Air Products Chemicals Inc

We and certain of our subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution plans that cover a substantial portion of our worldwide employees. The principal defined benefit pension plans are the U.S. salaried pension plan and the U.K. pension plan. These plans were closed to new participants in 2005, after which defined contribution plans were offered to new employees. The shift to defined contribution plans is expected to continue to reduce volatility of both plan expense and contributions. For additional information, refer to Note 18, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements.

Net Periodic Cost

The table below summarizes the components of net periodic cost for our U.S. and international defined benefit pension plans for the fiscal years ended 30 September:

Net periodic cost was $123.8 and $110.9 in fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increased costs from the prior year were primarily attributable to non-service related costs, which were driven by lower expected returns on plan assets due to a smaller beginning of fiscal year balance of plan assets and higher interest cost, partially offset by a decrease in actuarial loss amortization. The net impact of non-service related items are reflected within "Other non-operating income (expense), net" on our consolidated income statements.

Service costs result from benefits earned by active employees and are reflected as operating expenses primarily within "Cost of sales" and "Selling and administrative expense" on our consolidated income statements. The amount of service costs capitalized in fiscal years 2024 and 2023 was not material.

The table below summarizes the assumptions used in the calculation of net periodic cost for the fiscal years ended 30 September:

2025 Outlook

In fiscal year 2025, we expect to recognize pension expense of approximately $60 to $70 primarily driven by approximately $40 to $50 of non-service related costs, including higher expected return on plan assets due to a higher beginning balance of plan assets, lower interest cost, and a decrease in actuarial loss amortization.

In fiscal year 2024, we recognized net actuarial gains of $44.6 in other comprehensive income. Actuarial gains and losses are amortized into pension expense over prospective periods to the extent they are not offset by future gains or losses. Future changes in the discount rate and actual returns on plan assets could impact the actuarial gain or loss and resulting amortization in years beyond fiscal year 2025.

Pension Funding

Funded Status

The projected benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits attributable to employee service rendered to date, including the effects of estimated future salary increases. The plan funded status is calculated as the difference between the projected benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets at the end of the period.

The table below summarizes the projected benefit obligation, the fair value of plan assets, and the funded status for our U.S. and international plans as of 30 September:

The net unfunded liability of $44.3 as of 30 September 2024 decreased $33.9 from $78.2 as of 30 September 2023, as actual return on plan assets was greater than increases to the projected benefit obligation from actuarial losses due to lower discount rates as well as the interest cost component of the net periodic pension cost.

Company Contributions

Pension funding includes both contributions to funded plans and benefit payments for unfunded plans, which are primarily non-qualified plans. With respect to funded plans, our funding policy is that contributions, combined with appreciation and earnings, will be sufficient to pay benefits without creating unnecessary surpluses.

In addition, we make contributions to satisfy all legal funding requirements while managing our capacity to benefit from tax deductions attributable to plan contributions. With the assistance of third-party actuaries, we analyze the liabilities and demographics of each plan, which help guide the level of contributions. During fiscal years 2024 and 2023, our cash contributions to funded pension plans and benefit payments for unfunded pension plans were $34.7 and $32.6, respectively.

For fiscal year 2025, cash contributions to defined benefit plans are estimated to be $30 to $40. The estimate is based on expected contributions to certain international plans and anticipated benefit payments for unfunded plans, which are dependent upon the timing of retirements. Actual future contributions will depend on future funding legislation, discount rates, investment performance, plan design, and various other factors.