Unum Group

Fluctuations in exchange rates, particularly between the British pound sterling and the U.S. dollar for our U.K. operations, have an effect on our consolidated financial results. In periods when the pound weakens relative to the preceding period, translating pounds into dollars decreases current period results relative to the prior period. In periods when the pound strengthens, translating pounds into dollars increases current period results relative to the prior period.

The weighted average pound/dollar exchange rate for our Unum UK line of business was 1.348 and 1.312 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and 1.314 and 1.278 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. If the 2024 results for our U.K. operations had been translated at the weighted average exchange rates of 2025, our adjusted operating revenue would have been higher by approximately $9 million and $20 million, respectively, in the third quarter and first nine months of 2024 and our adjusted operating income would have been higher by approximately $1 million and $3 million, respectively for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024. However, it is important to distinguish between translating and converting foreign currency. Except for a limited number of transactions, we do not actually convert pounds into dollars. As a result, we view foreign currency translation as a financial reporting item and not a reflection of operations or profitability in the U.K.

Premium income increased in each of our principal operating segments in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024, primarily due to higher sales, in-force block growth, and the impacts from the recapture of a previously ceded block of business in our Unum US individual disability product line that occurred in the first quarter of 2025, partially offset by the expected run off in medical stop-loss in our Unum US segment. Also offsetting the premium income increase in our principal operating segments in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024, was the impact of ceding a portion of the Unum US individual disability product line as a part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. Premium income continues to decline in our Closed Block segment, as expected, accelerated in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to the impact of ceding a portion of the Closed Block long-term care product line as a part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction.

Net investment income was lower in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due primarily to a decrease in the level of invested assets supporting the Closed Block long-term care product line as a result of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction and a decrease in the yield on invested assets, partially offset by higher investment income from inflation index-linked bonds held by Unum UK.

Our investment gains and losses on fixed maturity securities for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 were driven primarily by the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction which resulted in a net gain of $137.6 million in the third quarter of 2025 and a net loss of $46.8 million in the first nine months of 2025. In addition, we realized a $19.1 million loss on sales of fixed maturity securities relating to funding of a dividend from one of our subsidiaries in the first nine months of 2025. See Note 4 in the "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements" contained herein in Item 1 and "Investments" contained herein in this Item 2 for further information.

Other income is primarily comprised of fee-based service products in the Unum US segment, which include leave management services and administrative services only business, the underlying results and associated net investment income of certain assumed blocks of reinsured business in the Closed Block segment and the amortization of the deferred gain on reinsurance related to the Unum US individual disability product line as a part of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction. Also included within other income for the first nine months of 2025 is a gain on the recapture of a previously ceded block of business in the Unum US individual disability product line.

Overall benefits experience was unfavorable in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 relative to the same periods of 2024. The consolidated benefit ratio, which includes the remeasurement gain or loss, was 86.5 percent and 75.8 percent in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, compared to 55.6 percent and 64.3 percent for the same prior year periods. Excluding the impact of the reserve assumption updates and non-contemporaneous reinsurance, the consolidated benefit ratio was 68.4 percent and 69.7 percent in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025, respectively, compared to 69.0 percent and 68.6 percent for the same prior year periods. The benefit ratio, which includes the remeasurement gain or loss, for each of our operating business segments is discussed more fully in "Segment Results" as follows.

Commissions were higher during the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 primarily due to the continued impacts from the recapture of a previously ceded block of business in our Unum US individual disability product line that occurred in the first quarter of 2025 as well as prior period sales in our principal operating business segments, partially offset by the impacts from the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction for our Unum US individual disability product line. The deferral of acquisition costs was higher during the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 primarily due to an increase in commissions and other sales-related costs in our Colonial Life segment. The amortization of deferred acquisition costs was generally consistent in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024.

Other expenses and compensation expense, on a combined basis, increased in the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 compared to the same periods of 2024 due to an increase in the amortization of the cost of reinsurance as a result of the Fortitude Re reinsurance transaction, an increase in operational investments in our business, and impacts from the recapture of a previously ceded block of business in our Unum US individual disability product line that occurred in the first quarter of 2025.

Our effective income tax rates for the third quarter and first nine months of 2025 were 27.2 percent and 21.1 percent of income before income tax, respectively, compared to 20.7 percent and 20.8 percent for the same prior year periods. Our effective income tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21 percent for the third quarter of 2025 primarily due to global intangible low taxed income tax and interest on uncertain tax positions, partially offset by tax exempt income and prior year tax return true up. Our effective income tax rate was generally consistent with the U.S. statutory rate of 21 percent for the first nine months of 2025, with interest on uncertain tax positions mostly offset by tax exempt income. Our effective income tax rates were generally consistent with the U.S. statutory rate of 21 percent for the third quarter and first nine months of 2024.

Consolidated Sales Results

Shown below are sales results for our three principal operating business segments.

Sales shown in the preceding chart generally represent the annualized premium income on new sales which we expect to receive and report as premium income during the next 12 months following or beginning in the initial quarter in which the sale is reported, depending on the effective date of the new sale. Sales do not correspond to premium income reported as revenue in accordance with GAAP. This is because new annualized sales premiums reflect current sales performance and what we expect to recognize as premium income over a 12 month period, while premium income reported in our financial statements is reported on an "as earned" basis rather than an annualized basis and also includes renewals and persistency of in-force policies written in prior years as well as current new sales.

Sales, persistency of the existing block of business, employment and salary growth, and the effectiveness of a renewal program are indicators of growth in premium income. Trends in new sales, as well as existing market share, also indicate the potential for growth in our respective markets and the level of market acceptance of price levels and new product offerings. Sales results may fluctuate significantly due to case size and timing of sales submissions.

See "Segment Results" as follows for a discussion of sales by segment.