% of consolidated net sales in each of these fiscal years, respectively.

16. Restructuring

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2024, we announced strategic actions to further streamline our business operations, enable a more efficient cost model, and better position the Company for profitable growth (referred to as “Project Fortify”). Project Fortify will primarily impact the Architectural Framing Systems Segment and include:

•Eliminating certain lower-margin product and service offerings, enabling consolidation into a single operating entity.

•Transferring production operations from the Company’s facility in Walker, Michigan, to the Company’s facilities in Monett, Missouri and Wausau, Wisconsin.

•Simplifying the segment’s brand portfolio and commercial model to improve flexibility, better leverage the Company’s capabilities, and enhance customer service.

Additionally, the Company will implement actions to optimize processes and streamline resources in its Architectural Services and Corporate Segments. The Company expects these actions to be substantially complete by the third quarter of fiscal 2025. The Company expects to incur approximately $16 million to $18 million of pre-tax charges in connection with Project Fortify, including:

•$7 million to $9 million of severance and employee related costs;

•$2 million to $3 million of contract termination costs: and

•$6 million to $7 million of other expenses.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2022, we announced plans to realign and simplify our business structure, which resulted in the closure oftwo facilities within the Architectural Glass Segment, in Dallas, Texas and Statesboro, Georgia. These closures were made in order to concentrate this segment on premium, high-performance products. Additionally, employee termination costs were incurred related to these facility closures, realignment of the Architectural Framing Systems Segment, and within the Corporate office. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, as a result of the announced restructuring plan, we sold a building in Statesboro, Georgia within our Architectural Glass Segment for $29.1 million. The carrying value of the building was $9.4 million, and we recognized a gain on this sale of approximately $19.5 million, net of associated transaction costs, which is included as a reduction of cost of sales within our consolidated statements of operations.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2023, we completed the execution of these plans with the sale of the remaining manufacturing assets at our Architectural Glass location, in Dallas, Texas, for $4.1 million. The remaining assets had a carrying value of $3.4 million, and we recognized a gain on the sale of approximately $0.6 million, net of associated transaction costs, which is included as a reduction of cost of sales within our consolidated statements of operations.

During fiscal 2024, we incurred $12.4 million of pre-tax costs associated Project Fortify, of which $5.5 million is included within cost of sales and $6.9 million is included within selling, general and administrative expenses. During fiscal 2023, we incurred $0.1 million of additional pre-tax costs associated with the finalization of the restructuring plans that were announced in fiscal 2022. During fiscal 2022, we incurred $30.5 million of pre-tax costs associated with the execution of the restructuring plans that were announced in fiscal 2022, of which $28.2 million is included within cost of sales and $2.3 million is included within selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding the gain on sale mentioned above, within our consolidated statements of operations.

The following table summarizes our restructuring related accrual balances included within accrued payroll and related benefits and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. All remaining accrual balances are expected to be paid within fiscal 2025.

The charges presented in the rollforward of our restructuring accruals do not include items charged directly to expense as incurred, as those items are not reflected in accrued payroll and related benefits and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.